Encyclopedia of Russian History

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Ligachev, Yegor Kuzmich, 862

Malenkov, Georgy, 889–890, 1358

Mikoyan, Anastas Ivanovich, 925

overview, 309–310

Right Opposition, 1289

Romanov, Grigory Vasilievich,

1299

Tomsky, Mikhail Pavlovich, 1560

Trotsky, Leon Davidovich, 1575

Yakovlev, Alexander Niko-

layevich, 1697–1698

Yanayev, Gennady Ivanovich,

1700

Yezhov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 1712

Zinoviev, Grigory Yevseyevich,

1732

Political Administration of the Red

Army, 937

Political Advisory Council, 1338

Political party system, 1200–1201

Article 6 of the 1977 Constitu-

tion, 89, 374–375

intelligentsia, 669

Russian Federation, 1338–1339

See also Specific parties

Political police, 1468, 1469

Political prisoners. See Dissidents;

Exiles; Gulag

Political Testament, Lenin’s,

848–849, 854

Politika (Krizanic), 1134

Politkovskaya, Anna, 712

Poll tax. See Soul tax

Pollution, 462–463

Polotsk, 134–135

Polotsky, Simeon, 104, 135, 910,

1201–1202

Polovtsy, 752, 1202–1203

Poltava, Battle of, 601, 601, 1203,

1601

Polyakov, Valery, 950, 1442

Polyane, 1203–1204

Polyphony, theory of, 112

Pomerantsev, Alexander, 72

Pomestie, 1204–1205, 1650–1651

Ponomarev, Boris Kharitonovich,

1205–1206

Pontic steppe, 332–333

Poor Folk (Dostoyevsky), 569

Popkov, Pyotr, 846

Popov, Alexander Stepanovich,

1206–1207

Popov, Gavriil Kharitonovich, 1207

Popov, Pavel Ilich, 1207

Popov, Vyacheslav, 803

Popular culture, 999

Popular Front policy, 303–304,

1016–1017, 1207–1208

Popular music, 986

Population

demography, 375–380

Family Edict of 1944, 476

growth, 427

loss, 379

population by age and sex, 2002,

376

Populationism, 892

Populism, 1208–1210

Herzen, Alexander, 633, 1413

idealism, 652

intelligentsia, 669

Lenin, Vladimir, 850

Mikhailovsky, Nikolai, 923–924

nationalism, 1006–1007

nihilism/populism distinction,

1054

socialist realism, 1417

Zhelyabov, Andrei Ivanovich,

1725

Populist groups

Black Repartition, 38, 153–154

Land and Liberty, 37, 38, 153

People’s Will, 38, 153

Port Arthur, 931, 1210, 1333

Portrait painting, 84, 1285

Portsmouth, Treaty of, 1210–1211,

1671

Poruka. See Collective responsibility

Posadnik, 1211

Posnik, 201

Posokhin, Mikhail, 787

Pospelov, P. N., 1387

Possessional serfs, 1368

Possessors and non-possessors,

1211–1212

Postal system, 1212–1213

Postivism, 760

Post-Soviet era

Abkhazians, 2

Academy of Sciences, 8

Aeroflot, 12–13

agrarian reform, 17

agriculture, 19

POST-SOVIET ERA

N

INDEX

1797

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Aliyev, Heidar, 51

Andreyeva, Nina Alexandrovna,

61

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, U.S.

