Chilingarian G.V. et al. Surface Operations in Petroleum Production, II

555

-

--,

fluid

loss

control, 128, 132, 133

-

--,

friction reducing, 128, 131, 133

-

--,

gelling agents, 128, 129, 132

-

--,

surfactants, 131

-

--,

types

of, 139

-

-,

crosslinked, 132

-

-,

foams as, 134

-

-,

functions of, 125

-

-,

gelled two-stage, 132, 133

-

-,

geothermal wells, 132

-

-,

oil-base, 128

-

-, --,

advantages

of,

129

-

-,

selection of, 125, 128

-

systems, commonly used, 127

-

-,

trends in use of, 105

-

-,

water-base, 129

-

-, --,

advantages

of,

131

-

,

mechanical equipment, 143

-

,

--,

bulk-handling, 150

-

,

--

layout for massive frac operation, 151

-

,

--,

metering and control, 147

-

,

history

of,

101

-

,

__

,

_--

,

density meter, 148

-

,

__

,

---

,

flow meter, 148

-

,

--

,

---

,

fracture parameter meter, 150

-

,

--,

proportioning,

106,

146

-

,

--,

pumping, 143

-

,

mechanics of, 108

-

,

nuclear, 152-154

-

,

-,

post-shot environment, 153

-

,

-,

volume

of

increased permeability, 154

-

pressure, 102, 116

-

process variables, 108

-

,

propping agents (proppants) for, see prop-

-

,

purpose of, 101, 105

-

,

rock mechanics considerations in, 109

-

techniques, evolution of,

105

-

treatment,

-

-,

criteria of well selection for, 106

-

-,

pressure-injection rate relationship during,

--

,

pressure losses

in,

117

-

,

---

,

charts for, 117-124

-

-,

procedures for successful, 109

-

-,

reasons

for

failure

of,

108

Freezing point, 508, 518

-

-,

lowering

of,

508, 518

-

of

fuels, 508

Fuel,

-

,

aniline point

of,

492

-

,

contamination of, 487

-

,

filter plugging caused by, 490

pants

116

-

,

flash and fire points of, 498, 514

-

.

