Cornwall M. The Undermining of Austria-Hungary: The Battle for Hearts and Minds

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

394 The Undermining of Austria-Hungary

these months.

Certainly, leaflets printed before June continued to be distributed

along with

new, more topical, material.

117. AJA,

JO 60E/III/1(1), Kujundz

to Trumbic

, 2 July 1918.

118. Manifest

o 203, Jugoslavija, July 1918 [special illustrated edition]: copies in AJA, JO

111/4; KA, EvB Fasz.5755/26619; OHM sz.3508.

119. Manifest

o 199, `Uslovi mira Sila Sporazuma' (also issued in seven other languages:

KA, Flugzettel Sammlung). For Lodge's speech: manifesto 309, Jugoslavija no. 14, 10

September (section in Slovene: AJA, JO 111/4) and manifesto 341, Soldati roma

ni!'

(printed in

Romanian, Italian, Polish and Czech editions: KA, 11AK Fasz.451, File

`Unerledigt').

120. Manifest

o 90, `Srbi, Hrvati, Slovenci!' (Croat and Slovene).

121. Manifest

os 135 and 158. See also manifesto 203 which recounted a speech by

Mihajlovic

(secretary at Serbia's Rome embassy) at Kosovo celebrations in Milan;

Mihajlovic

emphasized Croatian±Italian links from 1848.

122. Manifest

o 169, `Kosovo!' (KA, 11AK Fasz.449, Pr.2323); also reprinted in manifesto

135.

123. Manifest

o 208, Jugoslavija no. 9. On this theme, see also manifesto 142, `Bezumne

optuz

be austriske o rdjavom postupanju sa zarobljenicima' (Croat/Czech/Polish/

Romanian: HIL, Fasz.4517. Manifesto 232 is exactly the same: KA, 11AK Fasz.451,

`Flugzettel I'); and manifestos 115, 135, 158.

124. For

the Yugoslav forces in Russia and America: manifestos 179, 258, 135, 158, 208,

309. Surprisingly, Padua made no mention of Trumbic

's official audience with the

King of Italy in the war zone on 14 August.

125. Manifest

o [101], `Njegovoj ekselenciji mars

alu Svetozaru Borojevic

u od Bojne' (KA,

EvB Fasz.5758/26661; OHM sz.1256; HIL, Fasz.4517. Reproduced also in Pivko, Val

Bella, pp. 73±4). That the leaflet was no. 101 is clear from the Italian translation in

AJA, JO 19/104 (Ojetti ordered 200 Italian copies to be printed). Jambris

ak's draft is

in AJA, JO 19/102.

126. PRO,

WO 106/825, Delme

-Radcliffe to DMO, no.BM 452/42, 24 June 1918.

127. Max

Ronge, Kriegs- und Industriespionage, p. 370; KA, FAst 1918, Fasz. 6003, Vater-

laÈndische Bildungsarbe

it. Mitteilungen der FAst, no. 3, 15 August, p. 13.

128. Manifest

o 235, Jugoslavija no. 10. The same `reliable news' was relayed in mani-

festos 224,

`Krajane

bratr

i!', and 222, `Polacy!' (both in KA, 11AK Fasz.451 `Flugzet-

tel I'),

and has even been propagated by one modern historian: see Alan Sked, The

Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire 1815±1918 (London and New York, 1989)

p. 260.

129.

Manifesto 183, `Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci!' (white leaflet in dark blue type: KA, 11AK

Fasz.451, `Flugzet

tel I'). See also manifestos 235, 135, and 208.

130. Stenographische Protokolle u

sterrei-

ber

die Sitzungen des Hauses der Abgeordneten des O

chischen Reichsrates,

XXII Session, III (Vienna, 1918) p. 3900: 75.Sitzung, 16 July

1918, speech

by the Czech Social Democrat, Vlastimil Tusar.

131. Ibid.,

p. 3897. Glaise-Horstenau for one was worried about the wisdom of making

such a speech at this time: Ein General im Zwielicht, I, p. 480. The best study of this

trend in Austrian politics remains Helmut Rumpler, Max Hussarek. NationalitaÈten

und

Nationalita

sterreich im Sommer des Jahres 1918 (Graz and Cologne, Ètenpolitik in

1965).

132. Manifest

o 223, `Slovenci, Hrvati in Srbi' (Slovene: OHM sz.1438/1). In Padua's

Polish propaganda, a more accurate assessment of Seidler's fall from power was

given.

The Climax of Italian Psychological Warfare 395

133. For

the Viennese appeals: manifestos 110, `Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci!'; and 184, `Srbi,

Hrvati i Slovenci!' (both in KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flugzettel I').

134. See

the complaints of the 6ID command: KA, FAst 1918, Fasz. 5997, Res.645, 6ID

Kmdo to FAst, Na Nr 1507, 11 September 1918. The speech also provoked an

interpellation in the Reichsrat on 19 July by Verstovs

ek, Brenc

and others; but

the AOK privately rejected their idea that German-Austrian soldiers had been given

special treatment during the war: see KA, AOK Op.Abt 1918, Fasz.375, Op.Nr

111966, 18 September.

135. Manifest

o 295, `Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci!' (OHM sz.1440); manifesto 291, Jugoslavija

no. 13, 3 September (AJA, JO 111/4). For a Czech version: manifesto 297, `Valec

cõ

rakousky

ch Ne

mcu' (KA, 11AK Fasz.448, Pr.2000; Polish version, manifesto

294, on reverse). Wichtl's rabid view of the Czechs had already been publicized

widely through his brochure, Dr Karel Kramarsch, der Anstifter des Weltkrieges

(Vienna and Munich, 1918). It came to the attention of Padua who noted in

its Czech propaganda that the work had quickly sold out (to German readers)

when published: see manifesto 159, C

eskosloven

ska

Samostatnost no. 7 (KA, 11AK

Fasz.451, `Flugzettel I').