withdrawal from, 66

arbitration courts, 338

archives, 74–75

Armenia, 81–82

arms control, 87–88

atomic energy, 96

Avars, 102

banking crisis, 433

Bolshoi Theater, 162

Bulgaria, 185

Carpatho-Rusyns, 199

Catholicism, 210

Central Asia, 220

Chechnya, 234–235, 412–413

China, relations with, 249–250

circus, 264

Civic Union, 264

Committee for the Operational

Management of the National

Economy (COME), 294

Commonwealth of Independent

States, 296–297

Crimea, 339–340

crony capitalism, 345

cult of personality, 349

Dagestan, 362

democratization, 375

demographic data, 377

demographic trends, 379

Dugin, Alexander Gelevich,

413–414

economy, 432–434

electoral commissions, 443–444

electricity, 445

environmentalism, 462–463

Federal Property Fund, 489–490

Finland, 503

food, 513

foreign debt, 513–515

Georgian Orthodox Church, 553

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 582

Greece, relations with, 606

human rights, 642–643

industrialization, 660–661

intelligentsia, 672

Iran, relations with, 675–676

Islam, 683

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Israel, relations with, 684

land tenure, 821–823

legal system, 842

legislative-executive relations,

487–488

Mafia capitalism, 884–885

military, 940–941

Old Believers, 1105

privatization, 12231

railways, 1266–1267

religious freedom, 1362

ruble zone, 1309–1310

Russian Orthodox Church, 44,

464

Sberbank, 1351

second economy, 1358

sectarianism, 1362

shock therapy, 1385

special forces, 1445

St. Petersburg, 1485

state security, organs of, 1473

stock exchanges, 1479

trade, 517

transition economies, 1569–1570

women’s status, 1323

See also Russian Federation; Soviet

breakup

Potemkin, Grigory Alexandrovich,

1213–1214

Catherine II and, 208

Caucasus, 210

Second Turkish War, 928–929

Treaty of Jassy, 701

Potemkin mutiny, 1214–1215

Potsdam Conference, 717,

1215–1216, 1687

Powers, Gary, 1597

Poyarkov, Vasily, 736

Pozharsky, Dmitry Mikhailovich,

945, 1216, 1551–1552

Prague Spring, 356, 358, 779

Pravda (newspaper), 179, 711–712,

954, 1216–1218, 1217

Pravda Russkaya. See Russian Justice

“Prayer Letter” of Alexei

Mikhailovich, 47

Prayer to Vladimir, 253

Precedence and mestnichestvo, 918

Preobrazhensky, Yevgeny Alexeye-

vich, 837, 838, 1219–1220,

1227

Preobrazhensky Guards, 613,

1218–1219

Presidency, 324–325, 1220

Presidential Council, 1220–1221

Presidential Security Service (PSS),

776

Presidium of Supreme Soviet,

1221–1222, 1222

Prestuplenie i nakazanie (Dos-

toyevsky), 410

Pretender Dmitry. See Dmitry, False

Prices

command administrative econ-

omy, 292

enterprises, 459

foreign trade, 517

grain, 593, 596–597

monetary overhang, 957, 959

oil, 335

repressed inflation, 1285–1286

Scissors Crisis, 1355–1356,

1410–1411

Prikazy. See Chancellery system

Primakov, Yevgeny Maximovich,

1223, 1223–1224

Fatherland-All Russia, 482

Iraq, 676

Israel, 684

Turkey, 1588

Primary Chronicle, 1224–1226, 1225

Caves Monastery, 215, 216

ethnography, 467

Kievan Rus, formation of, 751

Normanist Controversy, 1061

Olga, 1106–1107

paganism, 1128–1129

Polyane, 1203–1204

Route to Greeks, 1305–1306

Rurik, 1311

Vikings, 1639

Vladimir, 252, 255, 1643–1644

Primary education, 437

Primary Party Organization,

308–309, 1226

Prime minister, 1226–1227

Primitive Socialist Accumulation,

1227–1228

Primogeniture, succession by right

of, 1297–1298

Primordial view of nations,

1013–1014, 1026–1027

INDEX

N

POTEMKIN, GRIGORY ALEXANDROVICH

1798

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Prince Ivan and the Grey Wolf (en-

graving), 508

Princes

boyars, relationship with, 166

court hierarchy, 591–592

grand prince, title of, 598

The Principles of Chemistry

(Mendeleyev), 913

Printing

Fyodorov, Ivan, 532, 532–533

lubok, 876

newspaper, 710

See also Publishing

Priory, 541–542

Prison camps. See Gulag

Prisons, 841, 1228–1230

Lefortovo, 836–837

Lubyanka, 877

Peter and Paul Fortress, 1176

Prison songs, 1230

Private commercial banks, 121–122

Private economic activity, 327, 328

Private education, 438–439

Private publishing, 216–218

Privatization, 1231

Civic Union, 264

crony capitalism, 345

Federal Property Fund, 489–490

mass, 256

media outlets, 1530

post-Soviet, 433

virtual economy, 1642

Volsky, Arkady Ivanovich, 1648

Privilege

athletes, 1450

Communist Party of the Soviet

Union, 312

inorodtsy, 664–665

Table of Ranks, 1511–1512

Problems in Leninism (Stalin), 1415

Procopius, 1128

Procuracy, 1232

Prodnalog, 1232–1233

Prodrazverstka, 1233–1234

Production. See Industrial produc-

tion

Production associations, 459

Production Sharing Agreement,

1234

Productivity

imperial era, 435

Soviet era, 429, 430–431

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Post-Soviet era (continued)