fluorescent-indicator adsorption test of, 494

-

,

mercaptan sulfur test for jet, 489

-

,

sulfur content (lamp) test of, 494

-

,

thermal value of, 491

-

,

water tolerance

of

aviation, 489

Galvanic series, 289

Gas,

-

,

equation for ideal, 48

-

flow rate measurement, 22, 32

-

---

,

volumetric, 22

-

---

,

see also flowmeters

-

,

flue, 259, 261, 262, 267, 270

-

,

supercompressibility of, 50, 51

-

,

superexpansibility of,

50

-

,

underground storage

of,

457

Gases, interactions of, 330

Gas-condensate wells, corrosion in, 307

Gasoline,

-

content of natural gas, 510

-

,

corrosion test for, 495

-

,

distillation of, 481, 511

-

,

gum content of, 491, 492

-

,

knock properties

of,

485

-

,

tetraetbyl lead in, 487

-

,

vapor pressure of, 484, 512

Gilbert’s bean performance chart, 5,

6

Gravel,

-

dissolution, 199-202

-

quality, 197

-

screening, 197

-

selection, 192

-

shape, 198

-

solubility, 199

-

in acid, 199-201

-

in water, 200-202

-

strength, 203

Gravel pack,

-

design considerations, 217

-

effectiveness, factors determining, 217

-

evaluation, 216

- -

permeability, 193, 197, 198

Gravel packing, 191

- -

arrangement, 192, 194, 195

,

cased-hole, 206

-

-,

cylinder type, 210

-

deviated holes, 209

-

equipment, 209

-

,

---

,

deviations from, 49

,

weight, 32

-

___

-

Sizing,

192

-_

-

,

-_

,

circulation washer tool for, 206-208

556

-

--,

blender, 209

-

--,

circulation washer tool, 206-208

-

--,

crossover tool, 211, 214

-

--,

gravel blending unit, 210-212

-

--

,

__-

,

conventional, 210

-

--

,

---

,

positive-displacement, 211, 212

-

--,

gravel pots, 211

-

--,

liner vibrator, 216

-

.--,

port collar, 215

~~

--,

surface equipment, 211, 213

-

--,

unipack tool, 216

-

fluids, 203, 204

-

-,

methods of, 205

-

-,

open-hole, 205

--

,

screen

or

liner selection in, 204

Gravity,

API,

483

-

of petroleum products, test

for,

483, 512

Gum content

of

gasoline, 491

Gypsum, 66

-

cements. 66

,

test

for,

492

-

_-_

Hardness of water, 267

Heat loss, 227, 262

-

in steam injection, 227

-

----

,

frictional, 228

-

_---

,

surface radiation, 229

-

____

,

to surrounding formations, 232, 234

-

__-_

,

wellbore, 229, 233

-

from bare pipe in still

air,

262

-

rates in steel pipes, 229

Heavy oil,

-

viscosity variation with temperature, 223,

224

--

,

world reserves of, 226

Hematite, 69

Hemple column, distillation

of

oil with, 512

Henry’s law, 49, 330

Horsepower, formula

for

hydraulic, 118, 144

Hot plate steam injection process, 245

Hydrates, 6

Hydraulic fracturing, see fracturing

Hydrogen,

-

blistering, 293

-

content

of

gas, testing for, 506

-

embrittlement, 291, 292

Hydrogen sulfide,

-

as pollutant, 422

-

control, 450, 452

-

--

processes, chemical reactions in, 451

-

corrosion, 297

-

--

control, 300

-

--

in waterflooding, 330

-

removal from drilling fluids, 299

-

removal from water, 363

-

scavengers, 299

Hydrometer, 483, 512

Ilmenite, 69

Injectivity loss, measurement

of,

350

Inhibitors, 310

-

,

anodic,

310

-

,

cathodx, 310

-

,

definition

of,

310

-

,

organic, 311

Iron count, 339, 341, 350

-

increases, 345, 348

Ironite sponge, 299

-

reaction with hydrogen sulfide, 300

Isotopes,

10

Isotopic analysis of natural gases,

10

Joule-Thomson effect, 6

Jet fuels,

see

fuel.

