Chilingarian G.V. et al. Surface Operations in Petroleum Production, II
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535
CONVERSION FACTORS
'
(continued)
Multiply
+
by
To
obtain
t
by
ounce, avdp
2.834952
(oz,
avdp)
9.114583
7.5954861
6.25
ounce, Brit., fluid
2.841305
9.607594
ounce,
US.,
fluid
2.957373
(oz,
liq)
1.8046875
7.8125
2.9572702
3.125
2.5
3
2.5
3
1.91615
pace
7.62
palm
7.62
parsec
3.085678
part per million (ppm)
1
peck,
US.
(pk)
8.809768
3.111140
5.37605
2.327294
8.809521
1.555174
4.16666
pennyweight (dwt)
perm,
0
O
C
perm,
23O
C
perm-in., 0
O
C
perm-in.,
23O
C
perch, masonry
pica, printer's
(not reservoir)
(not reservoir)
pint (pt),
U.S.,
dry
pint (pt),
U.S.,
liq
Planck's constant
point, printers
poise, absolute
viscosity
pottle, Brit.
5.72135
5.745 25
1.45322
1.45929
7.0084
2.475
4.217518
1.66044
5.506105
4.731765
1.671007
2.8875
1.25
4.731632
1.6
6.6255
3.514598
3.6
1
6.72
1.45
5
2.27298
+
c
x10-
x10-'
x
10-2
x
10-2
x~o-~
x
lo-'
x1or5
x10-
x10r2
x
10-2
x
10-1
x
10'
x
10-2
x10r'
x
10'6
x
1013
~10-3
x~o-~
x10-'
x
102
~10-3
x
10-3
x
lo-"
x
10-
'I
x
10-
l2
x10-'
x
10'
xio-)
x
lo-'
~10-
x
10-~
x
10-2
x
10'
x
lo-'
x10-'
x
10'
x1or2'
x
x
102
x
x
10-2
x1or5
x
lo-'
To
obtain
Divide
kg
oz
(apoth
or
troy)
Ib (apoth
or
troy)
Ib (avdp)
cu m
oz
(U.S.,
fluid)
cu m
cu in.
gal
(U.S.,
liq)
1
qt
(US.,
liq)
m
ft
in.
m
ft
in.
m
mi
(statute)
cu m
cu ft
cu in.
gal (U.S., liq)
1
lb (apoth
or
troy)
kg/(Pa-sec-m2
)
kg/( Pa-sec-m2
)
kg/(Pa-sec-m2
)
kg/(Pa-sec-m2)
cu m
cu ft
m
in.
cu m
cu m
cu
ft
cu in.
gal
(U.S.,
liq)
1
oz
(U.S.,
liq)
erg-sec
m
kg/m-hr
g/cm-sec
Ib/ft-sec
reyn (Ibrsec/in2.)
gal (Brit.)
1
8/1
kg
536
CONVERSION
FACTORS
I
(continued)
Multiply
+
by
+
To
obtain
To
obtain
t
by
t
Divide
pound, apoth
or
troy
3.732417
X
lo-'
pound, avdp (lb)
pounds of water evap.
from and at
212O
F
pounds per cubic foot
(lb/cu ft)
pounds per cubic inch
(lb/cu in.)
pounds per gallon, Brit.
pounds per gallon, U.S.
lb/gal
(U.S.,
liq)
pound-force (lb,)
pounds per minute
pounds of water
(lb/min)
at
39.2"
F/min
pounds per square foot
(PSf)
pounds per square inch
pucheon, Brit.
(Psi)
quadrant
quartern, Brit., dry
quartern, Brit., liq
quarter,
US.,
long
quarter,
U.S.,
short
quart, Brit., (qt, Brit.)
