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766 THE SOCIOLINGUISTICS OF THE CELTIC LANGUAGES

per year receive regular tuition in Manx. In addition, recent activity has seen the setting

up of Manx Kindergärten and crêches as well as the institution of an all- Manx- speaking

primary school. As far as it goes, Manx has now been set upon a ﬁ rm footing within the

education system of the Isle of Man.

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—— (1985b) Faagmayd nyn Mannaght ec Lerpool (We’ll Say Farewell to Liverpool – about the

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—— (1986) Yn Gareyder (The Gardener – about the Ramsey poet Paul A. Lebiedzinski (1951–95)

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Gendall, R. R. M. (1929) Cornish for All, St Ives: Lanham.

—— (1991) A Student’s Grammar of Modern Cornish,

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—— (1988) ‘Aspects of the Cornish revival’, Maddrell Memorial Lecture, presented to the Manx

Language Society, Douglas, April 1988.

—— (1991) ‘Notes on word order in Beunans Meriasek’ in Studies in Brythonic Word Order,

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—— (2000) An tollgorn hudel. Translation into Cornish of the text of Die Zauberﬂ öte.

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—— (2006) Flogholeth Krist (a full- length play), Callington: Cornish Language Board.

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12 to 19 April and 27 July to 6 August 1895, and 21 September to 12 October 1898.

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des Nationalsozialismus vom 27–28.03.1998 an der Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Berlin:

Peter Lang.

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—— (1904) Handbook of the Cornish Language, London: Nutt.

—— (1978) Kiaull yn Theay. Manx Music and Songs for Folk Instruments, Douglas: YCG.

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—— (1987) Kiaull Vannin. A Source Book for Manx Tunes, Transcribed from Collections of

Dr J. Clague and Others, revised edition, Peel: private publication 1991.

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THE REVIVED LANGUAGES – CORNISH AND MANX 769

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Saltash: Cornish Language Board.

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ash: Cornish Language Board.

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Trubner & Co.

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(begründet als Auslandsdeutsche Volksforschung), Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1942, vol. 5, pp.

279–90.

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schung, 22: 445–6.

Thomas, A. C. (1963) ‘An dasserghyans kernewek

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of the British Academy, Volume IV, London: Oxford University Press.

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versity of Graz, Austria.

Woolley, Chloë (2003) ‘The revival of Manx traditional music: from the 1970s to the present day’,

unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.

Abalain, H. 724

Ablaut 12, 18, 34, 140, 141

accusative: Manx 315; Old Irish 70, 71, 82;

Scottish Gaelic 297

Acts of the Oireachtas 571

adjectives: Breton 10, 438, 449–53; comparison

of 76, 178–9, 181–2, 262, 281–2, 316,

390, 450–1; Irish 76, 178–9, 181–2; Manx

313–14, 316; Middle Irish 111; and mutation

9; Old Irish 75–6, 105, 106, 109; Old/Middle

Welsh 137; Scottish Gaelic 253, 261–2, 261,

265–6, 265, 277, 278, 281–2; Traditional

Cornish 515; Welsh 389–90; see also verbal

adjectives

adverbs: Breton 439, 453; Irish 10, 181–4,

183; Manx 348; Middle Welsh 149–51; and

mutation 10; Old Irish 81; Scottish Gaelic

274–5, 285–6, 294, 296; Welsh 10, 412–13

afﬁ xation 7, 41; see also inﬁ xation; preﬁ xation;

sufﬁ xation

Ahlqvist, A. 67

Albertos Firmat, M. L. 43

Almagro-Gorbea, M. 31

Ambrose, J. E. 671–2

An Chomhairle um Oideachas Gaeltachta agus

Gaelscolaíochta see Council for Gaeltacht

and Gaelscoil Education

Anhysbys [Anonymous, 1585] 653

apocope 34; Brythonic languages 117; and

mutations 7; neo-Celtic languages 7; Old

Irish 61; Scottish Gaelic 238; Transalpine

Celtic 41

Aquae Sulis (Bath) inscriptions 42

Archaic Irish 55, 63

Archaic (Primitive) Welsh 117

Aristotle 3

Arslan, E. A. 36

articles: Breton 8, 437, 442–3; Irish 169, 188;

Manx 313, 321–3, 342–3; and mutation

8–9; Old Irish 70, 71, 104; Scottish Gaelic

253, 260–1, 260, 278–9, 280–1; Traditional

Cornish 513–14; Welsh 383

Arzur, M.-H. 738

aspiration 127, 129, 130, 131: Old Irish 65, 66;