Knock properties of gasoline, 485

Law,

-

,

Avogadro’s, 49

-

,

Boyle’s, 49

-

,

Charles, 49,

50

-

,

Dalton’s, 49, 330, 478

-

,

Henry’s, 49, 330

-

,

ideal gas, 48, 49

-

,

Raoult’s, 49, 478

-

,

Stokes’, 426

Leach-fill process, storage in salt, 463

-

_-

,

steps during, 464

Leaching, storage in salt, 462

-

,

direct, 465

-

,

indirect, 467

Lead, 486, 487

-

as antiknock additive, 487

-

content of gasoline, 486, 487

Lime/limestone, use in sulfur dioxide control,

Liquid flow rate, measurement,

15

Lubricating greases, 504,

505

-_

,

classification and requirements of, 504

-_

,

dropping point of,

505

-_

,

penetration number

of,

505

Lubricating oils, 495

-_

,

functions of, 495

-

testing, 496

-

_-

,

ash content,

501

-

_-

,

carbon residue, 501

441, 443

557

-

--,

cloud point, 499, 516

-

--,

color, 499, 515

-

--,

corrosion test, 504

-

--,

dilution

of

crankcase

oil,

500,

516

-

--,

fatty oil content, 502

-

--,

flash and fire points, 498, 514

-

--,

neutralization number, 502

-

--,

organic acidity, 502

-

--,

pour point, 499, 516

-

--,

precipitation number, 501

-

--,

saponification number, 502

-

--,

sulfur content, 503

-

--,

viscosity, 496, 514

-

--,

viscosity index, 497

Marx-Langenheim model, 235-237

Measurement of,

- -

bacteria, 339, 341, 342, 350, 351

-

--,

sulfate-reducing, 339, 341, 342, 351

-

--,

total, 342, 343, 350, 351

-

--,

-,

aerobic plate count, 339, 342, 350

-

--,

-,

deep agar test, 342, 350

-

--, -,

membrane filter count, 343, 350

- -

corrosion and corrosion rate, 343-345, 349,

350

- -

dissolved oxygen in water, 339, 346

-

Eh, 346

-

injectivity loss, 350

-

iron count increase of water, 339, 341, 346,

- -

pH of water, 339, 340

-

pit depth, 343-345, 349, 350

-

pit frequency, 343-345, 349, 350

- -

salinity of water, 339

- -

salt caverns, 468

- -

sulfides in water, 339, 344, 345, 351

- -

suspended solids in water, 339, 340

Membrane filter test, 340, 343, 346, 350

Mercaptan sulfur test, 489

Methane-ethane content of a gas, measurement,

Mined

caverns, 470

Molecular weight,

--

,

determination by lowering

of

freezing point,

508, 509, 518

Mooring systems, 401

349

506

Natural gas,

-

from different sources, distinguishing, 9

-

-,

gasoline content of, 510

-

-,

geochemical fingerprinting of, 9

-

-,

isotopic analysis of, 10

Neutralization number, 502

Nitrogen content of a gas, measurement, 506

Nitrogen oxides,

- -

as pollutants, 422, 436, 439,

440

-

control, 449, 452

-

--

,

ammonia injection, 449

- --

,

burner modification, 450

-

_-

,

catalytic reduction, 449

Nuclear fracturing, 152-154

--

,

post-shot environment, 153

--

,

volume of increased permeability, 154

Octane number, 486

Offshore,

-

exploration, 374

--

,

chronological order of events during, 375

-_

,

drilling techniques, 375

--

,

jackup drilling rigs for, 374, 376

_-

,

semi-submersible drilling rigs for, 378

--

,

ship-shape drilling units for, 337

--

,

submersible rigs for, 374

-

mooring systems, 401

-

production facilities, 379

-

_-

,

artificial islands, 379

-

--

,

--

,gravel, 379

-

--

,

--

,ice, 380

- --

,

-

,

cost comparison of

various,

398

-

-_

,

-

,

construction steps, 401

-

--

,

-,

design considerations, 407

-

-_

,

-

,

--

,

earthquake,409

-

-_

,

-

,

-_

,

environmental forces, 409

-

_-

,

-

,

--

,

operational forces, 408

-

_-

,

-

,

--

,

pile capacity, 412

-

--

,

-

,

--

,

wind and wave forces, 409

-

-_

,

-

,