8.228751
1.2
4.114286
4.535924
3.2174
1.215277
3.5
4.4642857
4.5359237
5
1.0237
9.709
1.601846
2.7679905
9.977633
6.228839
1.198264
7.4805195
4.448222
7.559873
4.5359237
1.601891
1.198298
4.788026
4.72541
1.3096
4.8824276
6.894757
3.179751
8.4
1.570796
5.4
2.273044
5
2.272980
1.420652
3.125
1.420613
2.540117
5.6
2.267962
5
1.136522
6.935482
3.002373
1
I36490
x
10-1
x
10'
x
10-~
x10-'
x
10'
x
102
x~o-~
x1or4
x
x
106
x
102
x
10'
x
104
x
10'
x
102
x~o-~
x
10-1
x
10-2
x
lo-'
x
10'
x~o-~
x
10'
x
lo3
x
lo-'
x
10'
x
lo3
~10-3
x
lo-'
x1or4
x
10-2
x10-'
x
102
x
102
x
102
x
102
x~o-~
x
10'
x10-'
kg
lb (avdp)
oz
(apoth or troy)
tons (short)
kg
poundals
lb (apoth or troy)
scruples (apoth)
tons (long)
tons (metric)
tons (short)
J
Btu
kg/cu m
kg/cu
rn
kg/cu m
lb/cu ft
kg/cu m
lb/cu ft
N
kg/sec
l/min
cu ft/min
gal
(U.S.,
liq)/min
Pa
atm
ft of air
(1
atm,
60
F)
kg/sq
m
Pa
cu
m
gal
(U.S.,
Sq)
rad
min (angular)
cu m
gal (Brit.)
1
cu m
gal (Brit.)
1
kg
lb (avdp)
kg
lb
cu m
cu
in.
gal
(U.S.,
liq)
1
537
CONVERSION FACTORS (continued)
Multiply
+
by
+
To
obtain
To
obtain
t
by
t
Divide
quart,
U.S.,
dry
1.1012209
X
lor3
(qt, dry)
3.8889251
x
6.7200625
X
10'
quart,
U.S.,
liq.
(st,
LS,
quintal, metric
radian (rad)
radian per centimeter
(rad/cm)
radian per second
(rad/sec)
radians per second
register ton
(rad/sec2)
revolution, angular
Reyn
rhe
rod
rod, Brit., volume
rood, Brit.
rope, Brit.
9.463529
3.3420136
5.175
8
9.463264
3.2
1
1.9684131
2.204623
1
1.591549
5.729578
3.437141
6.366198
1
1.746375
1.455313
1
5.729578
9.549291
1.591549
5.129578
1.5915494
2.8316847
1
6.283185
3.6
4
4
6.89416
6.89476
1
1
5.0292
2.5
1.65
1.65
1.6499967
2.5
3.125
2.831685
1
1.0117183
2.5
4
1.21
6.096
2
6.66666
x
x
10-2
x
10'
x
10-1
x
10'
x
102
x
102
x
10-1
x
10'
x
103
x
10-1
x
10-2
x
103
x
102
x
10'
x
10-1
x
102
x10-'
x
102
x
102
x
102
x
103
x
106
x
10'
x
10-1
x
10-1
x
10'
x
10'
x
10-2
x
x
10'
x
103
x
103
x
10-1
x
10'
x
103
x
10’
cu m
cu ft
cu in.
cu m
cu ft
cu in.
gills
(U.S.)
1
oz
(U.S.,
liq)
kg
hundredweights (long)
lb (avdp)
rad
circumference
deg (angular)
min (angular)
quadrants
rad/m
deg (angular)/ft
deg (angular)/in.
rad/sec
deg (angular)/sec
'pm
rps
revolution/min2
revolution/sec
cu m
cu ft
rad
deg (angular)
grade
quadrant
Pa-sec
CP
Pa-sec
poise-
m
chain (Gunter's)
chain (Ramden's)
ft
ft
(U.S.,
Survey)
fur
mi
(statute)
cu m
cu ft
sq
m
acre
sq
perches
m
ft
Yd
sq
Yd
538
CONVERSION
FACTORS
(continued)
+
To
obtain
Multiply
+
by
To
obtain
t
by
t
Divide
scruule. auoth
1.2959782
x~o-~
.-
4.1666
scruple, Brit., fluid
seam, Brit.
section
seconds, angular
(sec, angular)
second, mean solar
(sec, mean solar)
second, sidereal
(sec, sidereal)
shake
skein
slug
slug per foot second
slugs
per cubic foot
space, entire
(slug/ft-sec)
(slug/cu ft)
span
spherical right angle
square centimeter
(sq
cm)
square chain, Gunter's
square chain, Ramden's
square degree
square foot
(sq
ft)
square foot,
U.S.