Old/Middle Welsh 127, 129, 130, 131

assimilation: Breton 441–2

augmentation: Middle Irish 112; Old Irish 87,

102–3

auxiliary verbs: Manx 344, 345; Scottish Gaelic

284; Traditional Cornish 528

Avienus, Festus Rufus 3

Awbery, G. M. 142, 359–425

Bailey, K. 506

Baker, C. 589, 667, 671–2

Bannerman, J. 587

Barrington, D. 491

Bayer, W. 32

BE: Breton 15, 16, 467; Irish 15, 16; Middle

Welsh 142, 142, 143; Old Irish 101–2; and

prepositions 14–16; Scottish Gaelic 16, 285;

Welsh 14, 15, 16

Bede, Venerable 5, 118

Behaghel’s Law of Increasing Terms 105

Beltrán, A. 32

Bergin, O. 105

Berry, G. L. 689

Betts, C. 673, 686, 687

Black, R. 231

Bodinar, W. 491, 494

Bodmin Gospels 489

Book of Llandaff (Liber Landavensis) 118, 124

INDEX

Note: page numbers in italic indicate ﬁ gures and tables.

772 INDEX

Book of the Anchorite (Llyfr yr Ancr) 141

Book of the Dean of Lismore 230, 252

Boorde, A. 518, 518

Bord na Gaeilge 574

Bòrd na Gàidhlig 644, 645

Borgstrøm, C. H. 237

Borlase, W. 491

Borsley, R. D. 147

Boson, N. 493, 494, 532

Botorrita inscriptions 7, 31–2, 33, 34, 43

Bowen, E. G. 665, 667, 671

Breatnach, L. 63, 79

Breton 5, 117, 427–82, 428: Ablaut 12;

adjectives 438, 449–53; adult learners 746–7;

adverbs 439, 453; articles 8, 437, 442–3;

assimilation in 441–2; attitudes to 731–5; BE

15, 16; bifurcated demonstrative structure 17;

and broadcast media 741–3, 745; compound

words 438–9, 447–8; conjunctions 439,

477–8; consonants 433–6; culture/festivals

722–3, 744–5; decline in usage 720–2;

demonstratives 455; determiners 438, 439;

dialects 429–30, 430, 723–4, 724; Diwan

schools 719–20, 723, 726, 729–30, 731,

737, 738, 739, 740, 746; dual number 443,

445–6; and education 737–9; forms of

723–8, 724; gender 443; GIDS 728–31;

historical background 427–9; history

717–18; inﬁ xed pronouns 14; interrogatives

439, 456–9; and job market 745; lenition 9,

10, 436–40, 449–50, 461–2; morphosyntax

442–82; mutations 8, 9, 436–42; negation

478; and new media technologies 741–3;

nouns 443–9; numerals 436–7, 439, 460–6;

orthography 430–1; particles 10, 439, 466;

partitives 444; passive voice 464, 482;

periphrasis 12, 14, 15; phonology 431–6;

preﬁ xation 447, 452, 467; prepositions 10,

11, 15, 436–7, 462–6; present situation

718–20, 719; pronouns 14, 17, 453–5;

provections 8, 440, 441, 451; and publishing

740–1; qualiﬁ cations 739; revalorization of

722–3; revitalization efforts 728–31; RLS

728–31; spirantization in 440–1; stress 7,

431–2, 463; subordination 477; sufﬁ xation

17, 446–7, 448, 452–3; support for 735–6;

and theatre 744; 20th-century reforms 725–6;

and universities 739; verbal nouns 12, 15,

467; verbs 12, 466–77; vowels 431, 432–3,

434–5; word formation 446–7; word order

147, 148, 479–82; written forms 724–5; see

also Early Modern Breton; Middle Breton;

Modern Breton; Neo-Breton; Old Breton;

Traditional Breton

Brittany 712–47: Cornwall and 489–90, 491;

culture/festivals 722–3, 744–5; geography

712–13; GIDS 728–31; historical Brittany

745; history 716–18; population 713; RLS

728–31; settlement of 713–14; shifting

linguistic frontier 714–16, 715

broadcast media: Breton 741–3; Irish 544,

570–3, 575, 579, 580–1; Welsh 689–92, 689

Broderick, G. 305–56, 753–66, 763

Bromwich, R. 118

Broudic, F. 718, 719, 720, 722, 733, 735

Browne, N. 565

Brythonic (British, Brittonic) languages 5, 6,

8, 24–5, 26, 117; see also Breton; Cornish;