fixed-bottom mounted type, 382

- - -

-

- --

-

,

gravity, 385, 388-390

-

- -

7,

-

_-

-

,

template-jacket type, 382, 386

-

_

-

,

tower (self floater), 384

-

--,

-,

floating-buoyant type, 389

- --

,

platforms, 381

9,

,>

-

--

,

-

,

- - -

,

guyed lower, 391, 392

-

,

-

,

-

- -

,

tension-leg, 393-395

- --

,

-,

installation, 396-

-

--

,

-,

selection of, 398

-

seafloor templates, 398

-

-_

,

integrated, 399,

400

-

_-

,

modular, 399,400,407

-

storage, 415-417

-

subsea production systems

(SPS),

403

-

-_-

,

Exxon’s

SPS,

406, 407

-

---

,

one-atmospheric chamber, 405

-

---

,

satellite well, 403

558

-

---

,

semisubmersible, 404

-

---

,

subsea atmospheric system

(SAS),

405,

406

--

tanker loading, 417

transportation methods, 414

-

--,

tankers, 415

-

--,

underwater pipelines, 414

Oil,

underground storage of, 457

Orifice meter, 13, 21, 22, 32, 33

-

chart,

40

-

--

changer, automatic, 42

-

--

integrators, 44-47

-

--

planimeters, 43

-~

--

volume computation from,

53

-

-,

definition and description

of,

34, 37

-

fittings, 23-25, 37-39

-

flow constant, 51-53

-

-,

flow formula for, 50-53

-

-,

flow rate equations for, 32

-

-,

history of, 33

-

-,

operation of, 35

-

pressure gauges, 39-41

-

pressure taps, 23, 24, 26, 27, 36, 37

-

plates, 23-25

-

readout devices, 21

Orsat gas analysis, 505-507, 517

Oxidation, 287

-

-reduction potentials, 289

Oxidizing agent, 287

Oxygen,

-

,

dissolved, measurement in waterflooding,

-

,

-,

removal from water, 297, 363, 367

-

induced corrosion, 296, 330

-

scavengers, 297, 337

-

coefficient record form,

55

340, 346,

350

Packers,

-

,

casing, 85, 96-99

-

,

high-temperature thermal, 271

Penetrometer,

505

Pensky-Martens closed tester, 498, 515

Perlite, 70

-

,

expanded, 360

Permeability,

-

,

effect

of

salinity on sandstone, 321

-

,

filtercake, 348

Pipelines,

for

water injection, 363

-

,

underwater, 414

Poisson’s ratio, 109, 112

Polarization, electrode, 285

Pollutants, 422

Pollution control, 421

Polymers,

-

as acid additives, 177-179

-

as

gravel-packing fluid additives, 203

Portland cement, 61-63

(see

also cements)

Positive displacement meters, 13, 15, 17, 18, 28

-

_-

,

nutating disc type, 15

-

_-

,

piston type, 15

-

_-

,

readout devices of, 21

-

-_

,

rotary vane type, 15

-

_-

,

specifications of, 21

Pour point

of

oils,

499, 516

Precipitation number, 501

Pressure,

-

,

formation breakdown, vs depth, 102, 103

-

,

fracture closure, 116

-

,

fracturing, 102

-

,

grain-to-grain, 6, 7

-

,

overburden, 7, 110

-

, -,

vs depth, 103, 104

-

,

partial, 478

-

,

pore, 7,

110

-

,

surface treating (in fracturing), 116

-

,

tubing head, 2, 6

-

,

vapor, test, 484, 512

Production,

-

facilities, offshore, 379

-

systems, subsea, 403

-

techniques, 222

Productivity index, 108

Productivity ratio, 173

Proppant, 134

-

,

bauxite pellets as, 142

-

diameter, relationship between permeability

-

effect on fracture conductivity, 136-138

-

fluid ratio, 149

-

,

glass beads as, 138, 142

-

,

permeability vs applied stress

for

various,

-

properties, comparison of various, 142

-

,

resin-coated sand as, 140

-

,

sand as, 138, 141, 142

-

,

selection

of,

135

-

,

sintered bauxite as, 140, 142

-

,

walnut shells as, 140, 142

and, 138

141

Radiant tube,

-

arrangements, relative effectiveness of, 254

- -

design, 252

-

-,

heat flux distribution (peripheral) for, 255

-

-,

pressure drop (two-phase)