136. Manifest

o 291, Jugoslavija no. 13. For an Italian discussion of Wichtl's views, see

Corriere della Sera, 19 August 1918. The reality of famine in Istria is assessed in

Cornwall, `The Experience of Yugoslav Agitation', p. 661.

137. Manifest

o 304, `Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci!' (KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flugzettel II'); mani-

festo 313,

`Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci!' (OHM sz.7351; KA, EvB Fasz.5761/32114), which

is probably the work of Kujundz

138. See

manifestos 313 and 331, `Vojnici Austro-Ugarske' (Croat, Polish, German and

Magyar editions: KA, Flugzettel Sammlung). For the `court scandal' which erupted

after the Piave defeat, see manifestos 158, 179, 258; and Karl Freiherr von Werkmann,

Deutschland als

Verbu

ndeter.

Kaiser Karls Kampf um den Frieden (Berlin, 1931) p. 277.

139. Manifesto 291, Jugoslavija no. 13; KA, EvB 1918, Fasz.5758/27382, Ronge to AOK

Op.Abt, 14 September 1918.

140. In English, the course of events is analyzed fully in Cornwall, `The Experience of

Yugoslav Agitation'.

141. Manifesto 235, Jugoslavija no. 10. See Bogdan Krizman, Hrvatska u Prvom Svetjskom

Ratu. Hrvatsko-Srpski Politic

ki Odnosi (Zagreb, 1989) p. 182.

142. Manifest

o 115, Jugoslavia no. 5 (passage in Slovene); manifesto 179, Jugoslavija

no. 8; see Janko Pleterski, Prvo Opredeljenje Slovenaca za Jugoslaviju (Belgrade, 1976)

pp. 335±6. For socialist resolutions: manifestos 135 and 275 (sections in Slovene);

and for context: Vlado Strugar, Jugoslavenske Socialdemokratske Stranke 1914±1918

(Zagreb, 1963) pp. 289±90.

143. Manifest

o 291, Jugoslavija no. 13 (leading section in Slovene); manifesto 308, `Srbi,

Hrvati i Slovenci!' (KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flugzettel I'); and manifesto 309, Jugoslavija

no. 14, 10 September (AJA, JO 111/4), which listed who was present at the celebra-

tions and

also detailed some of the events such as the uncovering of a monument

to the former Slovene leader, Janez Krek.

144. HIL,

HFB Fasz.4473/1925, MK/KM to HFB, Nr 32110 (telephone communication),

10 August 1918. See Lojze Ude, `Declarijsko gibanje na Slovenskem', in Vasa

ubrilovic

, Ferdo C

ulinovic

and Marko Kostrenc

(eds), Nauc

ni Skup u Povodu 50-

Godis

njice

Raspada Austro-Ugarske Monarhije i Stvaranja Jugoslavenske Drz

ave (Zagreb,

1969) p. 156.

145. Manifest

o 203, Jugoslavija [special edition].

396 The Undermining of Austria-Hungary

146. See,

for example, manifesto 87, `C

eskosloven

ske

vojsko na pochodu do Vladivos-

toku' (VHA

collection); the same leaflet recorded that Count Czernin was now

desperately trying to sell his estates in Bohemia. The Czech army in Russia was also

briefly discussed in manifestos 137, 178, 210, 237, 274.

147. Manifest

o 229, `Bratr

a Slova

ci!' (KA, Flugzettel Sammlung); manifesto 324

a Slova

ci!' (enclosed with KA, 11AK Fasz.448, Pr.2004); manifesto 78, `Pr

hlõ

dka

eskoslovenske

ho vojska J.V. kra

lem Italsky

m' (AJA, JO 111/4), telling of the

King of Italy's review of Czech forces.

148. Manifest

o 243, `Bratr

i! Bratr

i!' (VHA; KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flugzettel I'). See also

Pivko, Val Bella, p. 116, who records the truth of the incident.

149. Of

Balfour, Cecil, Pichon and Lansing: see manifestos 80, 113, 139, 159. Manifesto

137 recorded the effusive congratulations which passed between Orlando and

tefa

nik

in early July.

150. Manifest

o 285, `Anglicka

vla

da uznala samostatnost a svrchovanost c

eske

ho na

oda' (editions

in most languages: OHM sz.1313; HIL, Fasz.4516; IWM, 3(45)/39).

See also manifesto 289, C

eskosloven

ska

Samostatnost no. 13, 3 September (AJA, JO

111/4) which recorded Benes

's views; and the bright red leaflet [unnumbered and

in 8 languages including French], `Engleska vlada priznala je C

eho-Slovake

savez-

nic

kom

narodom' (VHA; OHM sz.3498. Probably issued by one of the Italian

Intelligence offices).

151. Manifest

o 237 and 257, C

eskosloven

ska

Samostatnost no. 11, 17 August (AJA, JO

111/4). For the speeches by Stra

nsky

and Stane

see Stenographische Protokolle,

III, pp. 4134ff, 4244. The view of the 11AK: KA, 11AK 1918 Gstbs Abt, Fasz.449,

Pr.2317, 11AK Propaganda report.

152. Manifest

o 210, C

eskosloven

ska

Samostatnost no. 9, 3 August (AJA, 111/4); and for the

Hungarian military view: KA, EvB Fasz.5756/222824, Beilage I.

153. Manifest

o 224, `Krajane

, bratr

i!'. See also manifestos 237, 159, 178; and 323,

`Kronika hladu' (KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flugzettel III'). For the actual food protests

and bloodshed in Plzen

see Plaschka et al., Innere Front, II, pp. 49±50.

