Ball Martin, M?ller Nicole. The Celtic Languages

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776 INDEX

ICB see Institut Culturel de la Bretagne

imperatives 86: Irish 196–8, 196; Manx 324,

325, 343; Old Irish 85, 87, 95, 95, 98, 103;

Scottish Gaelic 291–2; Welsh 386, 404

impersonal constructions 268–9: Irish 12, 205;

Welsh 12, 408–9

indeﬁ nite pronouns 33, 82

independent pronouns: Middle Irish 112; Old

Irish 77–8, 78; Welsh 391–2, 393

indirect questions: Scottish Gaelic 294

indirect speech: Irish 204

Indo-European languages 4, 22–3

inﬁ xation 14, 19, 78, 79, 79, 103, 112

inﬂ ection: Old Irish 60, 71

inscriptions 28–9, 31–3: Aquae Sulis (Bath)

42; bilingual 36; Botorrita 7, 31–2, 33,

34, 43; Carcegna 35; Chamalières 38–9;

Châteaubleau 39; dedicatory 35–6, 37–8;

diagnostic features in 19; funeral 32, 35;

Hispano-Celtic (Celtiberian) 31–4; Ibiza 32;

Larzac 39–40, 41; Lusitanian 34; Luzaga

32, 33; Oderzo 35; Ornavasso vase 35–6;

Peñalba de Villastar 32, 33, 34; popular 38;

Prestino stone 36; S. Bernardino di Briona

35; Todi 35; Transalpine Celtic 29, 37–40;

Tywyn Stone 117–18; Vercelli 36; Vergiate

35, 36; Voltino 35

Institut Culturel de la Bretagne (ICB) 736

Insular Celtic languages 5, 6, 25: diagnostic

features 19; mutation in 7–8; word order

13; see also Brythonic (British, Brittonic)

languages; Goidelic (Gaelic) languages

International Committee for the Defence of the

Breton Language 736

interrogatives: Breton 439, 456–9; Irish 187–8;

Old Irish 81–2, 109; Scottish Gaelic 267,

275–6, 289–91, 294; Welsh 406–8

intonation: Scottish Gaelic 250; Traditional

Cornish 510; Welsh 373

Irish 4, 163–217: Ablaut 12; adjectives 76,

178–9, 181–2; adverbs 10, 181–4, 183;

articles 169, 188; BE 15, 16; bifurcated

demonstrative structure 16; conditionals

202–4; conjunctions 204; consonants

164–8, 165, 166; copula 170, 178–9, 186,

210–11, 212; demonstratives 188; dialects

165–8, 172 n. 1, 173–4, 177, 180, 181,

207, 214, 215, 568–9 (see also individual

dialects); eclipsis 8, 171–2, 172, 215; gender

176–7; imperatives 196–8, 196; impersonal

constructions 12, 205; indicatives 188–91,

189–91; indirect speech 204; interrogatives

187–8; language planning/development

216–17; legal status of 581–3; mood system

195–200; morphology 176–9; mutation in 8,

9, 10, 168–71, 170, 181, 215; negation 170,

196, 203; nominal phrases 169–70; non-ﬁ nite

structures 200–4, nouns 177; numerals 169,

179–81; orthography 164–72; particles 10,

170, 215; periphrasis 15, 193–4; phonology

164–72; prepositions 10, 11, 15, 169, 184–5,

184; pronouns 9–10, 17, 170, 185–7, 185;

state and 539–84; stress 176; subjunctive

mood 198–200, 199; syntax 213–16; verbal

adjectives 209–10; verbal nouns 12, 15,

200, 206–9, 206; verbs 12, 13–14, 188–95,

211–12; vocative 169; vowels 173–6, 175;

word order 213; see also Archaic Irish; Early

Irish; Middle Irish; Modern Irish; Old Irish;

Primitive Irish

Irish-language policy 543–6; 1922–56:

546–57; 1956–72: 557–73; 1973–92: 573–8;

1992–present: 578–84; broadcast media 544,

570–3, 575, 579, 580–1; and civil service

545, 547–50, 575, 578; demographics

and census data 539–43, 540, 541; and

education 550–7, 565, 575, 576–7, 578, 579;

and European Union 575; Gaelicization

of administration 547–50; and Gaeltacht

557–64, 558, 563, 583–4; standardization

567–70; targets: redeﬁ

nition of 565–7

Irslinger

, B. S. 73

Isaac, G. R. 34, 43, 129, 139, 141

ISOS (Irish Script on Screen) 59

Italic languages 4–5, 12, 22

Italo-Celtic hypothesis 4–5

Italo-Celtic languages 22

Jackson, K. H. 7, 121, 122, 123–5, 126, 127,

129, 130–1, 131, 132, 230, 237, 305, 587,

717

Jasanoff, J. H. 22, 37

Jenkin, M. 489

Jenkins, D. 118

Jenner, H. 753, 761

Jerome, St 4

Jones, B. 655

Jones, C. 688

Jones, D. B. 656, 658

Jones, D. G. 695

Jones, E. 665

Jones, G. 656

Jones, I. W. 702

Jones, Mari 727

Jones, Michael 716–17, 720

Jones, R. O. 650–704

Jones, R. T. 656

Jordán Cólera, C. 31, 32–3

INDEX 777

Jordan, W. 493

Juvencus manuscript 118

Kavanagh, S. 59

Kelly, A. 549, 551

Keltoi 3–4

Kergoat, L. 733

Kerneveg dialect 429, 430, 431–2, 723, 724

Kernewek Kemmyn see Revived Cornish

Kervella, F. 431, 435, 436–7, 438, 440, 481

Kesva an Taves Kernewek see Cornish

Language Board

KLT dialects 725; see also Kerneveg dialect;