Profits, enterprise, 459–460

Progress, Coexistence and Intellectual

Freedom (Sakharov), 560

Progressive Bloc, 942

Prohibition of alcohol, 29–30

Prokofiev, Sergei Sergeyevich, 1234

Prokopovich, Feofan, 1235

Prokopovich, Sergei, 432

Proletarian dictatorship. See Dicta-

torship of the proletariat

Proletarians, 350–352

Proletkult, 1235–1237, 1538

Prombank, 1489

Promstroibank, 1489

Pronatalism, 476

Propaganda

Agitprop, 15, 238, 818

Constitution of 1936 as, 322

developed socialism, 391–392

Fatherland-All Russia, 482–483

Five-Year Plan, 505

League of the Militant Godless,

834–835

nationalities policy, 1013–1014

photography, 1179

quality of life, 391

subway system, 1493

television and radio, 1528–1529

Property rights, 474–475, 819–823,

1650–1651

See also Inheritance; Land policy

Propp, Vladimir Iakovlevich, 1237

Propper, S. M., 1542

Prostitution, 1237–1238

Protazanov, Yakov Alexandrovic,

1238–1239

Protestantism, 1235, 1239–1240,

1361

Protestant Reformation, 135

Protopopov, Alexander Dmitrievich,

1240

Provisional Government,

1240–1241

Constituent Assembly, 318

establishment of, 484

Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovich,

734–735

KOMUCH, 761, 764–765

Left Socialist Revolutionaries, 839

Mensheviks, 914

Milyukov, Paul Nikolayevich,

942, 1241

Social Revolutionary Party, 1420

White Army, 1665

women’s rights, 495–496

workers, 1673

zemstvos, 1723

Prusak, Mikhail, 371

Prussia, 1242–1243

Congress of Vienna, 1637

German unification, 556

Holy Alliance, 639

Peter III, 1174–1175

Quadruple and Quintuple Al-

liances, 1259–1260

Russian-Prussian relations, 556

Russian/Prussian relations, 100

Seven Year’s War, 1375

Three Emperors’ League, 1544

Treaties of Paris, first and second,

1136

Treaty of Tilsit, 1547

Pruth River, Campaign and Treaty

of, 1243

Pskov, 128–129, 1634–1635

Pskov Judicial Charter, 1243–1244

Psychiatric confinement, 609, 911

Psychological Data in Favor of Free

Will and Moral Responsbility

(Anthony Khrapovitsky), 64

Public baths, 122–123

Public health

demographic trends, 377–379

smallpox, 207

See also Health care services

Public opinion

Constitution of 1936, draft of,

321–322

Gorbachev/Yeltsin popularity,

581

Japanese dislike of Russia, 700

Jews, 705

quality of life, 391–392

studies, 1245

Public Russian Television, 776

Publishing

Agitprop, 15

Avars, 102

Balkars, 117

Belarusian, 135–136

broadsides, 876

censorship, 216–218

chapbook literature, 227

PUSHKIN HOUSE

N

INDEX

1799

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Dargins, 364

Glavlit, 563

Gosizdat, 588–589

Novikov, Nikolai Ivanovich,

1073–1074

private, 216–218

samizdat, 560, 671, 1347–1348,

1425

Suvorin, Alexei Sergeyevich, 1503

Sytin, Ivan Dmitrievich,

1509–1510

Pudovkin, Vsevolod, 973–974, 975

Pugachev, Emelian Ivanovich, 208,

733, 1245–1246

Pugachev rebellion, 1156

Pugachevshchina, 1245–1246

Pugo, Boris Karlovich, 1246–1247,

1247

Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory,

4

Punishment, corporal, 329–330

Puppet theater, 1177–1178

Purges

Ginzburg, Evgenia Semenovna,

558

Greeks, 606–607

Izvestiya staff, 694

Kazakhs, 732

Komsomol, 313

Left Opposition, 838

Leningrad Affair, 845–846

Malenkov, Georgy, 889

mass graves, 1485

military, 938, 1444, 1683–1684

nationalities policy, 1013

Stalin’s opposition, 1456–1457,

1458

Tatars, 341

See also Great Purges

Purishkevich, Vladimir, 152

Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich,

1251–1253, 1252

Akhundov’s “Oriental Poem,” 23

Boris Godunov, 1537

Chaadayev, relationship with,

223

Eugene Onegin, 569

Lyceum, 1579

nationalism, 998

Romanticism, 1302, 1303

Pushkin House, 1253–1254

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Puteshestvie iz Peterburga v Moskvu

(Radishchev), 1264

Putiatin, Count E. V., 19

Putilov, Alexander, 122

Putilov Works, 157, 539

Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 519,

1254–1256, 1255, 1256

alcohol industry, 31

Constitutional Court, 319

cult of peronality, 349

Dugin’s criticism of, 414

economic reform, 433

environmentalism, 462

Federation Chamber member se-

lection, 487

Gorchakov, recognition of, 584

Israel, relations with, 684

Japan, relations with, 701

Kasyanov, praise of, 726

Kursk submarine disaster, 803

land policy, 823

language policy, 825

legislative-executive relations,

487–488

Luzhkov, defeat of, 880

Moiseyev, appointment of, 952

Mori and, 699

Pakistan, relations with, 1130

presidency, 1220

Primakov and, 1223–1224

regionalism, 1281

Russia-Belarus union, 1313

Russian influence, 301

Russian Orthodox Church, 1321

Security Council, 1363

Sobchak’s support of, 1411–1412

St. Petersburg, 1485

Strategic Offensive Reductions

Treaty (SORT), 88

Turkey, relations with, 1588

Unity Party, 1620

Yavlinsky’s challenge to, 1704

Pyatnitsky choir, 510

Pyatov, Yuri, 1011

Pyrev, Ivan, 975

Pytatakov, Georgy Leonidovich, 1257

Q

Qarachi beys, 572–573

Qing dynasty, 248

Qipchaq, 131, 571–572, 796

Quadruple Alliance, 1259–1260

Quality of life, 391

Qué Viva México! (movie), 43, 442

Quiet Flows the Don (Sholokhov),

1386

Quintuple Alliance, 1259–1260

Quoc, Nguyen Ai, 1638

al-Qursavi, Abdunnasir, 681

R

Rabbinical Commission, 1261–1262

Rabkrin, 222, 1262

Rabochaia Mysl (newspaper), 432

Rabochee Delo (journal), 432

Rabotnitsa (newspaper), 75,

1348–1349

Racconigi Agreement, 685

Rachmaninov, Sergei Vasilievich,

1262–1263

Rada government, 1602

Radek, Karl Bernardovich, 1011,

1263–1264

Radicals

feminist, 494–495

raznochintsy, 1273

Slavophiles, 1406

Radioactive waste, 96

Radischev, Alexander Nikolayevich,

642, 668, 859, 1264

Radzinsky, Edvard Stanislavich,

1264–1265

Raikin, Arkady Isaakovich,

1265–1266

Railways, 1266–1268

economic development, 426

economic effects, 435

grain trade, 595

Lake Baikal, 817

Russian Far East, 481

trade, 515–516

Trans-Siberian Railway, 53, 1267,

1571

Rainbow Keepers, 463

Raionirovanie, 1268

Rakhmonov, Imomali, 1514–1515

Rákosi, Mátyás, 643, 645

Rapallo, Treaty of, 544, 1268–1269

Rapid economic growth, 428–431

INDEX

N

PUTESHESTVIE IZ PETERBURGA V MOSKVU

1800

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Rapid industrialization, 661–662,