Survey
square inch
(sq
in.)
4.5714286
2.0
2.9094969
8
1.027479
2.909414
2.589997
1
4.848137
2.777777
1.1574074
2.777777
1.00273791
9.9726957
1.1542472
1
1.09728
3.6
1.459390
1
3.21740
4.788026
5.153788
1.2566372
2
2.286
1.25
7.5
1
1.570796
2.5
1
1,076391
1.550003
4.0468564
1
4.356
1.5625
9.290304
1
3.046174
9.290304
2.295684
1.44
3.5870064
9.2903412
1.0000040
6.4516
6.9444
1
x
10-2
x10-2
x
10'
x10-'
x
10'
x
lo2
x
106
x10-6
x
lor4
x10-5
x
10-~
x
10-1
x
10-5
x
10-8
x
102
x
102
x
10'
x
10'
x
10'
x
102
x
10'
x10-1
x
lo-'
x10-'
x10-'
x~o-~
~10-3
x10-'
x
102
x
10-1
x
lo3
x~o-~
x
10-2
x
lo4
x~o-~
x10-2
x
10-5
x
102
x10-8
x
10-2
x1or4
x~o-~
x
106
kg
oz
(apoth or troy)
on (avdp)
minims (Brit.)
cu
m
bu (Brit.)
cu
ft
1
sq
m
rad
min (angular)
days (mean solar)
hr
(mean solar)
sec (sidereal)
sec (mean solar)
days (mean solar)
sec (mean solar)
m
ft
geepound
lb (avdp)
sq
mi
kg
Pa-sec
kg/cu
m
steradian
hemisphere
m
fathom
ft
quarter (Brit., linear)
steradian
hemisphere
sq
m
sq
in.
sq
m
acre
sq
ft
sq
mi
sq ft
sq ft
sq m
steradian
sq
m
acre
sq
in.
sq
sq
m
sq mi
sq
ft
sq ft
sq
mils
539
CONVERSION FACTORS (continued)
Multiply
+
To obtain
t
square link, Gunter's
(sq
li, Gunter's)
square link, Ramden's
(sq
li,
Ramden's)
square meter (sq
m)
square mile
(sq
mi)
square rod
square yard (sq yd)
steradian
stere
(s)
Stoke
stone, Brit., legal
ton, assay
ton, long
ton, metric
ton, short
ton, refrigeration
ton, register
tonne
torr,
mrn
of
Hg,
0
O
C
township,
US.
by
by
4.0468564
1
4.356
5.5208695
2.2956841
1
1
2.471054
1.076391
3.861022
2.5899881
6.40
2.787829
2.52928526
6.25
2.7225
9.76562
8.3612736
2.066116
9
3.228306
1.591549
7.957747
6.366198
3.282806
1
9.99972
1
1.550003
1
1.4
2.916661
1.016047
2.12222
2.240
1.12
1
2.6792289
2.2046226
1.1023113
9.0718474
3.2
2.430555
2.000
3.516800
2.831685
1
1.33322
1
9.3239954
2.3040
3.6
3.6
+
t
x
10-2
x1or5
x10-'
x
10-1
x~o-~
x
lo4
x1or4
x
10'
x~o-~
x
106
x
102
x
lo7
x
10'
x~o-~
x
102
x
10-6
x
10-1
x1or4
x~o-~
x10-'
x
10-2
x10-'
x103
x
102
x
x
10-1
x
10-1
x
10-2
x
lo3
x
lo3
x
103
x
lo3
x
lo3
x
lo3
x
102
x104
x
103
x
103
x
103
x103
x
102
x
lo7
x104
x
10'
x
10'
To
obtain
Divide
sq m
acre
sq ft
sq
m
acre
hectare
acre
sq mi
sq m
acre
sq m
acre
sq ft
sq
ft
sq ft
sq ft
sq
mi
sq m
acre
sq
ft
sq
mi
hemisphere
solid angle
spherical right angle
sq
deg (angular)
cu
m
1
m2/sec
sq in./sec
poise-cu cm/g
cental (Brit.)
