Cornwall M. The Undermining of Austria-Hungary: The Battle for Hearts and Minds

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474 Index

Guest, S.A.,

175±6, 200, 242, 336, 365

Guglievic

Â

, 377

Gulf War (1991), 2

Habsburg dynasty,

28, 217, 263, 275

Habsburg Empire, see Austria-Hungary

Hackl, Ernst, 315

Hadifelu

È

gyeleti

Bizottsa

Â

g (HFB:

Hungarian War Surveillance

Commission), 25, 27

Hadik, Count Ja

Â

nos, 279

Ha

È

ften, Colonel Hans von, 42, 43

Hague Convention (1907), 115, 121

Haguenin, Emil, 249, 336

Hajs

Ï

man, Jan, 25

Haller, General Jo

Â

zef, 216, 359

Hanzal, Vojte

Ï

ch, 9, 230, 232, 301, 377,

382, 384

Has

Ï

ek, Jaroslav, 270

Hasse (German Intelligence officer), 67, 70

Heard, Captain W.B., 201

Hertz, Friedrich, 275, 367

Hindenburg, Field Marshal Paul von, 57,

344, 363

Hitler, Adolf, 2, 8, 10, 444

Hlava

Â

c

Ï

ek, Frantis

Ï

ek, 9, 149, 163, 170, 207,

214, 232, 247

deserts, 126

as head of Czech office in Italy, 121, 141,

143, 155±9, 178, 195

Intelligence work for Italians, 126±7,

130±1

Ho

È

berth,

Major Eugen von, 409, 428

Hoc

Ï

evar, Major Franz, 312

Hoen, GM Max von, 27

Hoffmann, General Max, 43, 218

Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, 26

Holland, 5, 175, 260

homecomers (from Russia), 60, 258, 262,

269±70, 276

Hristic

Â

, Major Filip, 195, 202, 419±20

Hungary, 28, 54, 154, 216, 274, 426

electoral reform, 357, 365±6

emergency legislation in, 18, 22, 23

and food crisis, 22, 279, 282, 365, 406

parliament, 18, 22, 303, 357, 363, 432

Party of Independence (Ka

Â

rolyi), 22,

29, 218

Social Democratic Party, 22, 26, 366

wartime regime described, 22±4

Hungarians, see Magyars

Hus, Jan, 210, 355, 356, 375

Hussarek, Max

von, 398, 424

Hviezdoslav, Pavel, 218

Illuschak, Georg,

404

Illustrowany Kurjer Codzienny, 314, 359

Innsbruck, 27, 102, 124, 165, 187,

267, 370

Intelligence (military) see under

Austro-Hungarian, French, Italian, etc.

and links to propaganda, 5, 122, 126,

127, 162, 205, 240, 436

Ionescu, Take, 355, 357

Ippen, 169

Isonzo, Isonzo front, 74±5, 126±7

10th battle of (1917), 48

11th battle of (1917), 55, 137

12th battle of (1917), see Caporetto

Istria, 112, 114, 208, 226, 280, 351

Italian army,

Regiments

:

141st, 94

Divisions: 14th, 375

Corps: XX, 233±4

Armies

:

lst army, 77; 2nd, 75, 77, 105,

158; 3rd, 158, 161, 231, 301±2, 374;

4th, 301; 6th, 137, 144, 192, 194,

228; 7th, 232; 8th, 158

discipline in, 77, 80, 99

High Command, see Comando Supremo

losses, 76, 80, 86, 105

material conditions, 77, 99, 289, 307

officers in, 78, 80, 93, 100

morale in, see morale in Italian army

propaganda to boost morale, 77±8,

98±100, 110, 224, 307

regeneration after Caporetto, 99±103,

272, 434

suspicion of Slavs, 139, 141, 143, 148,

155, 165, 209, 231, 234, 239, 321,

374, 384±6, 435

Italian Foreign Ministry, 113, 114, 117,

120, 189, 204, 329

see also Sonnino

Italian Front, 5, 10, 12, 33±5, 40, 45, 74±8,

320±1

AH propaganda against Italy, 78±104,

405±6; aerial prop., 81, 85±6, 98,

102, 106, 415; AH confidence about,

97±8, 103, 104, 152, 292, 307, 415;

aims and arguments of, 78, 80, 81,

86±92, 151, 233, 275, 344, 375,

416±17, 418±19, 429, 438±9; on

Albanian front, 81; avoids

`treasonable' messages, 81, 92, 127,

416; campaign launched, 82, 103;

campaign scaled down, 308; at

Caporetto, 78±82, 145; dangers of,

79, 94±6, 104; distribution

problems, 85±6, 95±6, 307, 415±16,

438; D.R.U.P. disinformation, 321,

384±6, 404, 416; `duel' with Italian

campaign, 97±104, 145, 147, 149,

151, 230, 234±5, 290, 306, 371, 378,

386, 406, 418, 419, 438; effects, 79,

92±8, 103, 145, 147, 159, 181, 417;

England attacked in, 80, 88±9, 90,

94, 100, 104, 151, 416, 419; Entente

view of, 102±3, 182, 188; exploits

enemy press, 89, 210; extent of, 93,

95, 109, 307, 308, 416; failure of, 82,

299, 306±8, 419, 435, 437; final

efforts, 415±19, 427; guidelines

issued, 80, 82, 84, 88, 91, 306±7,

415, 418±19; ignored in

historiography, 6, 10, 11;

interaction with Italian hinterland,

80, 81, 86, 93, 159, 415, 437; Italian

response to, 97, 104, 159±60, 234,

272, 290, 307±8, 333, 417, 419; oral

propaganda, 79, 82, 85±6, 93±5, 306,

419, 438; organization, 79, 82, 84,

96, 417; pictorial imagery in, 87, 88,

418; pre-1917, 78, 128; resistance of

AH officers to, 95±6, 306, 435;