Leoneg dialect; Tregerieg dialect

Kneen, J. J. 761, 762, 764

Koch, J. T. 38, 39, 129, 133

König, E. 204

Kowal, B. 39

Kuter, L. 739, 744

La Borderie, A. 713

La Graufesenque grafﬁ ti 38

La Tène culture 3

Lagadeuc, J. 427

Laîné, N. 717

Lamb, W. 639

Lambert, P.-Y. 37, 38, 39

Larzac inscription 39–40, 41

LASID see Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish

Dialects

Late Cornish 488: consonants 505–6; metrics

495; morphology 513–14, 514, 515, 515,

517, 518, 519, 522, 523, 525; mutations

506, 512; orthography 496–7, 497–8; sandhi

509; semi-vowels 505–6; socio-linguistic

variations 531–2; sources 493–4; syntax 528,

530, 531; vowels 503–4, 508

Late Manx 307–9, 332–3, 336, 340, 342, 346,

347, 349

Latin Book of St Chad 118

Le Boëtté, I. 429

Le Clerc, L. 481

Le Coadic, R. 726, 732–3, 734

Le Dû, J. 724, 725, 726

Le Gonidec, J.-F. 428–9, 725

Le Nobletz, M. 725

Leader newspaper 556–7

Lejeune, M. 31, 36, 37, 38, 39

leniprovection 10, 436

lenition 8: Breton 9, 10, 436–40, 449–50,

461–2; Irish 9, 10, 168–71, 170, 181, 215;

Late Cornish 506; Manx 312–14, 321;

numerals and 181; Old Irish 61–2, 65, 66,

68, 70, 103; Old/Middle Welsh 128, 130;

particles and 10; Scottish Gaelic 250–1, 251,

253–4, 260, 261, 262; Traditional Cornish

506, 513

léonais see Leoneg dialect

Leoneg dialect 429, 430, 431–2, 723, 724, 725

Lepontic 5, 24

Leroux, R. (Meven Mordiern) 725

Letta, C. 42

Lewis, E. G. 658, 659

Lewis, H. 59, 146, 147, 152, 153

Lewis, J. S. 651, 694

Lezoux ceramic plate 39

Lhuyd, E. 491, 493, 497, 516–17, 518, 519,

532: morphology 522, 523

Liber Landavensis see Book of Llandaff

Lindeman, F. O. 39

Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects

(LASID) 201

Linguistic Survey of Scotland 230–1, 298

Llanstephan 116, 141–2

Lloyd, N. 651

Llyfr yr Ancr see Book of the Anchorite

loanwords: Manx 312; Old Irish 60; Scottish

Gaelic 299–300; Traditional Cornish 505,

507, 508, 511, 511–12, 514, 532; Welsh

359–61, 369, 373, 375, 379–80, 423–4

Loch, C. W. 764

Longacre, R. 204

loom weights 32–3

Lorimer, W. L. 587

Lorrio, A. J. 33

Loth, J. 713, 717

Lugano script 30, 30, 36

Luján, E. R. 43

Lusitanian 34

Luwian verbal abstract 34

Luzaga inscription 32, 33

Lyon, R. L. 488, 528

Mabinogion 118

Mac Cana, P. 148

Mac Cuarta, Séamus Dall 559–60

Mac Donnacha, S. 579

MacAulay, D. 638, 639

MacCaluim, A. 646

McCloskey, J. 194

McCone, K. 39, 60, 65, 67, 96, 102, 103, 110,

124

MacKinnon, K. 587–646

McLeod, W. 646

McManus, D. 56, 58

MacNamara, J. 565

Macpherson Task Force on Gaelic 644

McQuillan, P. 86, 198

778 INDEX

MAGOG see Ministerial Advisory Group on

Gaelic

Manning, H. P. 152

Manx 4, 305–56: adjectives 313–14, 316;

adverbs 348; articles 313, 321–3, 342–3;

bifurcated demonstrative structure 17;

conditionals 343, 344; consonants 310–12;

copula 350–1; dative 313, 315, 321; demise

of 355–6; demonstratives 342; dialects 353;

genitive 313, 314, 315, 321, 322; history of

305–6; imperatives 324, 325, 343; lexical

structure 353–5; loanwords 312; morphology

315–42; mutation in 8, 312–15, 321;

negation 334; nominative 315, 321; noun

phrases 342–3; nouns 315; numerals 316–20;

orthography 306–7; particles 313, 335–6;

passive voice 344–5; phonology 307–15;

prepositions 11, 313, 333–4; pronouns

335–42, 345–6; simple sentences 348–52;

stress 312; subjunctive 352; subordination

351; sufﬁ xation 330–1; syntax 342–53;

telling the time 320–1; verb phrases 343–6;

verbal adjectives 334–5; verbal nouns 330–4;

verbs 12, 314, 323–30, 343, 344, 346–8;

vocative 313, 315; vowels 307–10; word

order 342, 348–9; see also Early Manx; Late

Manx; Revived Manx

Manx Gaelic Society (Yn Çheshaght

Ghailckagh, YCG) 760–1, 763, 764

Marcellus of Bordeaux 38, 41

Marichal, R. 37, 38

Marinetti, A. 36

Market Research Working Party 685–6

Markey, T. L. 36

Marstrander, C. J. S. 762

Martianus Capella 118

Martin du Gard, R. 732

Martinet, A. 7

Maunoir, J. 428, 725

Mees, B. 36, 39

Meid, W. 32, 34, 38, 39, 42

Mercado, A. O. 35

Mercator-Education 739

metaphony: in Old Irish 67

Middle Breton 427, 717–18

Middle Cornish 488: consonants 504–6, 505;

