Adelaar Willem, Muysken Pieter. The languages of the Andes
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714 Subject index
Puerto Montt, town 506
Pun´a, island 392
Puna de Atacama 376
Puno, Bay of 259, 362
Puno, town and region 350, 595
Purac´e, indigenous community 141–2
purpose clause 228, 239–40, 288–9, 312, 341,
428, 446
Putumayo river 151, 163–4
Quebrada de Humahuaca 410
quechua as a generic term 168
Quechua (name) 179, 259
quechua leg´ıtimo 181
Quechua renaissance 183
Quechuanisation 12, 170, 175, 394, 397
Quell´on, town 510
question words 18–19, 137, 209, 236, 291,
448, 458, 465–6, 578
Quichua (name) 179
Quimbaya, goldsmith’s art of the 48
Quimbaya federation 49
quipu 254, 542
quipucamayoc 254
Quisg´o, indigenous community 141
Quito, capital of the northern Inca empire and
of the Republic of Ecuador 167, 393–4,
398, 406
racionales 413
raised fields 2
Ranco, lake 510
real mood 73, 583
realised event 137
realised/non-realised distinction 223
reciprocal 279, 305, 429
recognition of Quechua as a national language
4, 256
reconstruction 37, 55, 194–5, 267, 431, 495
reducciones 416, 433, 452, 477, 507
reduplication 119, 123, 232–3, 295–6, 436,
539, 549, 561, 564, 566
reflexive 133, 279, 305, 372, 485–6, 526, 534
reflexive pronoun 391, 548
regional kingdoms 8
regional standard language 256
regionalisation 8
Relaci´on de la tierra de Ja´en 173, 405
Relaciones geogr´aficas de Indias 174, 261,
385, 393–7, 405
relational–possessive form 113–14, 119–20,
329, 332, 335, 381
relational case marker 428
relational stem 120–1
relative clause 15, 17–19, 69, 102, 118, 123,
137, 213, 288, 292, 341, 372–3, 427, 430,
447, 526–8
relative verbs 93
relativiser 292, 430
relexification 5–6, 602
religion 7–8, 84
remote past 389, 455
reportative 534
Reproacher tense 285–6
resguardos 12, 112, 141
resistance (indigenous) 9, 48–9, 75, 131, 138,
139, 431, 433
restrictions on verb structure 217–18
resultative 372
resumptive pronoun 595
retroflex 365, 568
retroflex affricate 113, 189, 201, 264–5, 302,
424–5, 514, 517
retroflex flap 117
retroflex glide 516
retroflex sibilant 202, 325
retroflex vibrant 204
retroflex voiced fricative 591
reversal of personal reference categories 359
reversive 231
rhetoric 538
rhetorical question 245
rich obstruent inventories 264
Rimac river 205
Riobamba, town 395
rise of sea levels 1
Rituale seu Manuale Peruanum 322, 351
Robledo, Jorge (conquistador)49
Roca, Julio Argentino (military leader) 10,
508
root economy 26, 293
root structure 269
Royal Commentaries of the Incas 23
rubber exploitation 3, 10, 162, 164, 417
sabana 46, 50
Salado river, Argentina 188
Salado river, Chile 376, 379
Salar de Atacama 376
saltpetre exploitation 10
Subject index 715
San Agust´ın, site and culture 8, 48, 53, 138–9
San Agust´ın, stone sculptures of 48, 138
San Andr´es de Sotavento, town and indigenous
community 52
San Basilio del Palenque, Afro-Colombian
settlement 605
San Blas, archipelago of 62
San Dami´an de Checas, indigenous
community 255
San Juan river 56
San Juan de la Costa, town 509–10, 514
San Mart´ın, Jos´ede(liberator) 9, 183
San Miguel de los Ayamanes, indigenous
community 129
San Pedro de Atacama, town and indigenous
community 376
San Pedro de Casta, indigenous community
595
sandhi 62–4, 270
Sangay, volcano 432
Santa Ana de Chipaya, indigenous community
363
Santa Cruz de la Sierra, town and region 477
Santa Elena Peninsula 8
Santaf´edeBogot´a, state capital of Colombia
and former capital of New Granada 81
Santo Domingo de los Colorados, town and
indigenous community 141
Santa Marta, town 52
Santa Rosa, hacienda 417
Santiago del Estero, town and region 168,
177, 386, 408
Saraguro, town and indigenous community
395–6, 602
Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino (president of
Argentina) 508
schwa 323, 352, 377, 512
Scyri 394
Sech´ın Alto, site 7
second language (L2) acquisition 592