154. Manifesto 131, `Necht' Vas posõ

lõ

pohled na velke

ho muc

ednika

± M. JANA HUSA!'

(KA, Flugzettel Sammlung; and reproduced in Szuber, Walka o PrzewageÎ DuchowaÎ ).

155. Manifestos 277, `Soldati roma

ni!'; 238, Neamul Roma

ni!';

305, `Soldati roma

nesc no.

10, 10 August; 136, Neamul Roma

nesc no. 12,

nesc

no. 6, 15 July; 276, Neamul Roma

26 August (all in KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flugzettel I').

156. Manifesto 156, Neamul Roma

nesc

no. 7, 21 July (KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flugzettel I'.

See Ronge's view in Kriegs- und Industriespionage, p. 356.

157. Manifesto 260, Neamul Roma

nesc

no. 11, 17 August (AJA, JO 111/4); manifesto 238;

manifesto 209, Neamul Roma

nesc

no. 9, 3 August (AJA, JO 111/4).

158. Manifestos 209; and 290, Neamul Roma

nesc

no. 13, 3 September (AJA, JO 111/4). See

also Hannah Pakula, The Last Romantic: A Biography of Queen Marie of Romania

(London, 1996) p. 249.

159. See

Ronge's summary of `Romanian Irredenta' in KA, MKSM 1918, 28±3/18, AOK to

MKSM, EvB Nr 29230, 7 October 1918.

160. On Mangra, see R.W. Seton-Watson, A History of the Roumanians (Cambridge,

1934) p. 523. And manifestos 75, Neamul Roma

nesc

no. 4, 25 June (OHM

sz.3507; AJA, JO 19/66); and 311, Neamul Roma

nesc

no. 14, 10 September (AJA, JO

111/4).

161. Manifestos 238 and 276, repeating extract from Neue Pester Journal.

The Climax of Italian Psychological Warfare 397

162. Manifest

o 209; 192, `Soldati roma

ni!'

(HIL, Fasz.4517), quoting Budapesti Hirlap of 6

July. The speech was also the subject of another leaflet (possibly no. 182) of which

only the German translation remains: `Ruma

nische

Soldaten! Das ungar. Blatt

A Nap...' (KA, 11AK Gstbs Abt, Fasz.448, Pr.2000). Manifestos 260 and 276 gave

extracts from two Hungarian newspapers of the 1890s to illustrate Magyar hatred of

the `Romanian savages'.

163. See

`Soldati roma

ni!' (KA, Flug-

ni!'

(OHM sz.1591); manifesto 247, `Soldati Roma

zettel Sammlung); and manifesto 199, `Conditiile de pace ale Aliatilor' (issued in all

languages: KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flugzettel I').

164. See

manifestos 156, 260, 276. Crewe House proceeded to meet Ionescu when he

visited London, as part of its general cultivation of Romanian e

migre

s: see SWP,

memorandum of `Crewe House Activities', 27 July, 4 August, 8 August.

165. Manifest

o 260, Neamul Roma

nesc

no. 11. For the `Romanian Days' in Rome (on

30 May), see manifesto 75; for a Romanian contribution in Genoa (25 June), see

manifesto 136, Neamul Roma

nesc

no. 6, 15 July (KA, EvB, Fasz.5761/31651).

166. Manifesto 290, Neamul Roma

nesc no. 14,

nesc

no. 13. Manifesto 311, Neamul Roma

gave a long, very emotional speech by a `Lt Dr A.C.B' on the occasion of the

founding of an officer corps for the Romanian Legion in Italy.

167. See

manifestos 206, `Soldati Roma

ni!'

(OHM sz.1414); 311; 181, `Soldati roma

(KA, 11AK

Fasz.451, `Flugzettel III').

168. Szuber, Walka o PrzewageÎ DuchowaÎ , pp. 155±6.

169. Manifesto 309, Jugoslavija no. 14. For Ojetti's desire to play the religious card with

the Poles,

see Zanotti-Bianco's request for material from the Catholic lawyer Attilio

Begey: Carteggio 1906±1918, p. 638

170. Manifesto 251, `Ojciec S

wieÎ ty dla Poøski' (KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flugzettel III'; IWM,

3(45)/39); manifesto 244, `Zoønierze-Ludu Polski!' (IWM, 3(45)/39). See also mani-

festo 265,

`Modlitwa ucis

nionych syno

w':

a bombastic sermon to the Poles (KA,

11AK, Fasz.448 Pr.2000; IWM, 3(45)/39).

171. Manifesto 322, `Zoønierze-Polacy!' (HIL, Fasz.4515, `Propaganda Anyag'). Szuber

notes (Walka

, p. 139) that this was the only leaflet composed in the name of the

Polish National Committee. See also the statement by Polish prisoners in the camp

at Santa Maria Capua Vetere: manifesto 231, `Zoønierze Polacy! (contains many

typographical errors: IWM, 3(45)/39).

172. Manifest

os 259, Polak no. 11, 17 August (AJA, JO 111/4); 262, `Polacy!' (OHM

sz.1328); 236, Polak no. 10, 10 August (HIL, Fasz.4517; KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flug-

zettel III').

Manifestos 259; 273, Polak no. 12, 26 August (AJA, JO 111/4); and 310,

Polak no. 14, 10 September (AJA, JO 111/4) gave details of Haller's career and

activity in France.

173. Manifest

o 259, Polak no. 11, quoting Illustrowany Kurjer Codzienny of 11 July;

manifesto 157, Polak no. 7, 21 July (KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flugzettel I') gave similar

figures from Naprzo

d. See also manifestos 187, `Polacy!' (KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flug-

zettel III');

and 197, `Wojna i gøo

d' (KA, Flugzettel Sammlung).