Russian campaign used as model for,

80±1, 84, 86, 93, 98, 101, 103±4, 415,

434, 437±8; via Switzerland, 81, 86;

and Venetia, 92

Italian propag

anda against AH, 33,

112; acts as catalyst, 267, 287, 298,

300, 377, 387, 442; AH distorted

information about, 258±68; and air

superiority, 101±2, 104, 150, 209,

438; Allied coordination of, 184±95,

197±9; and Czech e

Â

migre

Â

s, 128±30;

attacks Germany, 128, 151, 152,

217±18, 343±4, 348±9, 350, 359±60,

367, 424; begins to exploit

nationality principle, 128, 152±5,

193±4; calls for coordination of,

159±60, 161; content of prop., 128,

151, 321, 342±3, 353, 439±40,

442±3; and see under nationality:

Croat propaganda, etc.; distribution

of, 2, 145, 149, 190, 191, 208±9,

Index 475

371±2, 419;

distributed over AH

cities, 111,

209, 265±6, 267, 303,

321, 369±72,

413, 414, 437, 442;

early efforts

(pre-1918), 35, 127±31,

133, 151,

165±6, 190, 434; exploits

AH press,

153, 204, 210, 212, 218,

219, 285,

286, 345, 350ff, 359, 363,

365, 368±9,

372±3, 424; exploits AH

parliamentary speeches,

153, 159,

353±4, 357,

360, 363, 424; extent of,

2, 209,

210, 249, 264, 342, 345, 358,

360, 362,

367, 371±2, 416, 422;

historiography of

campaign, 6±7, 9,

11±12, 174±5;

impact in AH

trenches, 128,

145, 148, 195, 235,

277, 293,

299±302, 303±4, 306, 342,

362, 367,

376±7, 408, 422, 438, 440,

442±3; impact

on AH interior, 159,

209, 264±8,

437; intensified, 149,

161, 264,

421±2; manifestos in early

1918, 149±55

; Padua Commission's

work, see

Padua Commission;

pictorial imagery

in, 170, 251, 300,

353, 354,

355, 356, 368, 393, 431,

443; press

bureau in Berne, 204±5,

219, 285,

344±5, 350, 351, 359, 439;

printing of

material for, 161, 190,

193, 203,

208, 345; propaganda

patrols, see

Czech, Yugoslav, Polish,

Romanian propaga

nda; resistance in

Italian armed

forces to, 209, 371±2,

420; as

response to Austrian

campaign, 11,

97, 111, 149, 159±60,

162, 434;

role of national e

Â

migre

Â

s in,

160, 161,

196, 198, 206, 208, 210,

225±6, 227±8,

240, 332±5, 420, 422;

stresses AH

weakness, 210, 345;

stresses Allied

strength, 128, 210,

344, 367,

422; view of AH

commanders of,

152, 203, 264, 295,

308, 349,

360, 363, 370±1, 372±3,

415; see

also Ojetti

Italian military Intelligence, 5, 75, 101,

119, 122±31

, 187, 189±90, 192, 198,

202, 204,

205, 421

absence in

historiography, 122

in Italian lst army, 100, 123±6, 128, 130,

131, 142,

229, 231, 232±3, 238±9,

378±9, 380,

386

2nd army, 126, 127

3rd army, 126, 161, 229±31, 240, 330,

380, 381, 382, 386

476 Index

Italian military

Intelligence ± continued

4th army, 123, 229, 236, 239±40, 374,

378, 380, 381

6th army, 231, 232, 233±5, 238, 239,

240, 292, 302, 375±6, 380, 382

7th army, 232, 239, 380, 382

8th army, 229, 240, 241, 374, 380

employs Slav deserters, 125±7, 304

and Czechoslovak Legion, 131, 149,

155±6, 228

early prop. manifestos, 40, 116, 127±8,

130±1, 133, 151±5, 160

espionage work, 123±5, 140, 167, 304,

383±4, 386±7

interrogation techniques, 125±6, 143, 145

and irredentism, 123±5

and manifestos from April 1918, 190,

193, 203, 219, 292, 304, 342, 361

organization of, 122±3

and prop. patrols, 133, 140±1, 142ff, 149,

155, 159, 215, 228±35, 236, 239±40,

301±2, 321, 373±9, 427

role in boosting Italian morale, 100

see also Dupont, Finzi, Marchetti,

Smaniotto, Vecchiarelli, Vigevano

Italian navy, 118, 153, 209, 372

Italian prisoner of war Commission

(Ministry of War), 121, 157

Italian propaganda (in Italian language, for

`enemy' territory)