663, 1089, 1456

Rasputin, Grigory Yefimovich,

1269, 1269–1270

Alexandra Fedorovna, relationship

with, 42, 49, 1052

death of, 152

Protopopov, relationship with,

1240

Russian Orthodox Church, 65

Rastrelli, Bartolomeo, 71, 1270,

1667

Ratchet effect, 1270–1271

A Raw Youth (Dostoyevsky), 411

Ray (newspaper), 711

Razin Rebellion, 1155, 1271–1272,

1476–1477

Raznochintsy, 1273

Reading about the Life and Murder of

the Blessed Passion-sufferers Boris

and Gleb (Nestor), 253

Reagan, Ronald, 1616, 1617

Cold War, 280–281

Geneva Summit of 1985, 543–544

Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces

Treaty, 672–673

Reykjavik Summit, 1288–1289

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI),

66, 86, 1486, 1487

totalitarianism terminology,

1561–1562

zero option, 1723–1724

Realism

golden age of Russian literature,

569–570

Moscow Art Theater, 967

photography, 1179

Repin, Ilya Yefimovich,

1284–1285

theater, 1538

See also Socialist realism

Rebellions

Antonov Uprising, 68–69

Bolotnikov rebellion, 159, 1548

Copper Riots, 328–329

Green Movement, 68–69, 269,

607–608

Imperial Guards, 613

January Uprising, 1198–1199

July Days of 1917, 713–714

Kronstadt Uprising, 119, 269,

789

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Novocherkassk uprising,

1074–1075

peasant uprisings, 1155–1156

Polish Uprising of 1863, 1006,

1022, 1198–1199

Pugachev rebellion, 1156,

1245–1246

Razin Rebellion, 1271–1272,

1476–1477

streltsy, 1489

See also Decembrist movement

Recreation, 1160–1161

Red Army

Battle of Kursk, 802–803

Battle of Stalingrad, 1453–1455,

1454

Budenny, Semeon Mikhailovich,

177

Civil War of 1917–1922,

267–269

Frunze, Mikhail Vasilievich, 526

intelligence, 934

military reform, 936

Operation Barbarossa, 1110

overview, 936–937

Shaposhnikov, Boris

Mikhailovich, 1379

Sokolovsky, Vasily Danilovich,

1421

Soviet-Finnish War, 1433–1434

Trotsky, Leon Davidovich, 1575

World War II, 938–940,

1687–1691, 1690

Zhukov, Georgy, 1731

See also Military; Warfare

Red Cavalry (Babel), 110

Redemption payments, 1273–1274

Red Guards, 1274–1275

Red Square, 900, 1275–1276, 1322

The Red Star (Bogdanov), 1354

Red Terror, 268, 1276

Referendum of April 1993, 1277

Referendum of December 1993,

1277–1278

Referendum of March 1991,

1278–1279

“Reflections on Progress, Peaceful

Coexistence, and Intellectual

Freedom” (Sakharov), 1345

Reform

Alexander I, 32–33

Alexander II, 36–37

Alexander III, 40

Catherine II, 207, 287–288, 667,

842

censorship, 217–218, 604

Decembrists, 367

Dubcek, Alexander, 356–357, 358

Emancipation Act, 448

family law, 898–899

Free Economic Society for the En-

couragement of Agriculture and

Husbandry, 520

Fyodor, Alexeyevich, 530

Islam, 681–682

judicial, 604, 841

Loris-Melikov’s Constitution,

873–874

Nicholas II, 1051–1052

Paul I, 1149

Peter I, 1169–1170

serfdom, 602, 1048

Stolypin, Peter Arkadievich, 1482

Union of Right Forces agenda,

1607

See also Church reform; Economic

reform; Education reform; Gov-

ernment reform; Great Re-

forms; Military reform

Refugees, 990

Refuseniks, 1279–1280

Refutation of the Sects (Koghbatsi),

83

Regionalism, 1268, 1280–1281

Registration Directorate, 934

Regulations on Peasants Set Free,

449

Rein Commission, 628

Reindeer herding

Chukchi, 257

Evenki, 471

Nenets, 1035–1036

Sami, 1347

Reinforced Security, 1531

Reinsurance Treaty, 556

Reitern, Mikhail Khristoforovich,

1281–1282

Relief. See Humanitarian relief

Religion, 1282–1284

Albanian Church, 28

Bakunin’s opposition to, 114

Bolshevik assault on, 1282–1283

Catherine II, religious tolerance of,

679–680

REPUBLICS

N

INDEX

1801

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

church/state relations, 259–261,

887, 1473–1745

clergy, procession of, 1283

conversion campaign of Peter I,

679

dvoeverie, 418

freedom of, 1282

inorodtsy, 665

Khomyakov, Alexei Stepanovich,

743

Russians, 1324–1325

science and, 872–873

sectarianism, 1359–1362

sobornost, 743

Tolstoy, Leo, 1559

See also Specific religions

Religious education

Filaret Drozdov, Metropolitan,

498

Islam, 680

jadidism, 698–699

Religious tolerance

Catherine II, 288

Khazaria, 739

sectarianism, 1361–1362

Turkestan, 289

Rennenkampf, Pavel, 1677

Renovationist Movement. See Living