metrics 495; morphology 513, 514, 514, 515,

516–18, 517, 519, 522, 523, 524, 524, 526;

mutations 511, 512–13; orthography 495–6,

496, 497; phonotactics 510; sandhi 508,

508, 509; sources 493: semi-vowels 504–6,

505; stress 506; syntax 527, 527, 528, 528,

529–30; vowels 501–4, 502, 507–8

Middle Irish 55–6, 110–13

Middle Welsh 118–19: adverbs 149–51;

embedded focus clauses 153–4; expletive

subjects 148–9; particles 144–5, 146, 147,

149–50; poetry 118, 119, 133, 141, 146;

prepositions 144; pronouns 150; tales/

romances 118–19; verbs 25, 142, 142, 143;

word order 144–50; see also Old/Middle

Welsh

Milan manuscript 59

Milin, R. 743

Miller, D. G. 153

Miller, S. 762

Milne Task Force on Gaelic Broadcasting 645

Ministerial Advisory Group on Gaelic

(MAGOG) 644

Miossec, J.-C. 728

Mitchell, R. 633

Mitchell-Kernan, C. 689

Moal, S. 741, 742–3

Moch, L. P. 732

modal verbs: Manx 346–8; Scottish Gaelic 284

Modern Breton 718

Modern Irish 186, 201–2, 208, 209–10

Modern Welsh 143, 144, 149, 151, 153

Moore, A. W. 761, 762

Morandi, A. 35

Mordiern, M. (René Leroux) 725

Morgan, Bishop W. 424

Morgan, T. J. 152, 153, 154

Morin, E. 722

morphology: Ablaut 12, 18; Cisalpine Celtic

36–7; and gender 11; Hispano-Celtic

(Celtiberian) 33; Irish 176–9; Manx 315–42;

Middle Irish 111–13; Middle Welsh 119;

Old/Middle Welsh 133–44; prepositions 11;

Transalpine Celtic 41; Traditional Cornish

513–26; verbs 11–12; Welsh 384–97

Morris, W. A. 757

Morris-Jones, J. 124, 133, 134, 141, 652, 673

Morvannou, F. 430, 436, 479, 481, 482, 727

Motta, F. 31, 35, 43

Mudiad Ysgolion Meithrin (MYM) see Welsh

Pre-school Playgroup Association)

Mulcahy, R. 553, 554–6

Mülhausen, L. 763

Munster dialect 176, 186, 193, 201, 202

mutations 6–11, 19, 127–30: Breton 8, 9,

436–42; Cornish 8, 512–13, 512; and gender

8–9, 10, 154, 155; Irish 8, 9, 10, 168–71,

170, 181, 215; Late Cornish 506, 512; Manx

8, 312–15; Middle Cornish 511, 512–13;

mixed 10, 436; Old Irish 65–6; Old/Middle

Welsh 126–31, 154–5; Primitive Cornish

510–11, 510; Scottish Gaelic 250–4; soft

INDEX 779

8, 10–11, 126, 127–8, 130; Traditional

Cornish 510–13; Welsh 8, 14, 376–81, 377;

see also aspiration; lenition; nasalization;

provections; spirantization

MYM see Welsh Pre-school Playgroup

Association

NAfW see National Assembly for Wales

names 31

Nance, R. M. 521 n. 1, 754, 755–6, 757

nasalization 127–8, 129–30: Manx 312–13,

314; Middle Cornish 512–13; Old Irish

65–6, 66, 69, 103; Old/Middle Welsh 127–8,

129–30; Scottish Gaelic 251–2, 252, 254;

Traditional Cornish 512–13

National Assembly for Wales (NAfW) 700, 701

National Eisteddfod 658, 692–3, 694

National Survey on Languages 543, 573, 575

National Television Campaign (Feachtas

Náisiúnta Teilifíse) 580–1

Nazis: and Revived Manx 762–3

negation: Breton 478; Irish 170, 196, 203;

Manx 334; Modern Welsh 151; Old Irish

103, 104, 109; Old/Middle Welsh 150–1;

Scottish Gaelic 275, 292–3; Welsh 378,

382–3, 403–6, 410–11, 413

Neo-Breton 726–8

neo-Celtic languages 6, 7

Newlyn School 491, 532

Nicolaisen, W. F. H. 587

Nicolas, M. 733, 741

nominative: Manx 315, 321; Old Irish 70, 106;

Scottish Gaelic 262

Noric 42

notae augentes see pronominal clitics

noun phrases: Manx 342–3; Scottish Gaelic

277–82

nouns: Breton 443–9; declension 23, 33; Irish

177; Manx 315; mutation 8–9; Old Irish

70–6; Old/Middle Welsh 133–6; Scottish

Gaelic 253, 254–61, 280–1; Traditional

Cornish 514, 518–19; Welsh 387–9, 391,

419–22; see also verbal nouns

Nova Scotia 5, 231

numerals 17–18, 19: Breton 436–7, 439, 460–6;

Irish 169, 179–81; Manx 316–20; Middle

Irish 112; Old Irish 76–7; Old/Middle Welsh

130, 135, 136; Scottish Gaelic 262–4, 282;

Traditional Cornish 518–19; Welsh 17, 391,

419–22

Ó Baoill, D. 163–217

Ó Buachalla, B. 201

Ó Cearúil, M. 582

Ó Ciosáin, É. 580

Ó Corráin, A. 101

Ó Cuív, B. 305, 539–40

Ó Curnáin, B. 198, 202

Ó Dónaill, N. 557, 568–9

Ó Drisceoil, P. 573

Ó Gealbháin, S. 71

Ó Glaisne, R. 573

Ó Gliasáin, M. 542, 544, 547, 575, 576

Ó hIfearnáin, T. 539–84

Ó hUallacháin, C. 178

Ó hUiginn, R. 107, 196–7, 200

Ó Laighin, P. 575

Ó Laoire, M. 556

Ó Máille, T. 582

Ó Mianáin, P. 559

Ó Móráin, D. 572

Ó Murchú, M. 560

Ó Néill, D. 728, 729, 730–1

Ó Riagáin, P. 544, 547, 548, 557, 565, 575, 576

Ó Riain, S. 549, 550

Ó Sé 181, 194, 199 n.