in,

228, 261

-

wall temperature, 256

Raoult’s law, 49, 478

559

Reid vapor pressure test, 484, 512

Relative permeabilities, effect

of

temperature

on,

Resistivity,

-

profile, share, 7

-

ratio, shale, 6

241

Salt,

-

cavern, 459

--

,

design specifications for, 463

--

,

measurement of, 468

__

,

stability, nomenclature for, 462

-_

,

sump development in a, 466

-

cavity, 461

__

,

creation of,

461

__

,

storage requirements for, 461

-

dome,459

_-

,

advantages

of

storing natural gas in, 469

--

,

profile

of

a, 464

__

,

upward movement

of

projections by, 460

Salting-out effect, 330

Sand, 138

-

as propping agent, specifications, 141, 142

-

concentration effect

on

friction pressure, 118

-

,

frac, 138, 141, 142

-

grains, roundness and sphericity chart, 199

-

production, 191

-

proportioner, schematic diagram of, 106

-

sieve analysis, 192, 195, 196

-

size, ten percentile point, 195

-

uniformity coefficient, 196

Saponification number, 502

Saybolt viscosity, 496, 514

Scale, 325

-

,

calcium carbonate, 326

-

, --,

prevention of, 327

-

formation, 325

,

causes of, 326

-

,

sulfate, 327

-

, -,

prevention of, 327

Scavengers,

-

,

hydrogen sulfide, 299

-

,

oxygen, 297, 337

Scrubbers, 436,

444,

446

-

,

ejector, 448

-

,

venturi, 447

Sea water,

__

,

biocidal treatment

of,

338

-_

,

calcium carbonate content

of,

333

--

,

characteristics of, 332

-

chlorination, 336

- -

composition, seasonal changes in, 334

-

deaeration, 337

--

-

-,

dissolved oxygen content

of,

332

-

filtration, 336

-

injection, 332

-

intake, 334

-

__

,

design of, 335

-

__

,

elements of, 335

-_

,

magnesium ion content of, 333

--

,

marine growth in, 334

-_

,

oil

content

of,

334

--

,

oxygen scavenging

of,

337

-_

,

pH of, 333

--

,

stabilization of, 338

--

,

sulfate ion content of, 333

--

,

temperature of, 338

Separators, for solids removal from water, 364

Shale,

-

bulk density variation with depth, 110

-

resistivity, profile, 7

-

ratio, 6

-

,

undercompacted,

7

Soda ash, use in sulfur dioxide control, 443, 446

Solids, 323, 324, 339, 340, 346

-

,

adherent, 323, 324

-

,

filtered, 350, 351

-

,

non-adherent, 323, 324

-

,

removal of, 364, 366, 433

-

,

suspended, 323, 324

-

, -,

size ranges for, 434

Solution-mining system, 462

Sonar measurements, 468

Specific gravity,

-_

,

correction

for

friction losses for changes in,

- -

difference between oil and water, tempera-

Specific heat of rocks, 231

Spending time, acid, 165, 183-185

Spherelite, 67

-

as cement additive, 67

Steam,

-

additives, 244

-

foam, 245

-

generator, 247-261

- -

design, 246, 247

-

-_

,

two-phase pressure drop in tubes, 228,

-

-_

,

vapor and liquid velocities in, 250, 251

-

downhole, 272, 273

-

heating requirements, chart, 260

--

,

once-through, 250

- -

,

__

,

radiant section of, 252

- -

performance requirements, 246

-_

,

thermal efficiency of, 259, 261, 262

119

ture effect

on,

355

261

560

-

quality measurement, instrumentation, 261

-

--

system for 50-to-855& quality steam, 263

-

temperature, friction loss effect on, 228

Steam injection, 221

-

-,

additives in, 244

-

-,

casing vent gas collection systems in, 450

-

-,

continuous, 240, 241

-

-,

typical project arrangement, 241

-

equipment components, 247

-

--_

,

casing vent systems, 272

-

___

,

feedwater treatment, 264

-

---

,

flue gas scrubbers, 267

-

-__

,

high-temperature thermal packers, 271

-

___

,

low-temperature economizers, 270

-

_--

,

steam generator, 247-261

-