Church Movement

Renovation of St. Petersburg, 1485

Rent, 1081

Reparations, 1215

Repentance (movie), 977

Repin, Ilya Yefimovich, 998,

1284–1285

Reply (Makary), 887

Repressed inflation, 957, 1285–1286

Republican ministries, 946

Republic of Azerbaijan. See Azerbai-

jan and Azeris

Republic of Latvia. See Latvia and

Latvians

Republic of Moldova. See Moldova

and Moldovans

Republic of Sakha. See Sakha and

Yakuts

Republics

independence, 1280

nationalities policy, 450–453,

1012

Soviet nationality policy,

450–453

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Union of Sovereign States,

1607–1608

Union Treaty, 1607–1608,

1612–1613

See also Specific republics

Requiem (Akhmatova), 22

Research

Academy of Sciences, 7

Free Economic Society for the En-

couragement of Agriculture and

Husbandry, 520

public opinion studies, 1245

Research Institute for Agricultural

Economics and Policy, 230–231

Research Institute for Computer

Based Forecasting, 223

Resurrection Cathedral, 71

Revolutionaries, 1095

Butashevich-Petrashevsky,

Mikhail Vasilievich, 189

Chernov, Viktor Mikhailovich,

241–242

Chicherin, Georgy Vasilievich,

246–247

Chkheidze, Nikolai Semenovich,

251

Dzerzhinsky, Felix Edmundovich,

422, 422–423

feminism as part of wider revolu-

tion, 493–494

general strike of October 1905,

1086–1087

Gorky, Maxim, 586

Jews, 705

Kamenev, Lev Borisovich,

720–721

Kaplan, Fanya, 722–723

Kirov, Sergei Mironovich, 758

Kropotkin, Pyotr Alexeyevich,

789–790

Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstanti-

novna, 791

Land and Freedom party, 818

Mayakovsky, Vladimir

Vladimirovich, 908–909

Molotov, Vyacheslav

Mikhailovich, 954–955

Nechayev, Sergei Geradievich,

1032–1033

The People’s Will, 1162

Perovskaya, Sofia Lvovna,

1166

Preobrazhensky, Yevgeny Alex-

eyevich, 1219

Radek, Karl Bernardovich, 1263

Rykov, Alexei Ivanovich, 1339

Shlyapnikov, Alexander

Gavrilovich, 1384

Skrypnyk, Mykola Oleksyovych,

1401

Spiridonova, Maria Alexandrovna,

1446–1447

state security, 1470

Tkachev, Petr Nikitich,

1553–1554

Zasulich, Vera Ivanovna,

1720–1721

Zhelyabov, Andrei Ivanovich,

1725

Revolutionary Communists, 267

Revolutionary Defensism, 485

Revolutionary War (American),

833, 1616

Revolution of 1905, 1286–1288,

1287

autocracy, 102

Black Hundred movement,

151–152

Bloody Sunday, 157–158

general strike, 1086–1087

Governing Senate, role of, 593

Lenin, Vladimir, 852

nationalism, 1009

Nicholas II, 1051–1052

Social Democrats, 160

workers, 1673

See also October Manifesto

Reykjavik Summit, 1288–1289

Ribbentrop, Joachim von,

1029–1030, 1030

Rigan chronicle, 1635

Right Hegelianism, 630

Right Opposition, 179–180,

1289–1290, 1339

Right Social Revolutionaries, 1420

Riigikogu, 465

Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai Andreye-

vich, 920, 1109, 1290

Rinaldi Antonio, 541

The Rise and Fall of the Lysenko

Regime (Medvedev), 911

Robbery Chancellery, 614

Rocketry, 1580

Rock Flower (opera), 1108

INDEX

N

REQUIEM

(AKHMATOVA)

1802

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Rock music, 1479

Rodina (journal), 1542

Rodzianko, Mikhail Vladimirovich,

1290–1291

Roerich, Nicholas Konstantinovich,

1291–1292

Rogozhsky Chronicle, 255

Rogozin, Dmitry, 315–316

Rom, Mikhail, 975

Roma. See Gypsies

Romania

Bessarabia, 146, 176, 952

Bukovina, rule of, 180

Little Entente, 1714

Moldova, 953

relations with, 1292–1294

Romanov, Grigory Vasilievich,

1299, 1485

Romanov, Mikhail Fyodorovich,

1299–1302, 1300

Filaret Romanov and, 499

rule of, 1296–1297

selection of, 1552

Treaty of Stolbovo, 1480

Romanova, Anastasia, 1294–1295

Romanova, Anastasia Nikolayevna,

1295, 1297, 1299

Romanov dynasty, 1295–1299,

1601

Romanticism, 1302–1303

literature, 569

Lovers of Wisdom, 875–876

nationalism, 1099

Polish, 1005–1006

Tyutchev, Fyodor Ivanovich,

1595

Rome, 79

Romen Theater, 620

Room, Abram, 974

Roosevelt, Franklin D.

Grand Alliance, 597

Tehran Conference, 1527

Yalta Conference, 1698–1699,

1699

Roosevelt, Theodore, 1210

Rosicrucians, 521

Rossi, Carlo, 72, 1037

ROSTA (Russian Telegraph Agency),

710, 1519

Rostovtsev, Mikhail Ivanovich, 1304

Rota system, 1304–1305, 1312

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Republics (continued)