Ó Súilleabháin, A. 539

Ó Torna, C. 559, 560

Ó Tuathaigh, G. 572

Oderzo inscription 35

Odlin, T. J. 194

Ofﬁ ce de la Langue Breton (OLB, Oﬁ s ar

Brezhoneg) 735–6, 738, 740–1, 743–4, 745,

745, 747

Ofﬁ cial Languages Act 2003, Ireland 575, 582

Oﬁ s ar Brezhoneg see Ofﬁ ce de la Langue

Breton (OLB)

Oftedal, M. 7, 241

Ogam 55, 56–8, 57, 61

Old Breton 427, 717

Old Cornish 488: consonants 504–5, 505;

morphology 513; orthography 495, 495;

semi-vowels 504–5, 505; sources 492;

vowels 499–503, 500

Old Irish 55, 59–110: accusative case 82;

adjectives in 75–6, 105, 106, 109; adverbs

81; apocope 61; articles 70, 71, 104; cleft

sentences 106; conjunctions 103, 107–9;

co-ordination 106; consonants 62, 68–70;

copula 101, 102, 105; deponentiality 87,

93; gender 60, 70; genitive case 70–1, 82,

105; inﬂ ection 60, 71; interrogation 81–2,

109; loanwords 60; metaphony 67; middle

voice 87; morphophonemics 64–7; mutations

61–2, 65–6, 66, 68, 69, 70, 103; negation

103, 104, 109; nominative 70, 106; nouns

70–6; numerals 76–7; orthography 67–70;

palatalization 61, 62, 65, 70; particles 103–4;

780 INDEX

passive 85, 86, 93, 95, 95, 101; phonology

23, 60–4; prepositional case 70–1, 82;

prepositions 82–4, 83–4, 103–4; preverbs

85; pronominals 82; pronouns 14, 77–84,

103, 109; relative constructions 86–7, 103–4,

106–7; stress 64; subjunctive 85, 92, 98,

99; subordination 106; sufﬁ xes 34, 76, 78,

79–80, 80, 109, 110; syncope 61, 66–7,

79; syntax 104–9; verbs 25, 84–104, 110;

vocative 70, 71; vowels 63–4, 67, 70; word

formation 109–10; word order 89, 104–6

Old/Middle Welsh 117–56, 120–33: adjectives

137; consonants 126–31; copula 155–6;

gender 135–6, 137; morphology 133–44;

mutations 126–31, 154–5; negation

150–1; nouns 133–6; numerals 130, 135,

136; phonology 119–33; poetry 139, 140;

prepositions 143–4; pronouns 136–7;

provection 132–3; subordination 151–4;

sufﬁ xation 134–5, 137, 141–2; syntax

144–56; verbal nouns 132; verbs 137–43,

138; vowels 120–6, 133–4, 137, 138–9, 140,

141; word order 144–50; see also Middle

Welsh; Old Welsh

Old Welsh 117–18: poetry 146, 147; word order

145–6, 147; see also Old/Middle Welsh

‘One Wales’ 702–3

onomastics 42–3

Ora Maritima (Avienus) 3

O’Rahilly, T. F. 176, 196 n. 1

ordinal numbers: Breton 461–2; Irish 164–72;

Manx 319–20; Old Irish 77; Welsh 422

Ornavasso vase inscription 35–6

orthography: Breton 430–1; Cornish 495–8;

Irish 164–72; Late Cornish 496–7, 497–8;

Manx 306–7; Middle Irish 111; Middle

Welsh 119; Old Cornish 495, 495; Old Irish

67–70; Revived Cornish 498, 755–7; Scottish

Gaelic 231–6, 233–4, 235–6

Ovid (Ars Amatoria) 118

Owen, M. E. 118, 651

P-Celtic languages 5–6; see also Breton

Padel, O. J. 754

palatalization: Old Irish 61, 62, 65, 70; Scottish

Gaelic 247, 259, 260

Palmer, F. R. 197, 199 n.