kg
kg
lb (apoth
or
troy)
lb (avdp)
ton (short)
kg
lb (apoth or troy)
lb (avdp)
ton (short)
kg
oz
(avdp)
lb (apoth or troy)
lb (avdp)
cu m
kg
Pa
mm
of
Hg
@
0
"C
sq
acre
sections
W
sq
mi
540
CONVERSION
FACTORS
'
(continued)
To
obtain
-.
+
Mu1
tiply
+
by
To
obtain
t
by
t
Divide
tun
watt (w)
watt, Int.
(w,
Int.)
watthour (whr)
weeks (mean calendar)
wey, Brit., mass
Yard (Yd)
year, calendar (yr, calendar)
year, leap (yr, leap)
year, sidereal
(yr, sidereal)
year, tropical
(yr, tropical)
9.5392382
2.52
4
1
3.41443
8.60421
1
4.42537
1.34102
1
1.000165
3.60
3.41443
8.60421
1.34102
6.04800
7.0191654
2.3704235
1.9178082
1.9164622
1.9165365
1.14305285
2.52
9.144
3
3.6
4.54545
1.81818
4
4
3.1536
3.65
8.76
5.256
1.236006
1.2
9.992981
9.993369
3.16224
3.66
3.155815
1.00702
1
.OOO0388
3.155693
1.0006635
9.9996121
x
lo-'
x
102
x
102
x
lo7
x
10'
x~o-~
x
lo3
x
102
XIO-~
x
lo5
x10-'
x10-2
x10-*
x10-2
x
102
x
102
x10-1
x
10'
~10~~
x
lo-'
x
lo7
x
102
x
103
x
105
x
10'
x
10'
x
10-1
x
10-1
x
107
x
102
x
107
x
107
x10-'
cu m
gal
(U.S.,
liq)
hogshead
Btu/hr
cal, g/hr
ergs/sec
ft-lb/min
J/sec
J
Btu
cal,
g
W
hP
W
hp-hr
sec (mean solar)
day (sidereal)
mo (lunar)
yr (calendar)
yr (sidereal)
yr (tropical)
lb (avdp)
m
ft
in.
fur
pole (Brit.)
quarter (Brit.)
span
sec (mean
solar)
days (mean solar)
hr (mean solar)
min
(mean solar)
mo (lunar)
mo (mean calendar)
yr (sidereal)
yr (tropical)
sec (mean solar)
days (mean solar)
sec (mean solar)
yr (calendar)
yr (tropical)
sec (mean solar)
yr (calendar)
yr (sidereal)
kg
541
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION FORMULAS
To obtain Formula
OF (Fahrenheit)
(
"
CX 1.8)+32
O
C (Centigrade) a
"C
K
(Kelvin)
"
R (Rankine)
"F+40
1.8
-
40
("F-32)X0.5555
"
C
+
213.16
"
F
+
459.688
a
Or Celcius, which is preferred
for
international use.
REFERENCES
A.I.S.C., 1958.
Steel Construction Manual.
American Institute
of
Steel Construction, New York, N.Y.,
Binder, R.C., 1962.
Fluid Mechanics.
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
N.J.,
4th ed., 453 pp.
Burington, R.S., 1957.
Handbook of Mathematical Tables and Formulas.
Handbook Publishers, Sandusky,
Chilingar, G.V. and Beeson, C.M., 1969.
Surface Operations
in
Petroleum Production.
Elsevier, New York,
Frick, T.C. (Editor), 1968.
Petroleum Production Handbook,
McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y., Vols.
1
and
420 pp.
Ohio, 296 pp.
N.Y., 391 pp.
Langnes, G.L., Robertson, J.O., Jr. and Chilingar, G.V., 1912.
Secondary Recovery and Carbonate
Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1982.
The
SZ
Metric System of Units and SPE Metric Standard.