issued by Austrians, see Italian Front: AH

propaganda against Italy

issued by Italians 150±1, 361, 369, 370,

372, 427

Italians, 218, 275

in AH army, 20, 107, 361

in Tyrol, 20, 123±5, 126

Italy, 33

attitude to Czechs, 116±17, 120±1,

155±9, 214, 223, 231±2

attitude to Yugoslavs, 10, 112±16, 117,

119±20, 155, 177±81, 195±7, 223±5,

226±7, 237, 241, 322, 327±32,

337±42, 379, 420, 423, 440±1

efforts to boost domestic morale, 76, 170

enters war, 19, 20, 76, 90, 112

and historiography on front prop., 10,

174±5, 421

interwar attitude to front prop., 10

and nationality principle, 112±22,

141, 148, 149, 158, 162, 180, 199,

326±7, 341

parliament, 87,

113, 114, 116, 158, 180,

327, 430

its prop. organization, 160, 170, 184±5,

189, 197±8, 204, 331, 431

war against Turkey (1911±12), 1

Jagieøøo, Wøady

søaw, 215, 216

Jambris

Ï

ak,

Milivoj (Croat delegate to PC),

206, 207, 208, 211, 222, 226, 227±8,

238, 240±1, 265±6, 299, 303, 310, 330,

332, 334, 335, 336, 348, 379±81, 390,

420, 441

Japan, 71,

424

Jelac

Â

,

Ban Josip, 349

Ï

ic

Jelõ

Â

nek,

Josef, 378

Jemric

Â

,

Ljubomir, 276

Jer

Ï

a

Â

bek,

Leopold, 383

Jerkowitz, 109

Jerusalem, 151

Jews, 8,

290, 315, 345, 359

Jira

Â

sek,

Alois, 218

Jirsa, Frantis

Ï

ek,

136, 377

Joseph, Archduke,

39, 44, 56, 57, 61, 82,

373, 408

journalism, see

press

Judenburg revolt,

262

Jugovic

Â

,

Majka, 293

Jung, Ladislav,

381±2

Kafka, Franz,

16

Karl, Emperor-King, 44, 46, 50, 61, 75, 91,

92, 138±9, 183, 212, 217, 222, 257,

263, 269, 278, 303, 352, 435±6

grants amnesty, 34

introduces constitutional regime to

Austria, 29±30, 284

and manifesto of October 1918, 424

in PC prop., 265, 344, 349, 351, 363, 366,

400, 426

Karlovac, 291

Ka

Â

rolyi, Miha

Â

ly, 22, 26, 29, 218, 426

Keeley, James, 335±6

Keil, Ernst, 273

Kent, C.S., 15

Kerekovic

Â

, Luka, 293±5

Kerensky, Alexander, 50, 55, 56, 61

`Kerensky offensive' (1917), 50±2, 61, 436

KISA, see AH army: Isonzo army

Kiszling, Rudolf, 303

Klein, GM, 148

Klima, Auditor, 138

Klõ

Â

mek, Eduard, 234±5

Klobukowski, A., 263, 336

Knott, Lt, 138, 139

Kobylinskij, Moses, 231, 254

Kohoutek, Josef, 134, 136, 142, 232

Kokoschka, Oskar, 16

Kolozsva

Â

r, 267, 357

Kornilov, Lt-General L.G., 55±6

Koros

Ï

ec, Anton, 212, 227, 265, 267,

286, 352

Kosovo,

battle of (1389), 293, 346±7, 349, 394

war (1999), 2, 12

Kossuth, Lajos, 153, 218, 363, 365

Kostrenc

Â

, Luka, 290, 291±2, 294, 295, 315

Ï

ic

Kouba, Lt,

231

Kovac

Â

,

Oton, 239, 377, 380

Ï

ic

Kragujev

ac revolt, 276

Kraljevic

Â

, Marko, 293

Krako

Â

w, 215, 257, 267, 276, 359

Krama

ÂÏ

r, Karel, 21±2, 34, 166, 218, 219

Kraus, Karl, 26, 273

Krauss, General Alfred, 45, 437

Kreuz, Franz, 79, 81, 145, 168

Kriegsarchiv (KA: Austrian War Archives),

28, 32, 273, 413

Kriegspressequartier (KPQ: Austrian War

Press Office), 26±8, 32, 42, 66, 81, 86,

92, 150, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276,

277, 284, 410, 413

Kriegsu

È

A: Austrian

È

berwachungsamt

(KU

War Surveillance Office), 19, 21, 22,

25, 27, 66, 284

Krobatin, Field Marshal Alexander, 82,

281, 382, 407±8

Ku

È

hlmann,

Richard von, 90

Kujundz

Â

, Bogoljub (Serb delegate to PC),

Ï

ic

188,

206, 207±8, 210, 211, 215, 222±3,

224, 227, 241, 265±6, 324, 332, 345,

379±80, 381, 430

Kurjer Lwowski, 286, 359

Kvaternik, Eugen, 293

Ky

Â

hos, Va

Â

clav, 378

Lahvic

Ï

ka,

Alojz, 138

Lakom, Major, 137

land issue, land reform, 51, 55±6, 57, 58,

59, 104, 212, 276, 357, 366

Landwehr, General Ottokar, 278±80

Lansing, Robert, 221, 224, 324, 337, 346

Lasic

Â

, Stojan (Slovene delegate to PC), 206,