_--_

,

downhole, 272, 273

-

-__

,

steam quality measurement instrumenta-

tion, 261

-_

,

equipment design, 246

--

,

--,

convection section, 258

_-

,

--,

radian section, 252

--

, --,

steam generator, 246, 247

--

, --,

tube side flow, 249

-

-,

feedwater deaeration, 260

-

-,

fracture-assisted steamflooding (FAST),

245, 246

-

-,

heat losses in, 227

-

,

---

,

frictional, 228

--

,

-_-

,

surface radiation, 229

- -

,

-__

,

to surrounding formations, 232, 234,

-

-,

cyclic, 238, 240

-

237

-

,

-_-

,

wellbore, 229, 233

-

-,

hot plate process, 245

-

mechanisms, 222

-

-,

oil/steam ratio (cumulative) in, 226

-

performance data, 224

-

performance prediction, Marx-Langenheim

-

-,

pollution control in, 436, 441, 447, 449, 450

-

projects, typical data, 225

- -

rate, average, 226

-

-,

reservoir heating by, schematic diagram,

-

techniques, 238

-

--,

recent developments in, 244

-

-,

ultimate

oil

recovery by, 244

-

-,

well depth limitations

in,

224

Steamflood emissions, 436

Stimulation ratio, 240

Stokes’ law, 426

Storage,

-

,

offshore, 415-417

method, 235

242

-

,

underground, see underground storage

Stress, compressive, 109, 110

-

,

tensile, 109, 110

Subsea production systems, 403-407

Subsidence, 6

Sulfide cracking, 292, 297

Sulfur content of,

-

--

fuels, 494

-

--

lubricating oils, 503

Sulfur dioxide,

-

as pollutant, 422, 436

-

control, 441, 452

-

--

processes, chemical reactions in, 443

-_

emissions from oil-fired steam generators,

Sump development in a cavern, 466

Sonar caliper survey, schematic diagram of, solu-

437,441

tion cavities, 468

Tag closed tester, 498, 514

Tar

sands, estimated world reserves

of,

226

-

-,

fracture-assisted steamflood technology,

245, 246

TEL-meter, 487

Templates, 398

-

,

integrated, 399,

400

-

,

modular, 399,

400

Testing

-

,

bacteria in water, 339, 342, 345, 350

-

fuels, 483-495

-

,jar, 433

-

lubricating oils, 496-504

-

oilfield wastewater samples, 431

-

petroleum products, 475

-

--

,

aniline point of fuels, 492

-

__

,

ash content of oils, 501

-

--

,

carbon residue

of

oils, 501

-

_-

,

charcoal test, 510

-

-_

,

cloud point, 499, 516

-

-_

,

color

of

lubricating oils and petroleum,

-

__

,

contamination

of

fuels, 487

-

--

,

corrosion test for gasoline, 495

-

_-

,

corrosion test for lubricating oils, 504

-

_-

,

dilution

of

crakcase oil, 500, 516

-

--

,

distillation, 475, 481, 511, 512

-

--

,

doctor test for sulfur content, 488

-

-_

,

dropping point

of

lubricating greases, 505

-

_-

,

fatty oil content, 502

-

__

,

flash and fire points, 498, 514

-

--

,

fluorescent-indicator adsorption test of

-

--,

freezing point

of

fuels, 508

499, 515

fuels, 494

561

-

--

,

gasoline content

of

natural gas, 510

-

--

,

gravity, 483, 512

-

--

,

gum content of gasoline, 491, 492

- --

,

knock properties

of

gasoline, 485

- --

,

mercaptan sulfur test for jet fuels, 489

-

__

,

molecular weight by lowering of freezing

-

--,

neutralization number, 502

-

--,

organic acidity, 502

-

--,

Orsat gas analysis, 505, 517

-

--,

penetration number of lubricating greases,

-

--,

precipitation number of lubricating oils,

-

--,

saponification number, 502

-

--,

sulfur content

of

lubricating oils, 503

-

--,

sulfur lamp test for fuels, 494

-

--,

tetraethyl lead in gasoline, 487

-

--,

thermal value of fuel oil, 491

-

--

,

vapor pressure, 484, 512

-

--,

viscosity

of

lubricating oils, 496, 514

-

--,

viscosity index of lubricating oils, 497

-

--

.