Cumbric; Welsh

Bunreacht na hÉireann 581–2

Byrne, F. J. 67

Cabinet Gaeltacht Committee (Coiste

Gaeltachta na Comh-Aireachta) 549

Caesar, Gaius Julius 3

Caighdeán Oiﬁ giúil (Ofﬁ cial Standard) 567–70

calendars 37; Coligny 38; Transalpine Celtic

38; Villards d’Héria 38

Calvez, R. 726

Campanile, E. 42

Canu Aneirin 146

Carcegna inscription 35

cardinal numbers: Breton 460–1; Irish 179–80;

Manx 316–19; Old Irish 76–7; Welsh

419–22

Carna dialect 198

Carrog, E. 696–7

Carter, H. 665, 667–8, 671

CELT (Corpus of Electronic Texts) 59

Celtiberian see Hispano-Celtic (Celtiberian)

Celtic Digital Initiative 59

Celtic languages: Continental–Insular division

5; diagnostic features 18–19; emergence of

22–6; ethnological deﬁ nition 3–4; genetic

deﬁ nition 4–6; geographic deﬁ nition 5;

P-/Q-Celtic languages 5–6; typological

deﬁ nition 6

Celtic Literature Collective 59

Celts: archaeological record 3

Central Statistics Ofﬁ ce (CSO) 541–2

Cercles celtiques 722

Chadwick, N. 713, 714

Chamalières inscriptions 38–9

Chanet, J.-F. 731–2

Charles-Edwards, T. M. 56, 119

charters: Welsh 118

Châteaubleau inscription 39

Chaudhri, T. A. 499

INDEX 773

Chronicle of Elis Gruffudd 149

CILAR see Committee on Irish Language

Attitudes Research

Cisalpine Celtic 23, 24, 35–7

Cisalpine Gaulish 24

civil service: Irish-language policy 545,

547–50, 575, 578

Civil Service Irish Society (Cumann Gaodhlach

na Stát-Sheirbhíse) 549

Clague, J. 761–2

cleft sentences: Middle Welsh 147; Old Irish

106; Scottish Gaelic 287, 289, 291

clitics: Middle Welsh 137, 146, 152; Old Welsh

137; pronominal (notae augentes) 77–8,

80–1, 81, 86

CNSA (Comhairle nan Sgoiltean Áraich) 614,

634

Coate, M. 491

Coimisiún i dtaobh na Gaeilge sa Stát-sheirbhís

(Commission on Irish in the Civil Service)

550

Coimisiún na Gaeltachta (Gaeltacht

Commission) 541, 543–4, 546–7, 560, 561

Coimisiún um Athbheochan na Gaeilge

(Commission on the Restoration of the Irish

Language) 546–7, 548–9, 566, 572

coin legends 29, 31, 33, 36, 37, 41

Coiste Gaeltachta na Comh-Aireachta see

Cabinet Gaeltacht Committee 549

Coiste Náisiúnta na Scoileanna LánGhaeilge

(National Committee of Irish-medium

Schools) 576

coláistí ullmhúcháin (preparatory colleges)

551–2

Colbert de Beaulieu, J.-B. 37

collective nouns: Breton 444–5

Collins, J. B. 716, 720

Comhairle nan Eilean Siar see Western Isles

Authority

Comhairle nan Sgoiltean Áraich (CNSA) 614,

634

Commission on Irish in the Civil Service

(Coimisiún i dtaobh na Gaeilge sa Stát-

sheirbhís) 550

Commission on the Restoration of the Irish

Language (Coimisiún um Athbheochan na

Gaeilge) 546–7, 548–9, 566, 572

Committee on Irish Language Attitudes

Research (CILAR) 574, 575

Common Celtic 7

compounds 11: Breton 438–9, 447–8; Scottish

Gaelic 248, 249, 277; Welsh 396–7, 424

Computus fragment 118

Comrie, B. 193

Comunn Gaidhealach see Highland Association

Comunn na Gàidhlig see Gaelic Association

conditionals 86: Irish 202–4; Manx 343, 344;

Old Irish 100

conjunctions: Breton 439, 477–8; Irish 204; Old

Irish 103, 107–9; Scottish Gaelic 294, 295;