Rotislav, 1303–1304

Round Table-Free Georgia Bloc, 538

Route to Greeks, 1305–1306

Rozanov, Vasily Vasilevich, 711

Rtishchev, Fyodor, 104

Rubakin, Nikolai, 1025–1026

Rubinstein, Nikolai and Anton, 999

Ruble, 958, 1306–1307

devaluation, 514–515

gold standard, 574

monetary policy, 958–959

valuation, 517

Ruble control, 1307–1308

Rublev, Andrei, 649–650,

1308–1309

Ruble zone, 1309–1310

Rumor (newspaper), 711

Rumyantsev, Nikolai, 1328

Rumyantsev, Peter Alexandrovich,

793, 928–929, 1310–1311

Rural economy, 16–17, 18–19

Rural medicine, 628

Rurik, 1106–1107, 1311

Rurikid dynasty, 1311–1312

appanage era, 69

Ivan IV, 689

Kievan Rus, 751

Novgorod, 1071

Rus

Batu, 130–131

birchbark charters, 148–149

Normanist Controversy,

1060–1062

Polish-Lithuanian Union,

134–135

See also Kievan Rus

Rusilov, Alexei, 1679–1682

Rus (journal), 25

Rusnaks. See Carpatho-Rusyns

Russia, map of, 547

Russia and Europe: An Inquiry into

the Cultural and Political Rela-

tions of the Slavs to the Ger-

mano-Latin World (Danilevsky),

363–364

Russia and Europe (Danilevsky),

1134

Russia-Belarus union, 1313

Russia Company, 1314

Russia in 1839 (Custine), 352–353

Russian Academy of Sciences, 6,

365

Russian All-Military Union (ROVS),

1693

Russian-American Company, 288,

1616

Russian Association of Proletarian

Writers (RAPP), 350, 351,

1314–1315

Russian Banner (newspaper), 711

Russian Bible Society, 34

Russian-Chechen War, 233, 234,

234

Russian Communist Party, 161,

298

Russian corporations, 330–331

Russian culture

Bulgaria, influence in, 184

Soviet era, 452–453

Russian ethnography, 467–471

Russian Far East, 481–482

Russian Federal Securities Commis-

sion, 1316, 1479

Russian Federation, 1316–1317

Baltic Fleet, 119–120

Buryatia, 188, 189

Central Bank of Russia, 220–221

Communist Party of the Russian

Federation, 305–306

Constitutional Court of the Russ-

ian Federation, 319

Constitution of 1993, 324–325

Conventional Forces in Europe

(CFE) Treaty compliance, 327

Crimea, 339–340

Cyrillic alphabet, 825

economic policy, 531–532, 758

federalism, 488–489

Federal Securities Commission,

1479–1480

Federation treaties, 490–491

food tax, 1233

free speech, 712

Gaidar, Yegor Timurovich,

537–538

Gromov, Boris Vsevolodovich,

610

High Arbitration Court, 338

Kaliningrad, 717–718

Kasyanov, Mikhail Mikhailovich,

725–726

Khakass, 736–737

Kiriyenko, Sergei Vladilenovich,

758

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

N

INDEX

1803

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Koreans, 769

Kozyrev, Andrei Vladimirovich,

782–783

language policy, 825

Law on Property, 822

liberalism, 861

military, 932–933, 940–941

Moldova, relations with, 953

motion pictures, 977–978

Movement in Support of the

Army, 979

near abroad, 1031–1032

October 1993 events, 1084–1086,

1085

Olympics, 1452

Our Home Is Russia party, 1126

Pakistan, relations with, 1131

Party of Russian Unity and Ac-

cord, 1143

People’s Party of Free Russia,

1161

political party system, 1200–1201

presidency, 1220

privatization, 1231, 1648

Procuracy, 1232

Production Sharing Agreement,

1234

Promstroibank Russia, 1489

railways, 1266–1267

Referendum of April 1993, 1277

Referendum of December 1993,

1277–1278

Russian Far East, 481–482

Russian Federal Securities Com-

mission, 1316

Russian Movement for Democra-

tic Reform (RMDR), 979

Russian National Unity Party,

1319

Russia’s Democratic Choice,

1329–1330

Russification, 1332

Rutskoi, Alexander Vladimirovich,

1337–1338

Rybkin, Ivan Petrovich,

1338–1339

Security Council, 1362–1363

Shakhrai, Sergei Mikhailovich,

1376–1377

shock therapy, 1034–1035, 1385

Shumeiko, Vladimir Filippovich,

1390–1391

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Stepashin, Sergei Vadimovich,

1477

stock exchanges, 1479–1480

Supreme Court, 338–339

television and radio, 1528,

1530–1531

territorial-administrative units,

1534

transition economy, 1570

Turkey, relations with,

1587–1588

Union of Right Forces,

1606–1607

Unity Party, 1620

Vietnam, relations with, 1639

virtual economy, 1642

Women of Russia, 1671–1672

Yabloko, 1695–1696

Zyuganov, Gennady Andreyevich,

1734–1735

See also Commonwealth of Inde-

pendent States (CIS); Russian

Soviet Federated Socialist Re-

public (RSFSR); Specific leaders

Russian folk orchestra, 510

Russian Geographical Society, 4, 461,

468, 656–657, 1317–1318

Russian Justice, 1318–1319

Russian Liberation Movement. See

Vlasov Movement

Russian mafia. See Organized crime

Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy,

96

Russian Movement for Democratic

Reform (RMDR), 979

Russian Musical Society, 998

Russian National Unity Party, 1319

Russian Nights (Odoyevsky), 1098

Russian Orthodox Church,

1319–1321

administration, 316–317

Alexander III, 40

Alexandra, canonization of, 42

Alexei I, Patriarch, 43–44

Alexei II, Patriarch, 44

Alexei Nikolayevich, canonization

of, 49–50

Anthony Khrapovitsky, Metropol-

itan, 64–65

Anthony Vadkovsky, Metropoli-

tan, 65

antireligious policies, Soviet,

834–835

beard tax, 133

calendars, 196

chapbook literature, 227

church and state, 887

church councils, 259–260, 261,

1320

church law, 772

colonial expansion, 284–285

colonialism, 288

consistory, 316–317

Daniel, Metropolitan, 362–363

“Declaration of Loyalty,” 464

diet, 512

diocese, 395–396

Donation books, 408

Ecclesiastical Regulation, 639–640

Enlightener (Joseph of Volotsk),

707–708

episcopate, 463–464

famine relief, 269

Feast Books, 483

Filaret Drozdov, Metropolitan,

498

Filaret Romanov, Patriarch,

498–500

Godunov, loyal toward, 566

hagiography, 623–624

heresy, 712–713

Holy Synod, 639–640

Joakim, Patriarch, 706

Joseph of Volotsk, St., 707–708

Jubilee Bishops’ Council, 44

judicial matters, 316–317

Kormchaya Kniga, 772

Law Code of 1649, 830

Living Church Movement,

866–867

marriage and family, 475, 896,

898

metropolitans, 918–919

Muscovy, 982–983

nationalism, 1007

Neronov, Ivan, 1038

Nikon, Patriarch, 46–47

Old Belief, 104–105

organization, 395–396

Ottoman Empire, 37–38

over-procurator, office of, 640

patriarchate, 1147–1148

INDEX

N

RUSSIAN FOLK ORCHESTRA

1804

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Petrov, Grigory Spiridonovich,