174. Manifest

o 193, `Jak Niemcy przes

ladujaÎ ...' (OHM sz.1454/1). On German beha-

viour in

Lithuania, see manifestos 177, Polak no. 8, 27 July (AJA, JO 111/4); 207,

Polak no. 9, 3 August (AJA, JO 111/4); and 273.

175. Manifest

o 307, `Zoønierze Polacy' (KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flugzettel III'). For the

ambiguous attitude

to Jews, see manifestos 207, 273, 292; and 283, `Polacy!',

quoting Kurjer Poznan

ski of 3 July.

398 The Undermining of Austria-Hungary

176. Manifest

o 160, `Polacy!' (KA, EvB Fasz.5755/26619). For a more moderate view:

manifesto 293, `Polacy!' (KA, Flugzettel Sammlung).

177. Manifest

o 186, `Polacy' (KA, FAst, Fasz.5996, Res.486/28); manifesto 272,

`Polacy!' (IWM, 3(45)/39), signed by the Polish People's Party in Lublin; manifesto

259, Polak no. 11, which contained an address by officers being tried at Ma

ramar-

ossziget.

178. The

propaganda also reported those who criticized the Polish Club for not taking a

more determined stance (see manifesto 217, `Polacy!' in OHM sz.1452). This

undoubtedly unintentional ambiguity in Padua's argument reflected in fact the

reality of the situation, for when Seidler resigned, his successor Max von Hussarek

still gained some support from conservative members of the Club to approve the

budget.

179. Manifest

o 221, `Polacy' (OHM, sz.1442). For similar criticism, see manifestos 218,

`Bracia Polacy z Galicyi!' (KA, EvB, Fasz.5755/26619) and 198, `Polacy!' (KA, EvB,

Fasz.5744/4538). For a full record of the speeches: Stenographische Protokolle, III, 76.

Sitzung, 17 July, pp. 3950ff, 3982ff, 3994ff.

180. Manifest

o 240, `Polacy!' (KA, EvB, Fasz.5755/26619).

181. KA, HGK Conrad 1918, Fasz.66, Na Nr 400a/400, 10AK Propaganda report, 28

August 1918.

182. See Szuber, Walka o PrzewageÎ DuchowaÎ , pp. 147±50.

183. Thus the Ukrainian version of manifesto 199, `Uslovya mira derz

av ± ``Porozum

lõ

nya'

'', offered Ruthene soldiers no particular peace conditions (OHM sz.79.77.1).

Many other leaflets were not Ukrainian-specific: 99, 153, 269, 285, 319.

184. Manifesto 88, `Ukraõ

n'cõ

!'; and also manifesto 91, `Ukraõ

n'cõ

, za kogo polivazte

krov?' (both in KA, EvB, Fasz.5758/26661).

185. Manifesto 88; manifesto 112, Polak no. 5: referring especially to an Austrian pro-

paganda newspaper

, Ukaõ

n'ska Gazeta, founded in Kiev.

186. Manifesto 239, `Zhovnõ

rci-Ukraõ

n'ckii Narode!' (KA, EvB, Fasz.5755/26619).

187. For example, manifestos 98, 99, 108, 125, 199, 269, 285, 341.

188. Leaflet, `Fratelli in guardia' (KA, EvB, Fasz.5758/26661); leaflet, `Corriere delle Terre

Invase, n.

3, 21 Luglio 1918' (KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flugzettel III'): with personal

messages and a picture of civilians gathering the distributed leaflets. See also

leaflets, `Posta aerea per le familiglie dei territori invasi' (OHM sz.1238) and `Alle

forti popolazioni delle terre momentaneamente invase' (KA, EvB, Fasz.5756/

23149). Messages were also sent to Russian prisoners of war employed in the

Austrian war zone, urging them to stop work: leaflet in KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flug-

zettel I'.

189. KA,

6AK Na-Stelle 1918, Fasz.16, Na Nr 2203, N.Offizier Pordenone to Na-Stelle

Boroevic

, Na Nr 64, 28 July 1918.

190. For

example, KA, 6AK, Fasz.16, N-Offiz. Spilimbergo to Na Offiz. 6AK, Na Nr 233,

25 August; Na Nr 149/2 (Geheim), 6AK to Na Stelle Udine, 24 August: which noted

that civilian morale in Venetia had also been raised by Entente advances on the

Western Front and Gabriele D'Annunzio's propaganda flight over Vienna.

191. AJA,

JO 19/186, Trumbic

notes [ June 1918]; AJA, JO 28/48(4).

192. Ojetti,

La Propaganda sul Nemico, p. 129; Ojetti, Lettere alla Moglie, p. 554. See also

PRO, WO 157/637, DIS no. 209, 26 June: statements by Magyar prisoners. On

several occasions Padua informed Romanian soldiers that even Magyars were now

deserting: see manifesto 95, `Mõ

ndri ostasi roma

ni!'

(IWM, 3(45)/39); manifestos

114 and 238.

The Climax of Italian Psychological Warfare 399

193. PRO,

WO 106/817, Baker to Northcliffe, no.BM 452/58, 14 July 1918.

194. Ojetti,

La Propaganda sul Nemico, p. 133.

195. Manifest

o 109, `Itt nyugszik Magyarorsza

g' (OHM sz.79.71.1; KA, EvB Fasz.5759/

27687: thrown out on 22 August). Errors included `Karl III' instead of `Karl IV', and

the dating of the Waffenbund as 12 March instead of May.

196. KA,

FAst 1918, Fasz.5994, Res.260/XXIV, 6AK to AOK, Fa Nr 21, 18 July 1918.