second-person pronouns (of Spanish) 587
selva (Amazonian forest area in Peru) 13
semantic influence 591
semantic interpretation, range of 234
semantic underspecification 103
semi-vowel 513–14
Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path), guerrilla
movement 10
sentential particles 537, 600
sentential suffixes 208–9, 291, 465
sequences of case markers 216
Seville 586–7
shape morphemes 459–60
shape of object, verbs varying according to 74
shared lexicon 35, 140, 159–60, 267, 461,
499, 555–6
sierra (Andean highlands) 20, 181, 411
Sierra de C´ordoba 502
Sierra de la Macarena 161
Sierra Nevada del Cocuy 52, 109–10
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta 37, 48, 50–2,
66–7, 75
Sierra de Perij´a 50, 80, 112
Silvia, town 141
Simancas, colonial settlement 139
Sinamaica, lagoon of 116
singulative 155
Sin´uriver 62
Si´on, ancient mission 460
Siquesique, town 129
Socaire, indigenous community 376–7
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
498
Sogamoso, town and religious centre 46
song texts 256, 261, 296
sound correspondence 462
sound symbolism 199, 203–4, 315, 516, 559
Source 440
South American Missionary Society 550
Spaniards 8–9, 124, 138–9, 179, 263, 350,
401, 409, 417, 433, 585
Spanish American republics 10, 589
spatial adverbs 104, 520–1
spatial deixis 235–6, 295, 422
spatial distinctions 79, 275, 278–9, 293, 304,
333, 428, 533–4
spatial nouns 304
speaker/non-speaker distinction 146
speech registers 64, 433
spheres, cultural and linguistic 4–5
spondylus shell 8
sprachbund 204, 591
standardisation 20, 117, 194, 256–8, 477,
607
state 157–8
stative nominalisation 228, 289–90, 311–12,
339–41, 355, 527
stative verbs 91–2, 122, 490
stem modification 485
stock (language) 28, 30
716 Subject index
Strait of Magellan 1, 581
stress 69, 110, 132, 145, 156, 190, 206–7,
243, 270–2, 273, 367, 386, 434, 463, 489,
569
structural similarities between Aymaran and
Quechuan 267
structural transformation 36
studies on Quechua 191–4
Suaza river 139
subject-centred nominaliser 17, 137, 227, 229,
288
subject extraction 372
subject marker 564
subject/non-subject distinction 17–19
subjunctive mood 429
subordinate clause 209, 373–4, 576
subordination 137, 149, 218, 223, 224–6, 275,
287, 310–11, 341, 355, 389–90, 420–1,
456, 547
substratum 6, 149, 172, 358, 393, 404, 409,
510, 511, 586, 589
Sucre, Antonio Jos´ede(liberator) 9
sudden discovery tense 224, 534, 601, 603
suffix order 209, 232, 274
Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) 19, 21,
55, 454, 608
supine 95, 342
suppletion 89, 328, 571
Swadesh list of basic vocabulary 130–1
sweet potato 41
switch-reference 146, 149, 189, 218, 223,
225–6, 238, 241, 275–6, 287, 310, 373–4,
420–1, 446, 473
syllabic lateral 545
syllable structure 131, 206
syncope 63–4
synonyms 236
synthetic conjugation 122–3
Tabaconas, town 401
tagmemics 19, 193
Tahuantinsuyo 165
Taki Onqoy (religious movement) 9
tal´atur (ceremonial song) 377
Taquile, island 350
Tauca, town 402
Telarmachay, site 2
Telemb´ıriver 141
temperate altitude zone 179
temporal deixis 295
tense 73, 111, 218, 222–4, 282–7, 306–8, 380,
389, 421, 429, 441, 494, 522, 530–2, 566,
574
tense–aspect 370–2, 472
Tequendama, site 8
Tercer Concilio Limense (Third Lima Council)
20, 182
textiles 8
texts in Andean languages 21
theatre plays 183, 255
three-vowel system 156, 195, 270, 301, 402,
409, 424–5
Tiahuanaco, site 7, 165, 375
Tierra del Fuego 550–82
Tigre river 456
Timan´a, town 138–9
Tingo Mar´ıa, town 460
Titicaca, lake 7, 170, 175, 259, 262–4, 275,
350, 362–3
Tolima, region 114
Tomebamba, ancient town 395
tonal languages 80, 163, 164, 450
tone, grammatical 80, 164
tone, lexical 75–6, 80, 110–11, 563
topicalisation 70, 136, 209–11, 291–2, 313,
356, 430, 600
toponymical area 404–5
toponymy 21, 53, 114, 125, 140, 170,
172–6, 261–3, 350–1, 392–409, 562,
565
totora 175