Panier, R. 715

Parry, T. 655

Parry-Williams, T. H. 654

participles 12: Breton 441, 450, 454, 470, 471,

475, 476; Early Irish 88, 101; Manx 323, 331,

333, 334, 344; Modern Irish 209–10; Scottish

Gaelic 247, 284; Transalpine Celtic 41

particles 13–14, 19: Breton 10, 439, 466; and

eclipsis 10; inﬁ xed pronouns and 14; Irish 10,

170, 215; Manx 313, 335–6; Middle Welsh

144–5, 146, 147, 149–50; and mutation 10;

Old Irish 103–4, 109; preverbal 13; Scottish

Gaelic 292; Traditional Cornish 528; Welsh

10; and word order 13–14

passive voice 268: Breton 464, 482; Manx

344–5; Old Irish 85, 86, 95, 95, 101; Welsh

408–10

Patagonia: Welsh in 5

Pedersen Consulting/Hecla Consulting 646

Pedersen, H. 59, 141

Pedrero, R. 34

Peñalba de Villastar inscription 32, 33, 34

Pender, O. 532

Pengilly, J. 528

periphrasis 12, 15–16, 18, 19: Breton 12, 14,

15; Irish 15, 193–4; Welsh 15, 416

personal pronouns: Breton 453–4; Middle Irish

112; Old Irish 77–80, 80; Scottish Gaelic

264

perspectivity: Middle Irish 112; Old Irish 87

Perthshire dialect 230, 252

Peurunvan 430, 726, 727

Phillips, Bishop J. 305, 306

phonology 6–11: Breton 431–6; Cisalpine

Celtic 36; Cornish 498–513; Hispano-Celtic

(Celtiberian) 23, 33; initial mutations 7; Irish

164–72; Manx 307–15; Middle Irish 110–11;

Middle Welsh 119; Old Irish 23, 60–4; Old/

Middle Welsh 119–33; Primitive Irish 57–8;

proto-Celtic 23–4; Revived Cornish 755–7;

Scottish Gaelic 231–50; Transalpine Celtic

23, 41

phonotactics: Cornish 510

Pictish 5

Picts 5

Piette, J. R. F. 155

Pinault, G. 37, 38

Pine, R. 570

poetry 35: Middle Welsh 118, 119, 133, 141,

146; Old/Middle Welsh 139, 140; Old Welsh

146, 147

Pollard, P. 755

Polybius 3

Poppe, E. 145

population pyramids: Scotland 615–20

Poseidonius 3

possessive adjectives: Breton 438; Scottish

Gaelic 265, 265–6, 278

possessive pronouns: Breton 455; Irish 9–10,

170, 186; mutation 8–9; Old Irish 80, 80;

Welsh 8, 9–10, 383, 392–3

INDEX 781

possessives: Manx 313, 314, 335–6

Prattis, J. I. 643

preﬁ xation: Breton 447, 452, 467; Manx 314;

and mutation 10–11; Old Irish 110; Welsh

10–11, 395–6

Prémel, G. 721

prepositional case: Old Irish 70–1, 82

prepositional pronouns: Manx 336–42; Scottish

Gaelic 264–5, 265

prepositions: and BE 14–16; Breton 10, 11, 15,

436–7, 439, 462–6; Irish 10, 11, 15, 169,

184–5, 184; Manx 11, 313, 333–4; Middle

Irish 112; Middle Welsh 144; Old Irish 82–4,

83–4, 103–4; Old/Middle Welsh 143–4;

Scottish Gaelic 274; Traditional Cornish

516–18; Welsh 10, 11, 15, 386–7

Press, I. 427–82

Prestino stone inscription 36

Price-Jones, E. 689

Primitive (Archaic) Welsh 117

Primitive Cornish 488, 499–501, 500, 504,

510–11, 510

Primitive Irish 55, 56–8

pronominal clitics (notae augentes) 77–8, 80–1,

81, 86

pronominals: in Middle Irish 112; Old Irish 82

pronouns: Breton 14, 17, 453–5; demonstrative

81, 188, 267–8, 268; Early Modern Welsh

136; Hispano-Celtic (Celtiberian) 33–4;

inﬁ xed 14, 78, 79, 79, 103, 109; Irish 9–10,

17, 170, 185–7, 185; Manx 335–42, 345–6;

Middle Irish 112; Middle Welsh 150; and

mutations 9–10; Old Irish 14, 77–84, 103,

109; Old/Middle Welsh 136–7; relative 34,

266, 413; Scottish Gaelic 264–8, 265, 281;

Traditional Cornish 515; Transalpine Celtic

40; Welsh 8, 9–10, 14, 383, 384, 391–4, 396,

413

Prosdocimi, A. L. 33, 36

Prósper, B. M. 32, 33, 34

proto-Celtic: and Indo-European 22–3;

phonology 23–4; reﬂ ex in 5–6

provections: Breton 8, 440, 441, 451; Cornish

8; Old/Middle Welsh 132–3; Traditional

Cornish 512, 513

Pryce, W. 494

Pryce, W. T. R. 662

Ptolemy: Geography 42–3, 55

publishing: Breton 740–1; Revived Cornish

755, 758, 759; Scottish Gaelic 634; Welsh

656, 684–8, 688

Q-Celtic languages 5–6

Quéré, A. 732, 733, 734, 747

radio: Breton 741–2; Irish 570–1, 573, 580;

Welsh 690, 691

Radio Cymru 691

Radio Éireann 570–1

Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ) 571–3, 581

Raidió na Gaeltachta 573

Rannóg an Aistriúcháin 567, 568

Ravenstein, E. G. 656

Raybould, M. E. 42

Red Book of Hergest 118

Rees, A. D. 690

Rees, W. 653

reﬂ exives: Breton 439, 468; proto-Celtic 5–6

relative constructions 34, 272: Breton 478;

Manx 352; Old Irish 86–7, 103–4, 106–7;