197. Manifest

o 117, `Magyar honfiak-Katona

k!' (KA, Flugzettel Sammlung).

198. Manifest

o 133, `A magyar ke

pviselo

se'

(OHM sz.3499/2). See also manifesto

126, `Magyar Katona

k!' (KA, 11AK, Fasz.451, `Flugzettel I').

199. Manifest

o 171, `Magyar hala

l az olasz fronto

n' (OHM sz.78.441; IWM, 3(45)/39);

manifesto 172, `Magyar Katona

k!' (KA, 11AK, Fasz.451, `Flugzettel I'); manifesto

166, `Magyar Katona

k!' (OHM sz.73.1.1; KA, EvB, Fasz.5758/26766: distributed over

Dalmatia).

az olasz offenziva

l a magyar ke

pviselo200. Manifest

o 180, `Interpella

cio

zban' (KA,

11AK, Fasz.449 Pr.2323/1: sent in by the 42HID). For the AOK view: HIL, HFB

Fasz.4473/1796, AOK to HM, t., 25 July; and Fasz.4473/1797, MK/KM to HFB, Nr

30094 (telephone), 25 July. KISA subsequently complained about the press report-

ing Urma

nczy's

speech: KA, FAst, Fasz.5995, Res.403.

201. Manifest

o 254, `Magyar Katona

k!' (OHM sz.74.6.1). After several years of gossip

about his private life, Conrad had finally married his mistress in October 1915

when he was almost 63 years of age.

202. Manifest

o 250, `Szege

ny lelkivaksa

ggal megvert magyarok!' (OHM sz.01158); mani-

festo 216,

`Magyar Katona

k!' (KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flugzettel I').

203. For

this implication, see manifesto 285, `Magyar Katona

k!' (HIL, Fasz.4516, BI 4/51)

about Balfour's Czech declaration; and manifesto 199, `Az Antant be

kefo

lte

telei!'

(OHM sz.76.219.1: thrown out by a British plane north of Asiago on 22 August),

which was more explicit, noting that Magyars would be given full liberty to set up

their own state.

204. Stuart,

Secrets of Crewe House, p. 194.

205. See

SWP, `Crewe House Activities' memorandum: `31 July, Guest re Vila

g'; SWP,

`Report on Switzerland', p. 4; PRO, FO 371/3133, Rumbold to Balfour, d.284, 8 April

1918: telling of Vila

g and talks with its Swiss correspondent.

206. Manifest

o 288, `Magyar Katona

k!' (KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flugzettel I'). See also for

economic misery: manifestos 270, `Magyar Katona

k!' (KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flugzet-

tel II');

255, `Magyar Katona

k!' (OHM sz.3388); 301 [?], `Magyar Katona

k!' (a Ger-

man translation

only is preserved in KA, 11AK, Fasz.448 Pr.2000, but the original

seems to be no. 301).

207. Manifest

o 145, `Magyar Katona

k!' (OHM sz.1185/1).

208. Manifest

o 241, `Grof Tisza

l van szo

!' (OHM sz.01183; HIL, Fasz.4517); manifesto

302, `Magyar Katona

k!' (OHM sz.01184). Granville Baker noted on 14 July (PRO,

WO 106/817, no.BM 452/58) that efforts were being made in propaganda to

separate Austria and Hungary, `the German financier and the Magyar agricultural-

ist'. In

fact very little of Padua's material was used specifically for this purpose.

But for an anti-Austrian message, see manifesto 264, `Magyar Katona

k!' (OHM

sz.74.8.1); and manifesto 270, which notes how Austria dictates and the Hungarian

government obeys [!] `with the obsequiousness of a slave'.

209. Manifest

o 249, `Magyar Katona

k!' (OHM sz.79731, 00189). For an assessment of the

watered-down franchise bill, passed on 19 July, see Jo

zsef Gala

ntai, Hungary in the

First World War (Budapest, 1989) pp. 296±7.

400 The Undermining of Austria-Hungary

210. Manifest

o 241. See Gustav Ere

nyi, Graf Stefan Tisza (Vienna and Leipzig, 1935)

pp. 354±5; and Tisza's own article commenting on manifesto 199: `A veszedelem

rzete

nek elmula

sa', in Igazmondo

no. 35, 7 September 1918, p. 2.

211. Szuber

, Walka o PrzewageÎ DuchowaÎ , p. 120.

212. See for instance, manifesto 79, `Zwei ma

chtige o

sterreichische

Panzerschiffe...'

(similar text in Hungarian on reverse: IWM, 3(45)/39; AHZ, `Dobrovoljac

Arhiv'

II/3); manifesto 234, `Was man in den freien Schweiz u

ber

Oesterreich-Ungarn

denkt!' (OHM sz.1320; KA, Flugzettel Sammlung). A good summary of the hopeless

situation was manifesto 202, `Denkt u

ber

folgende drei tatsachen nach' [in faltering

German]: VHA collection.

213. See

Ray's memorandum, `Note sur l'Utilite

,laMe

thode et les Moyens d'une Propa-

gande Me

thodique

en Allemagne et en Autriche', 12 July, in PRO, FO 371/

3474, Percy Bennett to Balfour, no. 80, 19 July; SWP, `Crewe House Activities',

6 August.

214. PRO,

FO 371/3474, Percy Bennett (Consul General in Zurich) to Balfour, no. 80, 19

July 1918. See also Rumbold to Balfour, t.1345, 10 August; and Stuart, Secrets of

Crewe House, p. 194.

215. Manifest

o 331, `O

sterreichische

Soldaten!' (KA, Flugzettel Sammlung) was surpris-

ingly one

of the few manifestos which made some reference to Karl and the Sixtus

Affair; manifesto 190, `Sonderfriedensgeru

chte..