117

Polotsky, Simeon, 1201–1202

possessors and non-possessors,

1211–1212

printing, 532–533

Prokopovich, Feofan, 1235

Rasputin’s influence, 65

religious education reform, 498

Russians, 1324

saints, 1343–1344

semi-secularization of, 830

Sergei’s declaration of loyalty,

1369

sinodik, 1398

Slavophilism, 1405

Soloviev’s theology, 1423

sorokoust, 1429

static religious identity, 1282

statistics, 1284

Stefan Yavorsky, Metropolitan,

1476

Tikhon, canonization of, 1547

Tolstoy, Leo, 1559

Trinity, representation of the,

1309

Westernizers, 1663

woman lighting candles, 730

Zealots of Piety, 1721

See also Christianity; Church ad-

ministration; Church reform;

Holy Synod; Old Believers; Or-

thodoxy; Religion

Russian Public Library, 996

Russian Revolution

April Theses, 70

archives, 73

Babel, Isaac Emmanuyelovich,

109

Bashkirs, 126

Kerensky, Alexander, 734–735

Red Guards, 1274

Ukraine, 1602–1603

workers, role of, 813

World War I, 1681–1682

See also Civil War of 1917–1922;

February Revolution; October

Revolution of 1917; Revolution

of 1905

Russians, 1321–1327

Russian Social-Democratic Labor

Party (RSDLP), 307

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Russian Federation (continued)

Russian Social Democratic People’s

Party, 1161

Russian Social Democratic Workers

Party (RSDWP)

Bolshevik/Menshevik schism,

913–914, 1138, 1414

Bolshevism, 160

Dzerzhinsky, Felix Edmundovich,

422

Jewish Bund, 185–186

party congresses, 1138

Plekhanov, Georgy Valentinovich,

1186

See also Social Democratic Work-

ers Party

Russian Soviet Federated Socialist

Republic (RSFSR), 1327–1328

Congress of People’s Deputies,

315, 486

Constitution of 1918, 320

nationalities policy, 1012,

1016–1017

regionalism, 1280

Yeltsin’s presidency, 1707

See also Russian Federation

Russian Space Agency, 1443

The Russians (Smith), 1436

Russian State Library, 1328–1329

Russian state school of historiogra-

phy, 637–638

Russian style architecture, 72

Russian Technological Society,

657–658

Russian Telegraph Agency (ROSTA),

710, 1519

Russian Thought (journal), 710

Russian Union of Industrialists and

Entrepreneurs, 1648

Russian Wealth (journal), 710

Russian Word (periodical), 710, 711,

1182

Russia’s Choice, 371–372, 538, 781

Russia’s Democratic Choice, 538,

1329–1330

Russification, 1330–1333

Estonia, 465–466

imperial era, 1007–1009

tsarist nationalities policy,

1022–1023

Russkaya Pravda, 752, 840

Russkoye Znamya (newspaper), 152

Russo-Japanese War, 1333–1334

Battle of Tsushima, 1581

Kuropatkin, Alexei Nikolayevich,

801–802

Makarov, Stepan Osipovich, 886

military reform, 934

Nicholas II, 1050–1051

Russian military, 931

Siege of Port Arthur, 1210

Treaty of Portsmouth, 700,

1210–1211

Russo-Persian Wars, 1335–1336

Russo-Swedish War, 1508

Russo-Turkish Wars, 1336–1337

Alexander II, 38, 39

Battle of Chesme, 246

Catherine II, 208

Congress of Berlin, 143–144

Kutuzov, Mikhail Ilarionovich,

804

Makarov, Stepan Osipovich, 886

naval blockade, 1027–1028

Obruchev, Nikolai Nikolayevich,

1082

Orlov, Grigory Grigorievich, 1117

Panslavism, 1134

Potemkin, Grigory Alexandrovich,

1214

Rumyantsev, Peter Alexandrovich,

1310

Skobelev, Mikhail Dmitriyevich,

1401

Three Emperors’ League, 1544

Treaty of Bucharest, 176

Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, 793

Treaty of San Stefano,

1349–1350

Rust, Mathias, 1276

Ruthenians. See Carpatho-Rusyns

Rutskoi, Alexander Vladimirovich,

1337, 1337–1338

October 1993 events, 1084

People’s Party of Free Russia,

1161

Yeltsin and, 1707–1708

Rybkin, Ivan Petrovich, 487,

1338–1339

Rybnikov, P. N., 508

Rykov, Alexei Ivanovich, 1339

party congresses, 1140

prime minister position, 1227

Right Opposition, 1289

show trial, 1389

SAMOILOVA, KONDORDIYA NIKOLAYEVNA

N

INDEX

1805

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Ryleyev, Kondraty Fyodorovich,