Scottish Gaelic 292, 296–7; Welsh 13, 14,

413–15

Reversing Language Shift (RLS) 728–31

Revived Cornish 497, 498, 753–60: attitudes

to 755; domains 759; and education

759; lexicon 757–8; organizations 759;

orthography 498, 755–7; phonology 755–7;

publications 755, 758, 759

Revived Manx 760–6

Rhys, J. 656, 658

Richards, M. 147, 152, 153, 155

Ringe, D. 22

RLS see Reversing Language Shift

Robert, G. 654

Rodway, S. 119, 140, 141

Roeder, C. 761

Rogers, V. 737

Roma, E. 71

Roman Britain: spoken language 42

Roman script 29, 31

Ronan, P. 71

RTÉ see Radio Telefís Éireann

Russell, P. 119

S. Bernadino di Briona inscription 35

St Gall manuscript 59

Salesbury, W. 653–4, 655

Sandercock, G. M. 755

sandhi 7, 8: Late Cornish 509; Middle Cornish

508, 508, 509; Old Irish 61, 65; Scottish

Gaelic 247–8; Traditional Cornish 508–9

Saor-Raidió Chonamara see Free Radio

Conamara

Saorstat Éireann 560

Saunders, T. 490, 755, 756

Savage, R. 572

Scéim Labhairt na Gaeilge 583

Schmidt, K. H. 6, 30, 39–40, 42

Schmoll, U. 31

782 INDEX

Schrijver, P. 22, 39

Scottish Gaelic 4, 230–300: adjectives 253,

261–2, 261, 265–6, 265, 277, 278, 281–2;

adverbs 274–5, 285–6, 294, 296; apocope

238; articles 253, 260–1, 260, 278–9, 280–1;

and arts 646; BE 16, 285; broadcast media

634; in community 597–601, 603–6, 607–8,

609, 611, 612, 622–3, 624, 628–31, 631,

645; compounds 248, 249, 277; conjunctions

294, 295; consonants 232, 234, 235–6,

238, 243–4, 244, 246–7; co-ordination

293; copula 286–8, 291; dative 256, 258,

262, 296; demonstratives 267–8, 268, 278;

dialects 230, 231, 232, 237, 241–2, 243, 245,

252, 268, 298, 639; distribution of Gaelic

speech community 589–97, 591–7; domains

of usage 597–613, 597–601, 603–6, 607–8,

609, 610, 611, 612–13; dual number 255,

262; and education 588–9, 597, 600–1, 612,

614, 617–21, 632–3, 635–6, 645–6; and

families 597, 597, 598, 600–1, 603–6, 607–8,

609, 609–10, 610, 612–13, 614, 621, 622,

625–7, 639, 640, 643–4; gender 255; genitive

256, 258, 262, 264, 278–80, 280, 296–7;

historical perspective 587–9; imperatives

291–2; interrogation 267, 275–6, 289–91,

294; language-group viability 635–40,

637, 638, 639, 640; language-loyalty and

attitudes 641–4, 642; language maintenance:

institutional support 632–5; loan words

299–300; and media 611

, 612, 623, 625, 645,

646; morphology 254–77; morphophonemics

250–4; mutation in 8, 250–4, 251, 260,

261, 262; negation 275, 292–3; nominative

262; non-mutation 251, 252–3; noun

phrases 277–82; nouns 253, 254–61,

280–1; in Nova Scotia 5; numerals 262–4,

282; orthography/pronunciation 231–6,

233–4, 235–6; palatalization 247, 259, 260;

phonology 231–50; prepositions 10, 1

pronouns 264–8, 265, 268; and publishing

634; relative clauses 266, 292, 296–7; and

religion 588, 597, 597, 598, 600–1, 610, 612,

634–5; sandhi 247– 248; simple sentences

286–9; social history/contemporary status

587–646; stress 248–9; subjunctives 297–8;

subordination 292, 293–7; sufﬁ xation 276–7;

syllabiﬁ cation 245–6; syncope 238; syntax

277–300; and theatre 634; twenty-ﬁ rst

century support infrastructure 644–6; verbal

adjectives 274; verbal nouns 273–4, 276,

282–3, 291, 292, 297; verbs 11–12, 253,

254, 268–74, 273, 277, 282–5; vocative 256;

vowels 232, 233–4, 236–8, 242–6, 242, 243,

244; Western Isles: usage in 622–31, 622–7,

628–31; word order 286; at work 597, 598,

599, 600–1

Seanad Éireann 565

Sébillot, P. 715

semi-vowels: Cornish 504–6, 505

Shohamy, E. 562–3

Simon, G. 763

Sims-Williams, P. 42, 56, 118, 121, 124

Skolveurig 430, 726–7

Smith, A. S. D. 754, 755

Smith, J. A. 588

Snell, J. A. N. 757

Solinas, P. 35

Southall, J. E. 652, 656–7, 662

spirantization: Breton 440–1; Traditional

Cornish 512, 513

Spolsky, B. 562–3, 570

Stifter, David 55–113

Stoyle, M. 490

Strabo 3

Strachan, J. 59

stress 7, 122–5: Breton 431–2, 463; Irish 176;

Late Brythonic 122–3; Manx 312; Middle

Cornish 506; Old Irish 64; Scottish Gaelic

248–9; Traditional Cornish 506–7; Welsh 7,

372–3, 376, 415–19

Strowski, S. 731

Stüber, K. 73

subjunctive 86: Irish 198–200, 199; Manx 352;

Old Irish 85, 92, 98, 99; Scottish Gaelic

297–8; Traditional Cornish 530–1; Welsh

386

subordination: Breton 477; Manx 351; Old

Irish 106; Old/Middle Welsh 151–4; Scottish

Gaelic 292, 293–7; Traditional Cornish

529–30

sufﬁ xation: Breton 17, 446–7, 448, 452–3;