.' (KA, 11AK Fasz.451 `Flugzettel

I'); leaflet [unnumbered], `Oesterreichische, deutsche Soldaten!' (OHM sz.1553;

IWM 3(45)/47).

216. Manifest

o 228, `Wer ist diese ha

ssliche und schmutzige Hexe?' (VHA; KA, EvB

Fasz.5758/26619); Die Muskete, Nr 667, 11 July 1918. See also KA, AOK 1918

Op.Abt, Fasz.586, Op.Nr 766/112, AOK to 10AK (Prop.Gruppe), 3 May; KA, FAst,

Fasz.5996, Res.486/12, re-EvB Nr 2777, 9 September 1918.

217. Denise

Cles, `Die Propagandata

tigkeit Gabriele D'Annunzios gegen Oesterreich-

Ungarn 1914±1918', Mitteilungen des Oesterreichischen Staatsarchiv, XXVIII (1974)

pp. 368±9, 376±7.

218. Ojetti,

La Propaganda sul Nemico, p. 130.

219. Ojetti, Lettere alla Moglie, p. 545.

220. There were two versions of the leaflet although the text was the same: see mani -

festo 128,

`Wiener!' (KA, MKSM 1918, 11±2/10; HIL, HFB, Fasz.4473/1920). Most of

it is reproduced in Anthony Rhodes, The Poet as Superman (London, 1959) p. 162.

Ojetti, Lettere alla Moglie, pp. 545, 548±9: the tone of the leaflet was also designed to

appeal to the Italian pilots who would distribute it, and on Diaz's insistence, did

not mention the Emperor.

221. Manifest

o 129, `Es ist nicht wahr' (HIL, HFB Fasz.4473/1920; KA, MKSM 1918,

11±2/10).

222. Manifest

o 130 [?: unnumbered], `In questo mattino d'agosto . . . ' (copied edition

only: HIL, HFB Fasz.4473/1920; KA, MKSM 1918, 11±2/10). Cles mentions a fourth

leaflet, but this is not confirmed from any other source. For Ojetti's view, and his

exasperation with Diaz: Lettere alla Moglie, pp. 548±9, 567, 569±71; Albertini, Epis-

tolario,

II, no. 844, pp. 943±4.

223. See

HIL, HFB 1918, Fasz.4473/1920, Barko

czy-Klopsc

h to HFB, 2648 sza

m, 10

August 1918.

224. KA, MKSM 1918, 11±2/10: especially 11±2/10±6 which contains Schlosser's report;

and 11±2/10±2, MKSM to KM, Nr 5479, 16 August.

225. Neue Freie Presse, Nr 19381 (Morgenblatt), 10 August, p. 4.

The Climax of Italian Psychological Warfare 401

226. KA,

MKSM 1918, 11±2/10 ad I, MilKmdo Wien to MKSM, Pra

s.Nr

18016/Ia,

9 August; AVA, Ministerium des Innern 1918, 48459/18.

227. KA,

FAst 1918, Fasz.5995, Res.404, FAst to AOK, Op.Abt, 9 August (10 a.m.) enclos-

ing two

leaflets for counter-propaganda. The FAst also composed a clever parody of

manifesto 128 for use in `patriotic instruction': see VaterlaÈndische Bildungsar

beit.

Mitteilungen der FAst Nr. 4, 1 September, p. 22 (KA, FAst, Fasz.6003). For pressure on

the press, see HIL, HFB 1918, Fasz.4473/1920, MK/KM to HFB (telephone), 9 August;

and as a result: the report in the Zagreb loyalist daily Hrvatska, broj 2111, 10 August

1918.

228. Neue

Freie Presse, Nr 19380 (Abendblatt), 9 August, p. 1; Nr 19381 (Morgenblatt), 10

August, pp. 2±3. Austrian troops in Albania had recently made some advances.

229. KA, AOK Op.Abt, Fasz.372, Op.Nr 110694, Sto

ger-Steiner

to AOK, Abt.5 Nr 7341

res., 13 August; Trauttmansdorff to AOK, Nr 31900, 15 August; Fasz.370, Op.Nr

109805, Trauttmansdorff to AOK Op.Abt, Nr 31488, 29 July.

230. KA,

AOK Op.Abt, Fasz.372, Op.Nr 110777; Fasz.374, Op.Nr 111475.

231. Albertini,

Epistolario, II, no. 866, p. 976: D'Annunzio to Albertini, 19 August. For

concerns in Budapest: Ne

pszava, 17 September 1918 (quoted in PRO, AIR 1/207/81/

1, summary of air Intelligence no. 10).

232. Manifest

o 274, C

eskosloven

ska

Samostatnost no. 12. See also manifesto 278, `Austria-

Magyarorsza

g Katona

i!' (OHM sz.1487).

233. See

PRO, AIR 1/1570/204/80/59, 34th squadron record book, August±November

1918. A few propaganda flights were made in August by the `D-Flight' of the 34th

squadron which was temporarily attached to the Italian 4th army (thus on such

flights it was an Italian observer who dropped the leaflets). However, in September

the 34th squadron dropped a lot more propaganda (usually with bombs as well)

without any Italian assistance.

234. Ojetti,

Lettere alla Moglie, pp. 592±3. Stuart, Secrets of Crewe House, p. 47 is a clear

exaggeration.

235.

Ojetti, Lettere, pp. 554±5, 591±3; Marchetti, Ventotto Anni, pp. 333±6.

236. Albertini, Epistolario, II, pp. 977±8; Tosi, La Propaganda Italiana, p. 190. Some

material in

Hungarian was certainly distributed over Dalmatia (manifesto 166:

KA, EvB Nr 26766); and for Italian propaganda raids over Albania, particularly in

August, see PRO, ADM 137/2204, reports of Commodore Kelly.