208, 210, 276, 345, 367, 430

Lasswell, Harold D., xii, 7, 174

Index 477

Lazar, Prince,

347

Lazzarini, Giuseppe, 126

Legion, Czechoslovak

in France, 120, 141, 156, 323

in Italy, see Czechoslovak Legion in Italy

in Russia, 52, 120, 130, 220, 353

Legion, Polish, 130, 131, 215, 216, 236,

359, 360

Legion, Romanian, 236, 255±6, 358

Legion, Yugoslav, 114, 207, 237±8, 241,

322, 340, 348, 379, 382, 420

Lemberg, see L'viv

Lenin, V.I., 43, 57±60, 345

Leopold, Prince of Bavaria, 48

Levico, 96, 135, 138, 304

Lidove

Â

Noviny, 286

Lika region, 193

Likovic

Â

, Stjepan, 317

Liptovsky

Â

Sva

È

ty Mikula

ÂÏ

s, 355

literacy, 300, 307, 438, 443

Lithuania, 47, 49, 68

Ljubljana, 213, 291, 352

prop. raid over, 209, 265±6, 303, 321,

369, 442

Lloyd George, David, 6, 88±9, 90, 152, 158,

179, 180, 182, 427

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 346

London, Treaty of (1915), 90, 112±15,

118, 136, 158, 177, 178±80, 181, 188,

196, 224, 226±7, 320, 330, 337±8, 341,

423, 441

Lublin, 267

Ludendorff, General Erich von, 8, 10, 44,

47±8, 54, 58, 61, 64, 67, 68, 69

Luka

Â

cs, Karl, 410

Lu

È

tzow,

Heinrich, 116±17

L'viv (Lemberg) 20, 359, 361

Macdonagh, Genera

l C.M.W., 186

Mackensen, Heeresgruppe, 51, 53

Mafie (Czech underground organization),

116, 175, 205

Magyar propaganda

issued by Italy in early 1918, 152, 153±4,

194±5

issued by PC, 209, 216, 218, 321, 358,

362±7, 376, 422, 424±5

Magyars,

in AH army, 33, 34±5, 39, 96, 137, 194,

271, 273, 283, 349±50, 362, 426, 432

Maljak, Martin, 316

Mangra, Metropolitan of Nagyszeben, 357

478 Index

Mantua, 101

Ma

Â

ramarossziget (trial), 360

Marchetti, Odoardo, 105, 157

Marchetti, Colonel Tullio, 125, 136, 143,

149, 239, 421

Intelligence network, 123±4, 140, 165,

175, 187, 204, 302

irredentist background, 123

and prop. against AH, 130, 131, 144, 155,

156±7, 158, 162, 188, 190±1, 198,

205, 219, 228, 231±2, 233, 236, 238,

304, 320, 371, 373, 377, 378, 383±4,

386, 436

and prop. in Italian army, 100

Marghiloman, Alexandru, 355

Maribor, 21, 133±4

Marie, Queen of Romania, 357

Markovic

Â

, Boz

Ï

idar, 205

Marquet, Captain Alfred von, 407

Masaryk, Toma

ÂÏ

s, 129, 166, 176, 177, 193,

195, 213, 424

Maso, river, 137, 139±40

Mas

Ï

ta

Â

lka, Jir

ÏÂ

õ, 136, 167

May Declaration (1917), 30, 136, 267

Mazzini, Giuseppe, 119, 225, 327,

330, 339

Mengoni, Mario, 124

Mic

Ï

ic

Â

, Mic

Â

e, 388

Mickiewicz, Adam, 215, 424

Mihaljevic

Â

, GM Michael, 288±9

Mihaljovic

Â

, Ljubomir, 394

Mikulõ

Â

k, Josef, 381±2, 384

Milan, 80, 123, 158, 164, 180, 223

`Milan' (Austrian agent), 205

Milos

Ï

evic

Â

, Slobodan, 2

Mõ

Ã

ndrescu, Simeon, 216, 236, 255, 358

Mirabella, 233, 382

Mirbach, Count Wilhelm von, 345

Mironescu, Gheorghe, 216, 236

Mitchell, C.H., 124±5, 192

Mlejnek, Karel, 134, 135, 138, 139, 142,

167, 304, 375

mobilization, 2, 4, 6, 76, 436, 439

in AH, 16, 18, 25, 20, 32, 268, 286,

351, 413

Mogliano, 161, 188, 229

Mola, General Armando, 178±9, 180, 243

Moldavia, 53, 55, 262

Montello, 93, 101, 302, 303, 374

Montenegro, 33, 64, 134, 296

Montuori, General, 148, 169

morale in AH army, 31±5, 277, 287ff, 406ff

AOK efforts

to improve, 32, 270±1; and

see Feindespropaganda-Abwehrstelle

and discipline, 269

and domestic press, 26, 278, 284±6, 410,

412

and effect of enemy prop., 35, 257, 282,

295, 299±301, 305±6, 372±3, 377,

408, 442±3

and effect of hinterland, 25, 31±5, 278,

295±6, 298, 405, 407±8, 409, 411,

412, 442

and food crisis, 33, 35, 278, 280±3, 301,

406, 408, 411, 412, 442

and leave, 31, 35, 283, 294, 295

war-weariness, 33, 34, 301, 406±7

morale in Italian army, 75±8, 92±3,