SPE
Weast, R.C. and Astle, M.J., 1980-1981.
CRC Handbook of Chemistty and Physics.
CRC Press, Boca
Weast, R.C. (Editor), 1968.
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.
Chemical Rubber, Cleveland, Ohio, 49th
Zaba,
J.
and Doherty, W.T., 1956.
Practical Petroleum Engineer's Handbook,
Gulf, Houston, Tex., 4th
Reservoirs.
Elsevier, New York, N.Y., 304 pp.
Publ., 39 pp.
Raton, Fla., 61st ed.
ed., 2074 pp.
ed., 818 pp.
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
543
REFERENCES INDEX
*
Numbers
in
italics refer to references lists
A.I.S.C.,
541
AGA, 33, 34, 54,
58
APHA, 339,
369
API, 63, 70, 94, 99, 356,
359
API, RP-llAR, 295,
316
API, RP-1 lL, 295,
316
API, RP-2A, 410, 411, 412, 413,
418
API,
RP-45,
339,
369
ASME, 33,
58
ASTM, 1982b, 339,
369
ASTM,
D
1293-78, 339
API,
RP-38,
329, 352,
369
ASTM,
D
888-81, 339
ASTM, G1-72, 343
ASTM Committee D-2,
520
ASTM Standards,
520
Abbott, W.A., 192,
220
Acme Resin, 143,
157
Adams, B.H., 238,
243
Adams, K.C.,
276, 277
Alford, W.O.,
276
Allen, D.R.,
1,
2, 7,
11,
108,
115
Allen, J.R.L., 191, 193, 194,
219
Allen,
K.,
460, 461, 463, 464, 465,
472
Allen, T.O.,
11,
157,
219
Altieri,
V.,
302,
317
American Meter Co., 39, 41, 42, 43, 46
American Bur. Shipping, 410, 412,
418
American Gas Assoc., AGA, 32, 33, 34, 54,
58
Amstutz, R.W., 323, 324,
369
Anderson, G.W., 102, 158, 204,
219
Annand, R.R., 310,
316
Aseltine, R.J.,
276
Aspdin, J., 61
Astle, M.J.,
541
Atchison, T.C., 102,
158
Athy, C.H., 110
Atkinson, C.H., 153, 154,
157
Atmosudiro, H.W.,
276
Atteraas,
L.,
418
Aune, Q.A., 320,
370
Avdonin, N.A., 230,
276
Axelson,
Inc.,
4
Baghdikian,
S.Y., 8
Baker,
H.R.,
129,
157
Baker,
O.E.,
325,
369
Baker, P.E.,
276
Baker, W., 375,
418
Baker Oil Tools, Inc., 86,
99
Barkman, J.H., 340,
370
Barnard Jr., P., 328,
370
Barton Instruments, 47
Battelle Mem.
Inst.,
295,
316
Battles, W.R.,
323
Baumann, E.R., 328, 362,
370
Bays, A.C., 461,
472
Bean, H.S.,
59
Bearden, W.G., 68,
99
Beeson, C.M., 33,
59,
306,
316, 541
Bell, G.R., 362,
370
Bergey, K.H., 376, 377, 378,
419
Bernard,
G.G.,
131,
157
Bertness, T.A., 294, 305,
316, 520
Bigelow,
H.L.,
230,
280
Billingsley, R.H.,
276
Binder, R.C.,
541
Binkley, G.W., 69,
99
Birch, F.,
157
Birdwell, B.F.,
279
Black, A.P., 357,
370
Black, H.N., 131,
157
Blanks, R.F., 61,
99
Blaunt,
F.E.,
297, 304,
305,
316,
317
Bleakley, W.B.,
276
Blevins, T.R., 276,
280
Boardman, C.R., 154,
157
Boberg, T.C., 239, 276,
281
Bolstead, J.H., 106,
158
Bolster, R.N., 129,
157
*
Prepared by John
0.
Robertson, Jr. and George
V.
Chilingarian.