237. Ojetti,

Lettere, pp. 576, 578, 581; Albertini, Epistolario, II, p. 983.

238. KA,

11AK Gstbs Abt, Fasz.447, Fd.Ev.Nr 1346, 10AK propaganda report for July; see

also Fd.Ev.Nr 1603, Boroevic

to 11AK, Op.Nr 301/2292, 12 September 1918.

239. KA, 11AK Gstbs Abt, Fasz.449, Pr.2318 and 2337, 11AK propaganda reports for July

and August

1918.

240. KA, 11AK Gstbs Abt, Fasz.447, Fd.Ev.Nr 1415, Boroevic

to 11AK, Op.Nr 301/1907

monthly report, 12 August 1918.

241. KA,

HGK Conrad (HGK Joseph), Fasz.66, Na 400a/400, HGK report, 4 September

1918; KA, 11AK Gstbs Abt, Fasz.447, Fd.Ev.Nr 1346, HGK GO Erzherzog Joseph to

11AK, FEG Nr 35650/13, propaganda report for July 1918.

242. As

suggested by Krobatin on 10 September: KA, AOK Op.Akten, Fasz.376, Op.Nr

112195, Krobatin

to Archduke Joseph (Op.Nr 5495) pp. 23±5.

243. Finzi, `I.T.O.', p. 256.

244. Hanzal, SVy

zve

ÏÂ

õky od S

carsky

ch Ledovcu

po Mor

e Adriaticke

, pp. 264, 284±93.

245. VHA, Fond C

SNR-S

tefa

nik,

Karton 1, 35/3/4, S

eba to S

tefa

nik, 26 June 1918. See

also Pivko, Val Bella, pp. 68±70.

402 The Undermining of Austria-Hungary

esky

prapor v bitve

u Fossetty na Piave246. Manifest

o 124, `C

' (Czech/Croat/Romanian/

Polish: IWM,

3(45)/39; KA, 11AK Fasz.451, `Flugzettel I').

247. For the following, see Pivko's vivid description in Val Bella, pp. 82±126.

248. See KA, 11AK Gstbs Abt, Fasz.449, Pr.2300, Edelweiss Div.Kmdo to VI KK, Op.Nr

259/36, 28

June, enclosing report about Czech calls opposite. The 11AK was

alarmed that one speech had been allowed to last 15 minutes. The Croats opposite

would appear to belong to the 36ID.

249. OULK,

VII, pp. 349±50.

250. KA,

11AK Gstbs Abt, Fasz.446, Na Nr 1086, VI KK to 11AK, t.Na Nr 704/5, 4 and 5

July. For the leaflet printed in Italian and Czech: KA, 11AK, Fasz.448, Pr.2004/36;

and for Hanzal's erroneous view of Va

cha's bravery: SVy

zve

ÏÂ

õky, p. 252.

251. See

the article in Corriere della Sera, 2 July 1918.

252. Pivko, DRUP (Maribor, 1928) pp. 5±6, 11±15.

253. A supply of gramophone records was organized by Granville Baker when in London

in August,

but the Italians also turned to American suppliers: see BL, Northcliffe

MSS, vol. X, Add.Mss 62162, Minutes of the 8th EPD Committee meeting, 6

August; Marchetti, Ventotto Anni, p. 313; Hanzal, SVy

zve

ÏÂ

õky, p. 210.

254. KA,

11AK Gstbs Abt, Fasz.447, Na Nr 1597, KISA propaganda report (Beilage 11). For

comparable activity opposite the 10AK: KA, HGK Conrad, Fasz.66, Na 400a/400,

10AK propaganda report for August.

255. KA,

AOK Op.Akten, Fasz.374, Op.Nr 111371, HGK GO Erzh.Joseph to AOK, Op.Nr

40.800/8, 29 August; Marchetti, Ventotto Anni, p. 339; Hanzal, SVy

zve

ÏÂ

õky, p. 203:

which reproduces the leaflet composed by the deserters and shot back over to the

Austrians.

256. Based

on Pivko, DRUP, p. 16; and Hanzal, SVy

zve

ÏÂ

õky.

257. KA, 11AK Gstbs Abt, Fasz.449, Pr.2319, 5ID to VI KK, Na Nr 946, 24 July. For the

regiment's transfer after this see: KA, AOK Op.Akten, Fasz.370, Op.Nr 109881.

258. Josef Logaj, C

eskosloven

ske

Legie v Italii (Prague, 1922) pp. 104±8. Cf. the suspect

official Austrian account (OULK, VII p. 474) which claims that at Dosso Alto the

Czechs suffered heavy casualties (they lost about half a dozen).

259. Hanzal,

SVy

zve

ÏÂ

õky, pp. 266±70.

260. KA,

11AK Gstbs Abt, Fasz.272, 4±6/15±1/3, XXVI KK to 11AK, Op.Nr 727/5, 8 August.

The 11AK wanted the regiment moved to Albania (like the unreliable Czech IR88

in March), but the HGK insisted that it had to be disciplined within the corps

sector. The AOK was still concerned about this whole incident ± the `desertion' of

two Feldwache ± in late October: KA, AOK Org.Gruppe 1918, Fasz.371, Op.Nr

114114.

261. Hanzal,

SVy

zve

ÏÂ

õky, pp. 190, 213±15, 224±31; Marchetti, Ventotto Anni, pp. 376±7.