99±103, 195, 307±8

British and French stimulus to, 100±2

Italian efforts to improve, 77±8, 272

Moravia, 19, 257

Moreau, Lt, 187, 188

Moslems, 41; see also Bosnian Moslems

Mostar revolt, 265

Moysset, Henri, 185

Muskete, Die, 273, 368±9

Mussolini, Benito, 10, 111, 120, 159,

188, 339

Musulin, Alexander Freiherr, 164

Na

Â

dasdy,

Obstlt, 296±7

Naprzo

Â

d, 359

Na

Â

rodnõ

Â

Listy, 219, 286

Naud, Captain, 187, 188, 191, 209, 226

Nedelia, 44, 46, 52

Nedve

Ï

d,

Jaroslav, 377

Ne

Â

pszava, 26, 286, 366

Netherlands, see Holland

Neue Freie Presse, 26, 217, 286, 309, 324, 371

Neue Zu

È

richer

Zeitung, 352

New Europe, The, 177, 328

Nicholas, Grand Duke, 41, 128

Nicholas II, Tsar, 44, 67, 128

Nikolic

Â

, Mate, 126, 139, 143, 145, 168, 233,

238, 240, 315, 382

Nis

Ï

Declaration (1914), 113

Nitti, Francesco, 99, 189, 340, 388

Nivelle offensive (1917), 48, 166

Nocera Umbra Bagni (prison camp), 237,

240, 241, 346, 379, 381, 382±3

Northcliffe, Lord, 41, 176, 183, 184, 185±6,

187, 188, 190, 197, 323, 326, 332±3,

335, 336±7, 339, 427

Northcliffe, Lord ± continued

AH view of, 258, 259±62, 263, 272±3,

309, 414

appointed to head EPD, 6, 7, 159, 160,

174, 182

mythical reputation, 7, 8, 11, 200, 259,

269, 414

Novy, 139, 165

Nyugat,26

Oberost (Eastern

Command), 43±4, 46, 49

Obilic

Â

, Milos

Ï

, 293

Obzor,53

O'Donovan, Gerald, 328, 335

Ojetti, Ugo (Italian delegate to PC), 118,

172, 195, 202, 328, 433

and control over PC, 203, 205±10, 215,

216, 218, 265, 300, 342±3, 345, 348,

358, 362, 367, 369, 371±2, 417, 419,

420±2, 424, 425±6, 427

asked to coordinate Italian campaign,

160±2, 185, 189

enthusiasm for prop., 161, 299, 303, 321

view of his role, 162±3, 185, 189, 197±8,

203, 225, 227, 240, 322, 332±5

and Yugoslav question, 207, 225±7, 324,

329±31, 332, 339, 340, 341, 379,

380±1, 420, 441

Ora, 134±5

Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, 113, 119, 157,

194, 214, 255, 421

and front prop., 148, 149, 160±1, 185,

188, 189, 197±8, 206, 209, 227, 370,

379, 420

and nationality principle, 149, 158, 162,

179±80, 181, 190, 196, 199, 223,

224, 320, 326±9, 330±2, 339±41,

346, 420, 423, 430, 441

becomes Prime Minister, 99

O

È

sterreich-Ungar

ns letzter Krieg (Austrian

official history of the war), 9, 10, 31,

45, 48, 70, 283, 303, 375

Osusky

Â

,S

Ï

tefan, 205

Padua, 99,

101, 160, 189, 197, 224

Padua Commission (PC), 202±20, 222±8,

240, 303, 326, 433

content of manifestos analysed, 209±19,

342±70, 417±18, 419, 422±6, 427

dissolved, 427

final efforts of, 417±18, 419, 421±6

first meeting, 202±3

Index 479

Italian dominance

of, 203, 208, 225,

419±20

membership of, 197, 206±8, 419±20

planning of, 190±1, 196±7, 198, 208

and sources of information for, 204±6,

219, 240, 322, 424, 439

tensions in, 203, 220, 225±8, 322, 331,

332±5, 380, 390, 420, 440

Padula prison camp (Salerno), 117, 157,

158, 171, 228, 234

Pajger, Karel, 134, 255, 375

Pajk, Boz

Ï

idar, 233, 238

Palestine, 215, 422

Pa

Â

n, Va

Â

clav, 126

Pantano, General, 375

Papafava, Contessa, 225

Papõ

Â

rnõ

Â

k, Antonõ

Â

n, 195

Papric

Â

, Stanko, 290, 291

Paprskar

Ï

, Rudolf, 229, 302, 303, 317

parachutes, 1, 387

Paris, 89, 114, 179, 180, 184, 185±7, 199

Paris Congress (1918), 197, 200, 220, 325,

331, 334

Paris Peace Conference (1919), 10, 423, 441

Pas

Ï

ic

Â

, Nikola, 114±16, 179, 194

Passchendaele, 182

Paterno

Á

, Gaetano, 119

patriotism, AH authorities' attempts to

promote, 24ff, 32, 284±7, 371, 413

in education, 32

by film, 27

by literature, 28±9

war artists, 27

war bonds, 28, 37, 413

see also morale in AH army;