Manx 330–1; Old Irish 34, 76, 78, 79–80,

80, 109, 110; Old/Middle Welsh 134–5, 137,

141–2; Scottish Gaelic 276–7; Welsh 17, 396

Surrexit Memorandum 118

svarabhakti: Traditional Cornish 499, 500

syncope: Old Irish 61, 66–7, 79; Scottish Gaelic

238

syntax 13–20: BE 14–16; bifurcated

demonstrative structure 16–17; Cisalpine

Celtic 36; Hispano-Celtic (Celtiberian) 33;

Irish 213–16; Manx 342–53; Middle Welsh

119; numerals 17–18, 19; Old Irish 104–9;

Old/Middle Welsh 144–56; Scottish Gaelic

277–300; Traditional Cornish 526–31; see

also word order

Szemerényi, O. 37–8

INDEX 783

Tabula Contrebiensis 43

Tacitus, Publius Cornelius 4

Tartessian 34

Teilifís na Gaeilge 581

television: Breton 742–3, 745; Irish 571–3,

580–1; and minority languages 689; Scottish

Gaelic 634; Welsh 689–92

Ternes, E. 7, 432, 433, 436, 725

tesserae hospitalis 32

Tevenar, G. von 763

Texier, M. 728, 729, 730–1

theatre: Breton 744; Scottish Gaelic 634

Thesaurus Linguae Hibernicae 59

Thomas, P. W. 129, 131, 131, 141, 144

Thomas, R. G. 702, 703

Thompson, S. A. 204

Thomson, D. S. 587

Thurneysen, R. 59, 96, 206

Timm, L. A. 712–47

Tocharian languages 12, 22

Todi inscription 35

toponyms 42–3

Tovar, A. 31, 34

Traditional Breton 727–8

Traditional Cornish 488–532: adjectives 515;

articles 513–14; chronological phases 488;

consonants 504–6; demonstratives 514–15;

dialects 531–2; history 488–92, 498–9, 498;

intonation 510; lexis 532; loanwords 505,

507, 508, 511, 511–12, 514, 532; metrics

495; morphology 513–26; mutations 506,

510–13, 511–12; nouns 514, 518–19;

numerals 518–19; orthography 495–8;

phonology 498–513; phonotactics 510; place

names 495; prepositions 516–18; pronouns

515; provections 512, 513; sandhi 508–9;

semi-vowels 504–6; sources 492–5; stress

506–7; subjunctive 530–1; subordination

529–30; svarabhakti 499, 500; syntax

526–31; verbs 519–26, 527–8, 528; vowels

498–504, 507–8; word order 528–9

Transalpine Celtic 23, 24–5, 37–42

Traugott, E. 200

‘Treachery of the Blue Books’ 659–60

Tregerieg dialect 429, 430, 431, 723, 724

trégorrois see Tregerieg dialect

Trépos, P. 432, 448, 479, 481

Trosset, C. 684

Tywyn Stone inscriptions 117–18

Uhlich, J. 35

Ulster dialect 176, 184, 185–6 n., 186, 187, 193,

196 n. 1, 201, 205, 207, 209, 214

Uniﬁ ed Cornish Revised (UCR) 756, 757, 760

universities: Breton 726, 730, 739; Irish 552,

553–4; Scottish Gaelic 588, 633, 645; Welsh

658, 673, 682, 683–4, 703

Untermann, J. 31, 32–3, 34, 43

Urdd National Eisteddfod 693

Urien, J.-Y. 440

Vallée, F. 725

Vallerie, E. 737

Vannes dialect see Gwenedeg dialect

vannetais see Gwenedeg dialect

Velaza, J. 33

Vendryes, J. 59

Vendryes’ Restriction 40

verbal adjectives 12, 334: Irish 209–10; Manx

334–5; Scottish Gaelic 274

verbal nouns: Breton 12, 15, 18, 467; Irish 12,

15, 200, 206–9, 206; Manx 330–4; Middle

Welsh 143; Old Irish 104; Old/Middle Welsh

132; Scottish Gaelic 273–4, 276, 282–3, 291,

292, 297; Welsh 379, 401–2, 404–5

verbs 18; absolute–conjunct system of inﬂ ection

139–40; Breton 12, 466–77; Cisalpine Celtic

37; Cornish 12; dual ﬂ exional paradigm of

25; Early Modern Gaelic 269; impersonal

constructions 12, 19, 408–9; inﬁ nitives 18;

Irish 12, 13–14, 188–95; irregularities 142–3;

Manx 12, 314, 323–30, 343, 344, 346–8;

Middle Irish 112–13; Middle Welsh 142–3,

142, 143; mutation 10; Old Irish 25, 84–104,

110; Old/Middle Welsh 137–43, 138; relative

forms 13; Scottish Gaelic 11–12, 253,

254, 268–74, 273, 277, 282–5; Traditional

Cornish 519–26, 527–8, 528; Welsh 379,

384–6; see also verbal adjectives; verbal

nouns

Vercelli inscription 36

Vergiate inscription 35, 36

Verling, M. 539

Veselonović, E. 85

Vetter, E. 734–5

Villar, F. 32, 34

vocative 11: Irish 169; Manx 313, 315; Old

Irish 70, 71; Scottish Gaelic 256

Voltino inscription 35

vowels: a-/i-affection 121–2; alternations

133–4, 137, 138–9, 140, 141; Archaic Irish

63; Breton 431, 432–3, 434–5; Brythonic

system 120–1, 120; diphthongizations 120,

121, 123, 124, 174, 255, 306–7; early Welsh

vowel system 122, 123; epenthetic schwa

125–6; initial-consonant mutations 127–8;