262. KA,

11AK Gstbs Abt, Fasz.449, Pr.2400, 6KD to III KK, Na Nr 921/1, 20 September;

KA, HGK Erzh.Joseph, Fasz.64, Fd.Ev.Nr 45950 [?], Archduke Joseph to AOK, Op.Nr

46000/25, 25 September, which simply records that 68 members of the regiment

were `prisoners of the enemy'.

263. AJA,

JO 59/4, Trumbic

memorandum to Orlando, 25 June 1918; and notes by

Trumbic

on his audience with Orlando the next day (JO 154/18).

264. AJA,

JO 19/56, Trumbic

notes on talk with Orlando, 13 August. For the meeting at

Versailles, and the behaviour of Orlando and Sonnino, see HLRO, Lloyd George

MSS, F/121/1, I.C.71, 4 July.

265. AJA,

JO 28/47, Officers at Nocera Umbra to Yugoslav Committee at Rome, 6 July.

See also Franc Grafenauer, `Od Gorlice do Soluna', in E. Turk, J. Jeras and R. Paulin

The Climax of Italian Psychological Warfare 403

(eds), Dobrovoljci

Kladivarji Jugoslavije 1912±1918 (Ljubljana, 1936) pp. 694±6,

which describes Trumbic

's visit to the camp.

266. AJA, JO 35/158, Trumbic

notes on talk with Ojetti, 7 June; Ojetti, Lettere, p. 536;

Albertini, Epistolario,

II, no. 836, p. 934.

267. Pivko, Nas

i Dobrovoljci u Italiji, p. 44; DRUP, pp. 17, 33, 36.

268. Hanzal, SVy

zve

ÏÂ

õky, pp. 208±9, 231.

269. Pivko, Nas

i Dobrovoljci u Italiji, p. 47. As an example of their activity opposite the

Croat 36ID:

KA, 36ID records, Fasz.60, Na Nr 699, 72 Brigadekmdo to 36ID, Op.Nr

226/12±I, 15 August 1918. In late July, Vidmar's unit moved from Tugurio to a new

base at Longa di Schiavo

n near Maro

stica.

270. Pivko,

DRUP, pp. 50±3. For the Committee's agitation in the 3rd army zone, see

AJA, JO 35/210b, `Zapisnik' made by Vilko Gecan at Nocera Umbra, 12 October

1918; and for futile attempts in the 6th army: Finzi, `I.T.O.', pp. 259±60.

271. AJA,

JO 19/120, Dinale to Trumbic

, 15 July 1918.

272. Pivko, DRUP, p. 67; AJA, JO 28/45, Ojetti to Jambris

ak, Nr 935, 11 August; AJA, JO

19/56, Trumbic

notes on talk with Orlando, 13 August 1918.

273. Pivko, DRUP, pp. 16, 44ff; Nas

i Dobrovoljci u Italiji, p. 46.

274. Pivko, Nas

i Dobrovoljci u Italiji, pp. 38±9. Pivko vainly also visited the officers at

Nocera Umbra.

275. AJA, JO 28/52, `Jedinac

ni spisak odela Eksploratora 3e Armije': over half of these

were Serbs of IR96 (58ID).

276. See the Austrian report: KA, AOK, Op.Akten, Fasz.371, Op.Nr 110028, FM Mu

ller

AOK, Res.No 33822, 20 July, enclosing 49ID Kmdo to XX KK, Op.Nr 1035/3, 10 July

1918; Pivko, DRUP, p. 82; Hanzal, SVy

zve

ÏÂ

õky, p. 149.

277. Leaflet,

`Hrvati, Srbi i Slovenci!' in Pivko, DRUP, pp. 83±5. See also Padua's mani-

festo 220,

`Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci!', which was a general appeal signed among others

by C

uric

Popadic

and Mikulõ

k (KA, 11AK Gstbs Abt, Fasz.448, Pr.2000).

278. KA, AOK Op.Akten, Fasz.371, Op.Nr 110028, minutes by Krobatin.

279. Hanzal, SVy

zve

ÏÂ

õky, pp. 150±5. See Sobotka's detailed statement on interrogation:

KA, 11AK

Gstbs Abt, Fasz.442, Na Nr 1306.

280. Pivko, DRUP, pp. 34±5, 80.

281. Joz

e Logar, `1:16', in Dobrovoljci Kladivarji Jugoslavije, pp. 725±6. See also in the same

work the

accounts by Franjo Kos

merl, `C

fronto na fronto', p. 716; and Josip

Klavz

ar, `Z

elezni

``roz

ni venec''', p. 724.

282. AJA, JO 28/77, statement by Pavao Tvrtkovic

-Senjic

, 26 August; statement by

Marko Spitzer, 23 August 1918.

283. AJA, JO 35/210b, statement by Stjepan S

taufel of IR79. See the leaflet, `C

asnici,

taufel, Rmomci, brac

Slaveni!', handwritten and signed by S

ehak and Krac

mar,

which was shot over to the enemy by rocket: KA, EvB, Fasz.5744/4538. The

background to their desertion is described in KA, AOK Op.Abt, Fasz.378, Op.Nr

113087.

284. Pivko,

Nas

i Dobrovoljci u Italiji, pp. 41±2.

285. Marchetti, Ventotto Anni, p. 318.

286. The following is based mainly on Marchetti's account, `Un tragico Episodio di

Guerra nautica

sul Fronte trentino', Trentino. Rivista delle Legione Trentina, IV/4

(April 1928) pp. 108±14, 149±60; Marchetti, Ventotto Anni, pp. 319±29; and the

official Austrian investigation, in KA, 11AK Gstbs Abt, Fasz.442, Na Nr 1167, 10AK

Beilagen zu Op.Nr 5047/8 Fd., 5 July 1918: Beilage 1, `Bericht u

ber

die Einvernahme

der tschechischen Legiona

re Alois Storch und Smarda'.