Feindespropaganda-Abwehrstelle

Pecori-Giraldi, General Guglielmo, 77

Peerz, Rudolf, 275, 287

Pennella, General Giuseppe, 380

Pertica, Monte, 229, 278

Pester Lloyd, 259

Petar Karadjordjevic

Â

, King of Serbia, 238,

241, 379

Peto

Â

Â

fi,

Sa

Â

ndor, 153, 363, 365, 424, 425

Petr, Rudolf, 386

Petrograd, 42, 47, 55, 57, 115

Petrograd Soviet, 43, 50

Petrovic

Â

,Dus

Ï

an, 272, 273, 275, 428

Pflanzer-Baltin, General Karl von, 416

Piave, battle of (1918), 97, 229, 283,

297±8, 308, 320, 342±3, 363±4,

374±6, 406, 437

480 Index

Piave, battle

of (1918) ± continued

`betrayal of', 293, 294, 301±3

myth of postponement due to prop.,

187±8, 194,

199, 202, 299, 303, 337

Piave, river, 81, 82, 92, 93, 95, 149, 230,

307, 421

Pichon, Stephen, 184, 323±4, 325, 346

Pilch, Jeno

Â

Â

,9

Piøsudksi, Jo

Â

zef,

130, 131

Pivko, Ljudevit, 9, 155, 177, 228, 240±1,

287, 304,

377, 385

background and beliefs, 133±4, 135, 141

and Finzi, 135±42, 168, 191

makes first links to Italy, 134

flees to Italy, 140

links to Slav e

Â

migre

Â

s, 142, 143

prepares Carzano plot, 136±8

recruits volunteers in Italy, 143±4,

168, 232,

238±9, 290, 292, 294,

380±3, 441

reputation, 140, 143

trains unit in Italy, 142±5

work of his unit at front, 140±1, 145±8,

191, 194,

208, 228, 231±2, 233±5,

290, 302, 375±6

his writings,

133

Pivkova, Ljudmila, 136

Plesinger-Boz

Ï

inov, Miroslav, 117

Plhak, Hugo, 256, 377

Plumer, General Herbert, 101, 102, 435

Plzen

Ï

,

355

Poincare

Â

, Raymond, 323, 357

Poles, Poland, 153, 217, 218, 224, 323, 426

in AH

army, 20, 35, 216, 224, 282, 305,

376, 428

in Galicia, 20, 30, 257

postwar writing about front prop., xii, 9

in Russian army, 51

Polish National

Committee, 195, 236,

359, 397

Polish propaganda, 267

German threat as theme in, 215,

359±60, 424

issued by Austrians on E.Front, 41, 47, 51

issued by Italy pre±1918, 130, 131

issued by PC, 207, 210, 214±16, 224, 264,

358±61, 376,

424

patrols on Italian Front, 215, 235±6,

240, 359

Pop, Stefan Cicio, 357

Popadic

Â

, Bogoljub, 377, 381±2, 384

Popolo d'Italia, Il, 111, 159, 339

Popovic

Â

,

Dejan, 290, 293±5, 296

Popovic

Â

, Milica, 291, 293

Posina, Val, 167

Posledniia Izvestiia,53

Prague, 2, 16, 26, 27, 33, 126, 134, 285,

352, 355,

378, 413, 424, 426

Prejda, Alexandr, 377, 378

press

in AH,

18, 19, 24, 25, 37, 124, 211, 261,

271, 284±6,

363

in Italy, 152, 159, 329±30, 339±40

war correspondents, 26

see also under individual newspapers;

censorship; Kriegspress

equartier

Pribic

Â

evic

Â

, Svetozar, 23

Pribic

Â

evic

Â

, Valerijan, 23

Price-Davies, Major-General L.A.E., 199

prison camps,

discussed in

front prop., 4, 78, 91,

347±8, 359

prisoners of war, 63, 115, 125±6, 130,

197, 201

Czechoslovak (in Italy), 117, 120±1,

156±8, 203,

207, 228, 385

Italian (in AH), 84, 91, 101, 103, 115, 307

Polish (in Italy), 236, 360, 397

Romanian (in AH), 53

Romanian (in Italy), 197, 216, 236±7

Russian (in AH), 44, 52, 54, 67, 128, 134,

167, 398

Serbian (in AH), 64

Yugoslav (in Italy), 114±16, 212, 237±41,

303±4, 320,

332, 348, 375, 379±80

see also homecomers

propaganda,

definition

of, 2±4

see also front propaganda; morale;