Irish 173–6, 175; Manx 307–10; merger of

/ɨ/ and /u

/ 125–6; Middle Cornish 501–4,

784 INDEX

502, 507–8; monophthongization 23, 24,

33, 40, 120, 124, 310, 502; new quantity

system 121, 123, 125; Old Cornish 499–503,

500; Old Irish 63–4, 67, 70; Old/Middle

Welsh 119–26, 133–4, 137, 138–9, 140, 141;

Primitive Cornish 499–501, 500; Primitive

Irish 58; Scottish Gaelic 232, 233–4, 236–8,

242–6, 242, 243, 244; stress/pitch accent

123–5; Traditional Cornish 498–504, 507–8;

Welsh 123, 123, 359–63, 360, 362, 375–6,

381–2

Wackernagel’s Law 40

Wales Assembly Government (WAG) 691,

700–1

Wallace, R. E. 35, 36

Walsh, J. J. 570

Watkins, T. A. 124, 128, 141, 145, 146, 155

Watson, I. 571, 580

Weisgerber, L. 30, 42

Welsh 359–425, 650–704: 19th-century

geolinguistics 656–62, 657, 661–2; 20th-

century geolinguistics 662–72, 663, 664,

666, 668, 669, 670, 671, 672; Ablaut 12;

adjectives 389–90; adult learners 683–4;

adverbs 10, 412–13; articles 383; BE 14,

15, 16; broadcast media 689–92, 689; and

coalition government 702–3; complement

phrases 417–18; compounds 396–7, 424;

conjunctions 382, 383–4, 412; consonants

366–72, 367, 374–5; culture 650–1, 654–5,

692–3; Cymraeg Byw 395; demonstratives

391; devolution, impact of 700–2, 701;

dialects 369, 380, 381, 383, 387, 393, 394,

405, 424–5, 654; education and 656, 658,

660, 673–83, 675, 676, 679–81, 696, 701;

fronting 415–19; gender 378, 388–90,

391, 394; history of 650–6; imperatives

386, 404; impersonal constructions 12,

408–9; interrogation 406–8; intonation

373; IT and 700; and legal system 694–5;

lexis 423–5; loanwords 359–61, 369, 373,

375, 379–80, 423–4; morphology 384–97;

morphophonology 376–84; mutations 8,

14, 376–81, 377; National Eisteddfod 658,

692–3, 694; negation 378, 382–3, 403–6,

410–11, 413; newspapers 652, 686–7, 688;

nominal clauses 410–12; nouns 387–9,

391, 419–22; numerals 17, 391, 419–22;

orthography 374–6, 374; particles 10;

passive voice 408–10; in Patagonia 5;

periphrasis 15, 416; phonology 359–73;

preﬁ xes 10–11, 395–6; prepositions 10, 11,

15, 386–7; pronouns 8, 9–10, 14, 383, 384,

391–4, 396, 413; publishing and 656, 684–8,

688; relative constructions 13, 14, 413–15;

and religion 651, 655, 656; status/ofﬁ cial

domains 651, 653, 654, 658, 693–700; stress

7, 372–3, 376, 415–19; subjunctive 386;

syntax 398–422; verbal nouns 379, 401–2,

404–5; verbs 379, 384–6; vowels 122–3,

123, 359–63, 360, 362, 375–6, 381–2; word

order 398–400; see also Early Modern

Welsh; Middle Welsh; Modern Welsh;

Old/Middle Welsh; Old Welsh; Primitive

(Archaic) Welsh

Welsh Arts Council 685, 686

Welsh Books Council 685–6

Welsh Courts Act (1942) 694

Welsh Language Acts 695, 697

Welsh Language Board (WLB) 696, 697–700,

704

Welsh Language Council 695

Welsh Language Petition (1938) 694

elsh Language Society (Cymdeithas yr laith

Gymraeg) 690, 694, 695

Welsh Ofﬁ ce 694–5

Welsh Pre-school Playgroup Association

(Mudiad Ysgolion Meithrin, MYM) 682–3

Welsh Reading Books Scheme 685

Western Isles Authority (Comhairle nan Eilean

Siar) 588

Western Isles Language Plan Project (WILPP)

622, 626, 627, 627, 629–31, 631, 643, 644

Whatmough, J. 43

White Book of Rhydderch 118

Wigger, A. 203

Wilkinson, D. 744

Williams, C. H. 650–704

Williams, D. R. 491, 753

Williams, G. 653

Williams, I. 117–18

Williams, J. L. 660, 673

Williams, N. J. A. 498–9, 531, 756, 757, 760

Williams, W. 659

Willis, D. 117–56, 144, 149, 150

WILPP see Western Isles Language Plan

Project

Wilson, Bishop T. 306

Winterstein, D. P. 742, 743

Withers, C. W. J. 588

WLB see Welsh Language Board

Wlpan Welsh course 683

Wmffre, I. 432

Wodtko, D. S. 31, 85

Woods, J. 763–4

word formation: Breton 446–7; Old Irish

109–10

word order 19, 22–3: Breton 147, 148,

479–82; Cornish 147, 148; Hispano-Celtic

(Celtiberian) 33; Irish 213; Manx 342,

348–9; Middle Welsh 144–50; Old Irish

89, 104–6; Old/Middle Welsh 144–50; Old

Welsh 145–6, 147; particles and 13–14;

Scottish Gaelic 286; Traditional Cornish

528–9; Transalpine Celtic 39–40; Welsh

398–400

Würzburg manuscript 59

Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh (YCG) see Manx

Gaelic Society

Ysgolion Cymraeg 674–5, 675

Ystorya Bown de Hamtwn 118

Ystorya de Carolo Magno 118

Ystoryaeu Seint Greal 118

zedacheg 430, 725–6

Zeuss, K. 4

Ziegler, S. 56

INDEX 783