water and sediments in petroleum by

-

--,

water in petroleum by distillation, 513

-

--,

water tolerance

of

aviation fuels, 489

Thermal,

-

conductivity of,

-

--

metals, 258

-

--

rocks, 231

-

diffusivity of rocks, 231

-

efficiency

of

steam generator, 259

-

---_

vs flue gas temperature, 261, 262

-

properties

of

rocks, 231

-

value of fuel oil, 491

Throttling effect, 6

Turbine meters, 13,

15,

16, 27

-

-,

cross-section of, 17

-

-,

pressure drop curves

for,

20

-

-,

readout devices

of,

21

-

-,

specifications

of

waterflood, 19

point, 508, 518

505

--,

pour point, 499, 516

501

centrifugation, 513

Undercompaction, 7

Underground storage of,

-

--

gas,

-

---

in aquifers, 458

-

---

in depleted gas and

oil

fields, 458

-

--_

in salt caverns, 459

-

__-

in salt domes, 469

-

--

gas and oil, 457

,

reasons for, 457

-

---__

Viscosity,

-

,

dynamic, conversion factor, 521, 522

-

index, 497

-

,

kinematic, 496

-

of

heavy oil vs temperature, 223, 224

-

,

Saybolt, 496, 514

Vortex flowmeter, 27, 28

Wastewater,

-

disposal, 424

-

,

removal

of

suspended solids from, 433

-

treatment,

-

-,

air flotation, 425

__

,

--,

dissolved, 426

,

induced, 425

-

-,

--,

operation of, 429

-

-,

ancillary equipment for, 431

-

-,

--,

automatic oil skimmer, 431, 432

-

-,

chemical treatment, 433

-

treatment system, 424

-

--

design, 424

Water,

-

,

aggressiveness, 365

-

and sediments in petroleum by centrifugation,

-

chemical treatment systems for oilfield, 433

-

contaminants, 423

-

filtration, 357, 366

-

-,

selection

of

diatomite for, 362

-

in petroleum by distillation, 513

-

,

injection suitability of, 319

-

injection, causes

of

increased injection pres-

sure during, 320

-

intake design, 335

-

intake location, selection of, 334

-

,

oilfield, contaminated, 421

-

preparation for subsurface injection, 353

-

quality, 319, 423

-

for subsurface injection, 319

-

parameters, 423

-

,

removal

of

dissolved gases from injection,

-

-_

513

363, 367

,

aeration, 363

,

deaeration, 367

-

--_---

-

_-____

-

,

removal

of

solids from injection, 357, 364,

-

,

removal of

oil

from injection, 353

-

--_--

,

flotation, 356

-

-__--

,

gravity separation, 355

-

sampling and testing, 431

-

,

sea, 332

-

,

-,

characteristics of, 332

366

562

-

,

-,

for

injection purposes, 332

-

,

solubility

of

air

in, 427

-

tolerance

of

aviation fuels, 489

-

treatment, 422

-

,

treatment and disposal

of

produced, 451

Waterflood.

-

,

corrosion in, 327-330

-

installation, schematic, 354

-

rating chart, 348

-

,

sea water use in, 332

-

test methods, 339

-

--,

aerobic plate count, 339, 342, 345, 350

-

--,

corrosion coupons, 343, 344, 348

-

--,

dissolved oxygen, 340, 346, 350

-

--,

iron count, 341, 345, 346, 348

-

--,

membrane filter test, 340, 351

-

--

,

significance of various, 344, 345, 346, 351,

-

--,

pH, 340

352

-

--,

sulfate-reducing bacteria, 341, 345

-

--,

sulfide, 345, 350

-

--,

total bacteria, 342, 345, 350

-

,

equipment for injection, 363-368

- ---

,

chemical mixing and feed, 368

-

,

-__

,

clarification, 366

-

,

--_

,

deaeration, 367

-

,

--_

,

degassing, 367

-

,

--_

,

filter-aid filters, 367

,

--_

,

filtration, 366

-

,

--_

,

flocculation, 366

-

,

--_

,

pipelines, 363

-

,

--_

,

separators, 364

-

turbine meters, 15-17, 19-21

Weld decay, 290

WOC time, 76

-

Young’s modulus, 109, 112

Chilingarian G.V. et al. Surface Operations in Petroleum Production, II

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