patriotism

Prussia, threat of,

used in prop. against AH,

128, 151, 153, 155, 215, 218, 343, 344,

363, 369, 424

psychological warfare,

see front

propaganda

Pula, 106, 111, 262, 372, 427

Radetsky, Field

Marshal Joseph, 125, 289

Ra

Â

ko

Â

czi,

Ferenc, 218, 363

Ramponi, Artemio, 124

Rauchensteiner, Manfried, 12, 31, 321

Ravenna, 106

Rawlinson, General Henry, 187

Ray, Marcel, 367

Reading, Lord, 258

Redlich, Joseph,

19, 28

Reggio Emilia,

208, 209

Reich, Colonel,

273, 274

Reichspost,

414

Reichsrat (Austrian

Parliament), 7, 18, 113,

136, 153, 154, 207, 213, 216, 259, 284,

303, 345, 350, 353±4, 360, 424

recalled (1917), 18, 30

religion, as

theme of propaganda, 43, 128,

151±2, 210, 211, 215, 346±7, 355±6,

358±9

Resnica,

265

Resto del

Carlino, Il, 329±30, 389

Ridley, Lt

Erwin, 267

Riga, 55

Rilke, Rainer

Maria, 28

Rimini, 106

Riva, 383

Rodd, Rennell,

105

Rodler, Captai

n Erich, 104

Roller, Margare

te, 275

Romania, kingdom

of, 24, 33, 53±4, 88, 90,

102, 279, 355, 357, 406

army of, 24, 48, 53±4, 55, 57

Romanian propaganda, 275

issued by Austrians on Eastern Front, 51,

53±4, 64

issued by Italy pre-1918, 130

issued by PC, 207, 210, 216±17, 219, 225,

264, 355,

357±8, 422, 424

patrols on Italian Front, 236±7, 358

Romanians,

in AH army, 34, 74, 167, 192, 217, 236,

255, 303, 357

e

Â

migre

Â

organization, 195, 196, 207, 216,

217, 358,

424

Romanian National Party, 24

in Transylvania, 22, 23±4, 54, 195,

216±17, 357,

426

Romanul,2

4

Rome, 114,

116, 195±7, 211, 214, 218±19,

223, 358

Ronge, GM

Max, 9, 10, 44, 51, 60, 65, 72,

79, 82, 258, 260, 261, 263, 268, 270,

302, 311, 349, 414, 417, 418, 419, 436

Roosevelt, Theodor,

416

Rosa

Á

(Bassano), 143

Rosso, Col

del, 82, 101, 147±8, 234,

235, 376

Royal Flying

Corps (British), 101±2,

371, 401

Index 481

Rozsypal, Franz,

404

Russia, 33,

90

Bolshevik Revolution (1917), 57±8, 61

February Revolution (1917), 30,

42±3, 434

Provisional Government, 43±4, 50, 55,

57, 58, 61

Russian army,

21, 41±62

Corps: XI, 58; XXIV, 56; XL, 54; XLV, 54

Armies: 5th, 48; 8th, 58; 9th, 58

disintegration, 51, 54±5, 57±9, 61±2, 75,

76, 270,

275, 412±13

Bolshevik propaganda in, 51, 55±9

soldiers' committees, 43, 44, 56, 61

Russian propaganda

, see Eastern Front:

Russian propaganda against Central

Powers

Russki Vestnik,

52, 67

Ruthene propaga

nda, 154

issued by PC, 195, 360±1, 376, 398

issued by Ukrainians on Eastern Front, 66

Ruthenes (Ukraini

ans), 30, 195, 252

in AH army, 20, 32, 34, 51, 255, 428

in Galicia, 19, 20

in Hungary, 23

Ruziak, Andrej,

386

Ryant, Jan, 165

Rybka, Josef (Czech delegate to PC), 206,

207, 213,

215

Rygier, Maria, 236, 358

Sabor, see

Croatia, Diet (Sabor)