Tounens, Antoine Or´elie de 507
tourism 417
traditional healers 356
trans-Andean contacts (between tropical forest
and coastal plains) 6
trans-Pacific connections 41
transition (combined personal reference
marking of subject and object in verbs)
219, 282, 306–8, 353, 384, 473–4, 522,
525–6, 528–9
transitional model (of bilingual education)
606–8
transitive/intransitive distinction 64, 90–1, 94,
233, 420–1
transitiviser 73–4, 339, 384, 421
transitivity 490
trapecio andino 174
tripartite division of native American
languages 42
Subject index 717
Trujillo, town and region in Venezuela
124
Trujillo, town in Peru 320, 328, 398,
401
truncation 367
Ts’imu, see Ch’imu
Tucum´an, town and region 386, 408
T´umbez, town 179, 392
Tupac Amaru II (Jos´e Gabriel) 3, 9, 183
Tupac Amaru, rebellion of 183, 255
Tupac (Inca) Yupanqui 8, 416, 459
Tupe, indigenous community 171
typological distance 2
typological regions 50, 55
Ucayali, region 418
Ucayali river 411, 418–19, 431
United Provinces of R´ıo de la Plata 3
universal quantifiers 137
Universidad de los Andes, Bogot´a 21,
55
University of Costa Rica 55
University of Florida 260
University of San Marcos, Lima 18
University of Valpara´ıso 377
University Library of Cuzco 544
unku 254
Upper Amazon valley 24, 432
Upper Magdalena region 53, 139–40,
163
Urab´a, Gulf of 50, 61
Urituyacu river 456
Urubamba river 411
Ushuaia, town 567
Utcubamba river 405
uvulars 178, 183, 194–8, 201–2, 243, 257,
259, 264, 301, 351, 358, 361, 365, 379,
383, 387, 505, 566
Vacacocha, lake 456
Valdivia, town and region 506, 509, 510
Valdivia, Pedro de (conquistador) 409, 506,
508
valency-changing affixes 73–4, 89, 218, 229,
232, 305, 423, 533–4
validation 70, 210–11, 419–20
Valles Calchaqu´ıes (Calchaqu´ıvalleys)
408–9
Vaup´es, river and region 162–3
velar glide 513
velar nasal 144, 194, 264, 266, 302, 304, 325,
332, 365, 465
Velasco Alvarado, Juan, military government
of 256
ventive 227, 230, 280, 289, 305, 534
verb classes 571
verb-initial languages 118, 155
verbal complement 102–3
verbal derivation 208–9, 218, 229–32, 275,
278, 280, 293–4, 304–5, 339, 355,
475–6, 487–8, 491, 509, 522, 533,
546, 571–2
verbal inflection 35, 442, 522, 573–5
verbalisation 277, 474–5, 530, 534
verbs of ‘carrying and holding’ 235, 293–4
verbs of communication 233–4, 293, 446,
539
verbs of ‘eating’ 105, 388
verbs ‘to do’ 150
vertically organised network of cooperation 6
viceroys of Peru 167, 182
Vichada river 162
vigesimal count 106
Vilcabamba, Inca stronghold 9
Viltipoco (Indian leader) 410
Viracocha (Quechua name for Spaniards)
179
virtual mood 73
visitas 138, 259, 403
voiced palatal fricative 395
voiceless lateral 327–8, 379, 387, 494, 498
voiceless nasal 387
voiceless vowels 143, 366
voicing 182, 198–9, 266
vowel fluctuation 198
vowel harmony 264, 268, 339, 463, 473,
495–7, 499
vowel length 76, 81, 110–11, 118, 131, 143,
190, 195, 270–1, 275–6, 284, 287, 289,
301–17, 322, 323–4, 327, 361, 366,
377–8, 425, 433, 463, 479
vowel loss 198, 268, 323
vowel suppression 35, 89, 101, 110, 267–8,
271–4, 278, 281–2, 286, 293, 302–3, 355,
367
La Voz de los Andes (radio broadcasting
station) 607
Wafer, Lionel (ship’s doctor) 62
Wars of Independence (against Spain) 9–10
718 Subject index
warofsuccession (between Atahuallpa and
Huascar) 8, 167
witnessed/non-witnessed 494
word order 59, 61, 65, 69, 70, 79, 99, 111,
114, 118, 127, 129, 145, 207, 274, 367,
370, 380, 385, 419, 424, 429, 443–5, 447,
449, 452, 456, 457, 460, 475, 476, 488,
493, 495, 497, 560–4, 566–7, 575–9,
597–8, 603–4
writing system, lack of indigenous 2
yanacona 53
Ya r ´ıriver 162
Ya v a r ´ıriver 417
ye´ısmo 587
Yu rumangu´ıriver 60
zambos 155
Zamora, town and region 397
Za˜na, town 319
zaque (indigenous ruler) 46
Zepita, town 362
zero complement 273–4, 288, 303
zero person 118–23
zipa (indigenous ruler) 46–7
Zipaquir´a, town 82
zones of refuge 6
Zulia, region 115–17