544
Borden, T.F., 203, 204, 206,
21 7
Bosley, T.C., 68,
100
Boulet, D.P., 197,
219
Bowman, C.H.,
276
Brady, J.D., 441, 452,
454
Branyan, S.C., 469,
473
Bray, B.G., 154,
157, 158
Brew, J.R.,
281
Brewer, S.W.,
279
Brice Jr., J.W., 70,
99
Brigham, W.E.,
277
Brinkley, T.W.,
277
Britton, 222,
277
Brooks Instrument Div., 19,
59
Brooks Jr., F.A., 69,
99
Brown, D.A., 410,
418
Brown, J.L., 128,
157
Brunsmann, J.J., 356,
370
Buckles, R.S., 223, 224,
277
Burington, R.S.,
541
Burnett,
A.I.,
277
Burnham, J.W., 125, 128, 129,
157
Bursell, C.G., 243,
277
Butler, R.M.,
277
Byron Jackson, Inc.,
99
Calif. Nat. Gasoline Assoc., CNGA, 33, 34, 54,
Calhoun Jr., J.C., 102,
159
Calvert, D.G., 69,
I00
Campbell, J.B.,
281
Campbell, J.M., 356,
370
Carborundum Co., 201,
219
Carey, B.D., 10,
I2
Carlson,
U.,
458, 459, 469,
473
Carter, M.A., 68,
I00
Carter, R.D., 122,
157
Cassi, F.J., 241,
282
Caudle, B.H., 243,
277
CE
Invalco, 59
CEMBUREXU, 70, 72
Cerini, W.F., 323,
370
Chappelear, J.E., 277,
282
Charlock, M.A., 376, 377, 378,
419
Chen, W.H., 243,
277
Cheng,
S.K.,
219
Cheung, C.V., 199, 200, 201
Chilingar, G.V.,
7,
33,
59,
64,
100,
158,
306, 316,
457,
520,
541
Chilinganan, G.V., 6, 7, 33,
110,
111,
114,
152,
153,
157, 158, 159,
194, 195,
219, 220, 473,
520
510, 520
Chilton, C.H.,
520
Christianovich, S.A., 113,
158
Clark, J.B.,
100,
418
Clark, J.E., 106,
158
Clark, J.M., 301,
317
Clark, R.C., 106,
158
Clark Jr., R.C. 69,
99
Cloninger, D.K., 339, 340,
371
Closmann,
P.J.,
277
Coats, K.H.,
277, 280,
458,468,469, 470,
473
Coberly, C.J., 192, 194,
204
Coffer, H.F., 69, 99, 106, 154,
158
Coleman, D.D., 9, 10,
I1
Coleman, D.M., 416, 417,
418
Collins, A.G., 348,
370
Collins, D.B., 264,
277
Collipp, B.G., 401, 402,
418
Conley Jr., W.R., 370,
357
Controlotron, 31,
59
Cook, D.L., 243,
277
Cook, N.H.,
59
Cooke, C.E., 138, 140,
158
Cookston, R.B.,
277
Comell, D., 6,
I1
Come11 Heavy
Oil,
Inc.,
245
Corporon, W., 380,
418
Coulter, A.W., 128, 131,
158,
I59
Cowan, R.,
418
Craft, B.C., 1,
11,
86,
99,109,
123, 154, 156,
I58
Crapps, D.K., 358,
371
Crawford, P.B., 128,
158, 320
Cron, C.J., 297, 305, 306,
316
Crookston, R.B.,
243
Crosby, G., 403, 404,
418
Culham, W.E., 243,
277
Cunningham, W.C., 68,
100
Dallmus, K.F., 110
Daneshy, A.A., 113,
116, I58
Daniel Industries, 23, 24, 25, 37, 38, 48,
59
Darlington, R.H., 204, 209,
219
Das, Kamalendu, 200, 201, 202,
220
Davidson, D.H., 340,
370
Davidson, L.B.,
277
Davies, D.W., 353,
371
Davies, L.G., 243,
277
Davis, J.B., 306,
316
Davis,
J.S.,
233, 234,
277
Davis, L.E., 327,
371
De Haan, H.J., 237,
277
De Swaan, O.A.,
277
Dean, H.J.,
316