1303, 1339–1340

Ryutin, Martemyan, 1340

Ryzhkov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 15,

580, 1340–1341

S

Saburov, Maxim, 67–68

Sacraments, 1103

Sacred biographies, 623–624

Sacred music, 985

Safarik, Pavel Jozef, 1134

Saint-Léon, Arthur, 117

Saint-Martin, Claude, 521

Saints, 623, 1343–1344

Sajudis, 819, 865

Sakha and Yakuts, 1344,

1344–1345

Sakhalin, 700, 768

Sakharov, Andrei Dmitrievich,

1345–1346, 1346

Bonner and, 162–163

Chernobyl, 95

dissident movement, 399, 401

exile, 671, 672

glasnost, 560–561

Helsinki Watch, 632

Inter-Regional Deputies’ Group,

674, 675

Kovalev, friendship with, 781

liberalism, 861

Memorial, 912

Starovoitova and, 1461

Saltanov, Bogdan, 84

Salt trade, 1563–1564

Saltykov, Boris and Mikhail, 1301

Saltykov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 31

Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail Yev-

grafovich, 1346–1347

Salyut, 1442

Samara, 764–765, 1271–1272,

1477

Samarin, Yuri A., 25, 1406

Samborsky, Andrei, 31

Sami, 1347

Samizdat, 560, 671, 1347–1348,

1425

Samoilova, Kondordiya Niko-

layevna, 1348–1349

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828

Samoupravlenie, 1349

Samsonov, Alexander, 1677

SAM-300 system, 1588

Sandinistas, 1045

San Stefano, Treaty of, 1349–1350

Saratov, 1271–1272, 1477

Sardou, Victorien, 775

Sargisian, Vazgen, 82

Sarmatians, 1350

Sarts, 1350–1351

Sarykamysh Operation, 1677

Sassanid dynasty, 79, 1513–1514

Satellites, 1440, 1452

Satire

Akhundov, Mirza Fath Ali, 23–24

circus, 263

Krylov, Ivan Andreyevich, 792

Novikov, Nikolai Ivanovich,

1073–1074

Pelevin, Viktor Olegovich, 1158

Protazanov, Yakov Alexandrovic,

1239

Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail Yev-

grafovich, 1346–1347

Savaty, 1424

Savina, Maria, 1537

Savings Bank, 121, 1351

Savrasov, Alexei, 998

Sawr Revolution, 13

Sazonov, Sergei, 116

Sberbank, 121, 1351

Scandinavians

Kievan Rus, 751

Normanist Controversy,

1060–1062

Novgorod, trade with, 1072

Vikings, 1639–1640

Schelling, Friedrich, 651, 652

Schlözer, August Ludwig, 637

Schwarz, Johann-Georg, 521

Science and technology

conservation movement, 460–461

dialectical materialism, 6–7

The Enlightenment, 454

idealism, Stalin’s attack on, 7

Imperial Russian Technological

Society, 657

Kosygin reform, 779

Lomonsov, Mikhail Vasilievich,

871–872

Medvedev, Zhores, 910–911

Mendeleyev, Dmitry, 913

Pallas, Peter-Simon, 1132–1133

Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, 1151

poetry, scientific, 872

policy, 1351–1353

Popov, Alexander Stepanovich,

1206

religion and, 872–873

Russian Geographical Society, 1317

Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Ed-

uardovich, 1580–1581

Vavilov, Nikolai Ivanovich,

1633–1634

Zhukovsky, Nikolai Yegorovich,

1732

See also Academy of Sciences;

Universities

Science fiction, 1353–1354

Scientific socialism, 1354–1355

Scientific Technical Department,

Supreme Economic Council,

1352

Scissors Crisis, 1355–1356,

1410–1411

Sculpture

Admiralty, 11

gigantomania, 557

neoclassicism, 1037

Scythians, 1356

The Seagull (Chekhov), 236

Seclusion, female, 1532

Secondary schools, 437

Second economy, 1356–1358

Second International, 154

Second Opium War, 1157

Second secretary, 1358–1359

Second Turkish War, 928–929

Secretariat, 309–310, 1359

Secret police

Beria, Lavrenti Pavlovich,

140–141

Gulag, 616

Katyn Forest massacre, 726–727

Secret Protocol, 1029–1031, 1195,

1198

Secret societies

Chernyi Peredel, 669

Cyril and Methodius Society,

353–354

Narodnaya Volya, 669

Northern Society, 367, 981,

1339–1340

INDEX

N

SAMOUPRAVLENIE

1806

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RUSSIAN HISTORY

Petrashevtsy, 1176–1177

Southern Society, 367

Union of Salvation, 367

Union of Welfare, 367

Zemlya i Volya, 669

See also Decembrist movement;

Freemasonry

“Secret Speech” (Khruschev),

348–349, 388, 643, 746–747

Sectarianism, 1359–1362

Secularization, 956

Security, state, 1445, 1468–1473

Security Council, 1362–1363

Security police, 1733–1734

Seignorial serfs, 1368

Seimas, 819

Selected Passages from My Correspon-

dence with Friends (Gogol), 569

Seleznev, Gennady, 487

Self-dekulakization, 794

Self-determination, 269–270, 1000,

1010–1011

See also Independence; Nationalism

Selfhood, 112

Selivanov, Kondraty, 1360

Semenov, Nikolai Nikolayevich, 7

Semenovsky Guards Regiment, 613

Semenovsky Life Guard Regiment,

1218

Semenov-Tian-Shansky, Venyamin,

461

Semiarid Continental climate, 272

Senate, 786, 840, 1169

Seniority system, 408–409

September 11 attacks, 1256

Serafim of Sarov, 1448

Serapion Brothers, 492, 1363–1364

Serbia, 1364–1365

Akkerman Convention, 24

Austria-Hungary, conflict with,

556

Balkan Wars, 115–116

Montenegro, 961

Yugoslavia, creation of, 1714,

1715

Serednyaki, 1365–1366

Serfdom, 1366–1369

agriculture, 17, 18

barshchina, 124

country estates, 337

dvorianstvo, 419–420

Volume 1, pp: 1–424; Volume 2, pp: 425–882; Volume 3, pp: 883–1342; Volume 4, pp: 1343–1828