Welsh 382, 383–4, 412

Connacht dialect 176, 185–6 n., 186, 187, 193,

196 n. 1, 201, 202, 205, 214

Conradh na Gaeilge see Gaelic League

consonants: Breton 433–6; consonant

phonemes 126–7, 126; Cornish 504–6, 505;

Irish 164–8, 165, 166; Manx 310–12; Old

Irish 62, 68–70; Old/Middle Welsh 126–31;

Primitive Cornish 504; Primitive Irish 58;

Scottish Gaelic 232, 234, 235–6, 238, 243–4,

244, 246–7; Traditional Cornish 504–6;

Welsh 366–72, 367, 374–5

Continental Celtic 5, 6, 28–43: diagnostic

features 19; primary sources 29; secondary

sources 29; see also Galatian; Gaulish;

Hispano-Celti (Celtiberian); Lepontic

convergence 6

co-ordination: Irish 214; Manx 351; Old Irish

106; Scottish Gaelic 293

copula 18: Irish 170, 178–9, 186, 210–11, 212;

Manx 350–1; Middle Welsh 147; Old Irish

101, 102, 105; Old/Middle Welsh 155–6;

Scottish Gaelic 286–8, 291

Cornish 8, 12, 17, 117, 147, 148; see also Late

Cornish; Middle Cornish; Old Cornish;

Primitive Cornish; Revived Cornish;

raditional Cornish; Uniﬁ ed Cornish Revised

Cornish Language Board (Kesva an Taves

Kernewek) 756, 757, 758, 759–60, 759

cornouaillais see Kerneveg dialect

Cornwall: and Brittany 489–90, 491

Costello, J. A. 553, 554

Council for Gaeltacht and Gaelscoil Education

(An Chomhairle um Oideachas Gaeltachta

agus Gaelscolaíochta) 579

Council for the Welsh Language 685

Courcelle, T. 740

Cowgill, W. 22

Crawford Report (1974) 690

Creacon of the World (Jordan) 493

Culhwch ac Olwen 118

Cumann Gaodhlach na Stát-Sheirbhíse see Civil

Service Irish Society

Cumbric 5, 117

Curtis, C. 764

Cymdeithas yr laith Gymraeg see Welsh

Language Society

Cymraeg Byw 395

774 INDEX

Dáil Éireann 553–5

Dares Phrygius 118

Darlington, T. 656

dative: Manx 313, 315, 321; Scottish Gaelic

256, 258, 262, 296; Transalpine Celtic 40

Dauzat, A. 721–2

Davalan, N. 431, 440, 461, 462, 464, 481, 482

Davies, A. S. B. 764

Davies, W. 118

De Bernardo-Stempel, P. 39, 42, 55

de Bhaldraithe, T. 181

de Blaghd, E. 549, 566

de Hoz, J. 31, 32–3, 36

de Valera, E. 552–3, 554–5, 564

dedicatory inscriptions: Cisalpine Celtic 35–6;

Transalpine Celtic 37–8

deﬁ nite articles: Breton 437; Irish 188; Manx

313; Scottish Gaelic 253, 260–1, 278, 280–1;

Welsh 383

Delamarre, X. 37, 42, 43

demonstratives 19: Breton 455; Irish 188;

Manx 342; Scottish Gaelic 267–8, 268, 278;

Traditional Cornish 514–15; Welsh 391

Denez, P. 440, 481, 726

deponentiality: Middle Irish 112; Old Irish 87,

determiners 19: Breton 438, 439

dialects: Breton 429–30, 430, 723–4, 724; Irish

165–8, 172 n. 1, 173–4, 177, 180, 181, 207,

214, 215, 568–9; Manx 353; Scottish Gaelic

230, 231, 232, 237, 241–2, 243, 245, 252,

268, 298, 639; Traditional Cornish 531–2;

Welsh 369, 380, 381, 383, 387, 393, 394,

405, 424–5, 654; see also individual dialects

dice 32–3

Dinneen, P. 557

Diodorus Siculus 3

Disterheft, D. 201

Diverres, P. 651

domestic implements 29

Donegal dialect 198, 201–2

Dorian, N. C. 597, 671

Douglas, M. 762, 763

dual number: Breton 443, 445–6; Scottish

Gaelic 255, 262

Dunbar, P. A. R. 499

Duval, P.-M. 37, 38

Eagraíocht na Scoileanna Gaeltachta see

Gaeltacht Schools Association

Early Gaelic 237

Early Goidelic 55

Early Irish 55–113: Archaic Irish phase 55;