sabotage behind enemy lines, 304±5, 373,

383±4, 386,

432

Sacchi, Filippo, 205

St Po

È

lten,

267

Salonika, 63, 115, 141

and see Balkan Front

Salvemini, Gaetano,

113, 116, 117, 118,

119, 120, 158, 161, 162, 180, 195,

208, 224, 226, 244, 248, 328, 329,

330, 331

Sanders, Michael,

xii, 3, 7

San Francesco, 234±5

Santa Maria Capua Vetere (prison camp),

117, 236,

397

Sarkotic

Â

, General Stjepan, 20, 264±5,

277, 280

Sarrail, General Maurice, 63

Scarpa, Gino, 117

Scheuchenstuel, GO Count Viktor, 82,

88, 282

482 Index

Schlosser, Lt

Oskar, 370

Schneller, Karl, 37

Schnitzler, Arthur, 28, 38

Scholtz, General Friedrich von, 63±4

Scialoja, Vittorio, 76

Schwarz, Captain Ge

Â

za, 406±7

Scorluzzo, Monte, 85

S

Ï

eba, Jan, 195, 254, 374

Sebenico, 106

Secolo, 159, 160

Secrets of Crewe House (by Stuart), 7, 15,

174, 201

Seidler, Baron Ernst von, 30, 212, 259, 350,

354, 360, 398

Serbia, 16, 31, 33, 426

e

Â

migre

Â

s in Switzerland, 119, 124,

205, 248

government (in exile), 113±16, 177,

179, 325

occupied territory, 62±5, 115, 276, 278,

296, 422

parliament (Skups

Ï

tina), 194, 195

and Yugoslav prisoners, 115±16

Serbian army, 2, 23, 62±5, 73, 115, 212,

237, 238±9, 379

Serbian propaganda

issued by Austrians, see Balkan Front

issued by PC, 211, 346±7, 422, 423

Serbian Society of Great Britain,

176±7

Serbs, 238±9, 242, 383

in AH army, 20, 21, 32, 34, 288

in Bosnia, see Bosnian Serbs

in Croatia, 23

Seton-Watson, R.W., 21, 176±7, 178, 183,

185±6, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201,

204±5, 227, 322, 323±4, 328, 335,

336, 337

Siciliani, Colonel Domenico (official head

of PC), 197, 198, 202±3, 227, 228, 331,

333, 334, 336, 420

Sief, Monte, 134

Silvio a Prato, Baron, 124

Sinigallia, 106

Sisemol, Monte, 290

Sixtus Affair, 217, 351, 400

Skerlecz, Ivan, 23

Slovaks, 386, 404

in AH army, 157, 262

in Hungary, 22, 23±4

in PC propaganda, 213, 353, 355

Slovenec, 212, 267, 286, 314

Slovene propaga

nda

issued by Italian Intelligence, 154±5

issued by PC, 208, 210, 212±13, 265, 345,

352, 422, 423

Slovenes, 195, 383

in AH, 20±1, 29, 30, 212, 218, 285±6, 352

in AH army, 33, 35, 107, 113, 136, 140,

144, 177, 192, 238, 239, 240, 242,

283, 410

memoirs about war, 9, 321

see also Pivko

Smaniotto, Colonel Ercole, 155, 160, 161,

188, 191, 229±30, 231, 240, 377

S

Ï

marda, Jan, 383±4, 385

Smodlaka, Josip, 21

Sobotka, Josef, 382

socialism, socialist propaganda, 42, 56, 75,

76, 80, 86, 89, 199, 232, 258, 261, 269,

270, 274, 275, 285±6, 294, 352, 359,

365±6, 367

Sokols, 133, 143, 144, 353

Solarolo, Monte, 109

Sonnino, Sidney, 87, 99, 119, 193, 204

under attack in press, 328, 339±41

and Czechs, 120±1, 156, 157, 158,

172, 214

insistence on Treaty of London, 112±13,

118, 181, 185±6

and Italy's prop. campaign, 189, 193,

194, 196, 209, 390, 420

policy towards AH, 113, 199, 223, 224,

305, 323, 326, 330±2, 341

and Yugoslav prisoners, 114±16, 237±8

Soretic

Â

, FML, 295, 297, 298

Spa (German GHQ), 217, 349, 363

Spingardi, GeneralPaolo,121,157,171,238

Split, 21

Sprazzi di Luce (KISA newspaper), 93

S

Ï

roba

Â

r, Vavro, 355

Stacu, Juraj, 252

Stampa, La, 329

Stane

Ï

k,

Frantis

Ï

ek, 354, 424

Steed, Henry Wickham, 7, 9, 10, 174, 207,

227, 258, 331, 333, 335, 441

acknowledges Italy's work with front

prop., 189±90

and belief in prop. weapon, 177±8,

192±3, 199, 267, 346, 387, 427

dominates EPD, 182±3

exploits myths about prop., 187±8, 193,

194, 199, 222, 299, 300, 303, 304±5,

337, 443

and Italian±Yugoslav agreement, 159,

177±9, 180±1, 185, 243, 244

and mission to Italy, 185±99, 200, 202,

206, 209, 226, 229

view of AH, 176, 199

works to change Allied policy on AH,

183±4, 190±1, 199±200, 201, 221±2,

322±7, 328, 337±8, 341, 431

S

Ï

tefa

Â

nik, Milan, 116±17, 155, 157, 158,

195, 207, 214, 220, 376

spreads manifestos over Italian front,

128±30, 166, 177

S

Ï

te

Ï

tina, Vite

Ï

slav,

290±1, 293, 294

Stinny

Â

,

Karel, 230, 301±2, 303

Stipetic

Â

,

Major Wilhelm, 63±5

Stoccareddo, 145±8,

191, 194

Stockholm, 47

Sto

È

ger-Steine

r von Steinsta

È

tten, GO

Rudolf, 258, 270, 274, 371

Stone, Senator, 258

S

Ï

torch, Alois, 383±4, 410

Stra

Â

nsky

Â

, Adolf, 353, 373

Stra

Â

nsky

Â

, Antonõ

Â

n, 136

Straz

Ï

a, 285, 350, 410

Strossmayer, Josip, 211

Stuart, Campbell, 7, 9, 10, 174, 200,

201, 336

Stu

È

rgkh,

Count Karl, 18±19, 21, 29, 32

Styria, 21

Sugana, Val, 82, 131, 134±7, 140, 304

Supilo, Frano, 21, 176

S

Ï

us

Ï

njak, Juraj, 276±7

S

Ï

us

Ï

ters

Ï

ic

Â

, Ivan, 21, 265, 267

Svac

Ï

ic

Â

, Petar, 293

Svetec, Franjo, 293, 294±5

Switzerland, 3, 5, 42, 81, 117, 119, 123,

175, 201, 204±5, 260, 262, 367

Szuber, Antoni (Polish delegate to PC), xii,

9, 206, 207, 236, 334, 358, 360±1, 430

Tagliamento, river,

74, 81

Tarnopol, 54,

207

Tavc

Ï

ar,

Ivan, 21, 267, 310

Taylor, Philip

M., xii, 3, 7

Telve, 137,

138, 140

Terlecki, Captain,

46

Tertil (Polish

MP), 360

Teschen, 30±1

Tezze, 304

Thaon di

Revel, Admiral Paolo, 209,

227, 372

Thimme, Hans,

xii, 11

Index 483

Thomas, Albert,

195, 199±200, 220, 358

Times, The, 7, 159, 176, 182, 222,

258, 341

Tione, 123

Tisza, Count Istva

Â

n, 16, 22, 24, 29, 153,

154, 366, 426, 432

Tobek, Frantis

Ï

ek, 383

Toggenburg, Count Friedrich,

284±5, 286

Tomba, Monte, 101

Tonale pass, 85, 232, 239, 302

Torre, Andrea, 180±1, 195, 196, 197, 227,

331, 346

Torretta, Marchese della, 121

Tosi, Luciano, xii, 12

Tosti, Amedeo, 100

Trampa, 138

Transylvania, 24, 54, 195, 262, 267, 357

trench newspapers, 100, 271, 311, 442

Trentino offensive (1916), 74, 123, 124,

125, 127

Trento, 6, 92, 112, 134, 136, 137, 223, 338,

369, 386, 427

Tresic

Â

-Pavic

Ï

ic

Â

, Ante, 21, 172, 193, 294

Treves, Frederick, 188

Trieste, 86, 92, 106, 112, 124, 223, 257,

280, 338, 351, 369, 427

Trinajstic

Â

, Dinko, 202, 209, 226, 237, 381

Trotsky, Leon, 59, 90

Trumbic

Â

, Ante, 21, 114, 176, 196, 197, 198,

200, 220, 223, 227, 326, 336

and Allied recognition of Yugoslavs, 325,

327, 332, 379, 423, 431

and Corfu Declaration, 177

efforts to create Yugoslav Legion, 114,

237, 335, 379, 380

makes informal agreement with Italy,

178±81, 226

role in Italian prop. campaign, 202±3,

207±8, 209, 211, 212, 223, 240,

265±7, 327, 342, 348±9, 380±1,

423, 441

Tugurio camp, 144, 148, 193, 234, 238,

239, 240, 403

Turin, 76, 208

Turkey, 1, 41, 129, 201, 211, 215, 422

Turold, Dr, 138

Tyrell, William, 182

Tyrol, 20, 75, 82, 123±6, 187

U

È

bersberger,

Hans, 275

U-boat war, 80, 90, 108, 154, 434