Early Goidelic phase 55; Middle Irish phase

55–6; Old Irish phase 55; Primitive Irish

phase 55

Early Manx 346

Early Modern Breton 718

Early Modern Gaelic 237, 269

Early Modern Welsh 136, 141, 143

Eastern Gaelic see Manx; Scottish Gaelic

eclipsis: Irish 8, 171–2, 172, 215; particles and

ECRML see European Charter for Regional or

Minority Languages

education: Breton 737–9; Irish 550–7, 565,

575, 576–7, 578, 579; Revived Cornish 759;

Revived Manx 765–6; Scottish Gaelic 588–9,

597, 600–1, 612, 614, 617–21, 632–3, 635–6,

645–6; Welsh 656, 658, 660, 673–83, 675,

676, 679–81, 696, 701

Education Learning Wales (ELWa) 697

Edwards, H. T. 659, 660

Elegoët, F. 722

Ellis, E. L. 658

ELWa see Education Learning Wales

Erickson, L. 739

Eshel-Benninga, O. 203

Eska, J. F. 22–6, 28–43

Etrerannyezhel 430, 727

Etruscoid script 30, 30, 36

Eurobarometer survey 542

Euromosaic survey 622, 625–6, 627, 627,

628–9, 643, 730

European Charter for Regional or Minority

Languages (ECRML) 736, 746, 760

European Union: and Irish-language policy 575

Evans, D. E. 28–43

Evans, D. S. 118, 119, 125, 134, 137, 141, 147,

155

Evans, G. 690

Falc’hun, F. 435, 713, 726

Faragher, E. 306

Fargher, D. C. 763–4

Fasold, R. 672

Favereau, F. 442, 449, 451, 453, 455, 473, 475,

476, 480–1, 733

Feachtas Náisiúnta Teilifíse see National

Television Campaign

Ferry, J. 720

Fife, J. 3–20

Fischer, B. 37

Fishman, J. 728

Fleuriot, L. 38, 39, 42, 427, 489, 713, 717

Foras na Gaeilge 578

Forsdick, C. 732

Fouéré, Y. 722, 723, 737

INDEX 775

Foy, S. 718

fractions: Manx 342

Free Radio Conamara (Saor-Raidió

Chonamara) 573, 580

Freeman, Ph. 42

Gael-Linn 571–2

Gaelic Association (Comunn na Gàidhlig) 633

Gaelic Books Council 634

Gaelic languages see Goidelic languages

Gaelic League (Conradh na Gaeilge) 542, 559

Gaelscoileanna 576, 577

Gaeltacht 541–2, 543, 557–64, 558, 563

Gaeltacht Civil Rights Movement (Gluaiseacht

Chearta Sibhialta na Gaeltachta) 572–3, 575

Gaeltacht Commission (Coimisiún na

Gaeltachta) 541, 543–4, 546–7, 560, 561

Gaeltacht Schools Association (Eagraíocht na

Scoileanna Gaeltachta) 577

Gáidhealtachd (Gaeldom) 230–1

Gal, S. 658, 671

Galatian 4, 5, 42

Galician 34

Galli 3

Gallic War (Caesar) 3

Galliou, P. 716–17, 720

Galway dialect 198

García Alonso, J. L. 43

Gaulish 5, 6, 13, 14

Gemie, S. 745

Gendall, R. 756, 757

gender 11, 18: Breton 443; Hispano-Celtic

(Celtiberian) 33; Irish 176–7; mutation and

8–9, 10, 154, 155; Old Irish 60, 70; Old/

Middle Welsh 135–6, 137; Scottish Gaelic

255; Welsh 378, 388–90, 391, 394

Genee, I. 200

genitive: Manx 313, 314, 315, 321, 322; Old

Irish 70–1, 82, 105; Scottish Gaelic 256, 258,

262, 264, 278–80, 280, 296–7

George, K. J. 488–532, 753–66

GIDS see Graded Intergenerational Disruption

Scale

Gildas, St 118

Gill, W. H. and J. F. 761, 762

Gillies, W. 230–300

Giot, P.-R. 714

Givón, T. 198

Gleasure, J. W. 639

Gluaiseacht Chearta Sibhialta na Gaeltachta see

The Gaeltacht Civil Right Movement

Goidelic languages 5–8, 26: innovations 24–5;

particles 13–14; stress 7; word order 13–14;