Adelaar Willem, Muysken Pieter. The languages of the Andes
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694 Index of languages and ethnic groups
Damana 44, 50, 55, 66–74, 117
-den (hypothetical language) 404
Desano 164
Diaguita, Diaguit 20, 27, 30–2, 177–8, 376,
380, 407–9
Dobocub´ı, see Bar´ı
Dorasquean 37
Duit 23, 37, 44, 46, 50, 81–2, 85
Duitama (language of) 82
Easter Island language 41
Eastern Apurimac (Quechua dialect) 200
Eastern Tucanoan 163–4
Eastern Yahgan 580
Ecuadorian Amazonian Quechua 186, 451
Ecuadorian Coastal Spanish 605
Ecuadorian Highland Quechua 131, 149, 172,
186, 195–204, 208–31
Ecuadorian Highland Spanish 605
Ecuadorian Quechua 168, 192–3, 207, 218,
235, 237–42, 289, 395, 594, 596–8
Ecuadorian Spanish 588, 594, 598–600
Ele (Betoi subgroup) 161
Ember´a 50, 54–60, 62
English 16, 66, 324, 360, 516, 567–70, 574–8,
582, 591
Equatorial 28, 42, 44
Equatorial–Tucanoan 42, 44
Ese
ejja 417–18
Eskimo–Aleut 42
Esmeralde˜no, Esmeralda, Ezmeralda 28–30,
33–4, 42, 44, 54, 155–61, 172
Ette Ennaka, see Chimila
Ette Taara, see Chimila
European languages 586
Ferre ˜nafe (Quechua dialect) 186, 189, 193,
198, 200, 207, 220–1
Fiscara (Humahuaca subgroup) 410
Fisherman’s language 320
French 103
Fuegian languages (languages of Tierra del
Fuego) xvii, 5, 21, 31, 41, 550–82
Fuegians 3, 550
Galibi 113
Gay´on 129
Ge (group) 28–9, 32–4, 163
Ge–Kaingan 44
Ge–Pano–Carib 28, 42, 44
General Language of the Inca 179, 186
Gennaken, see G¨un¨una K¨une
German 16, 323, 378
Gorgotoqui, Gorgotoki 30–3
Grau, Apurimac (Quechua dialect) 199
Guach´ı29
Guachian 29
Guahibo, see Sikuani
Guahibo (group) 32–3, 44
Guahibo–Pamigua 28
Guahiboan 29–30, 33, 162
Guaicuru (group) 31–3, 44
Guaicuruan 14, 29, 33, 40–1, 178, 386,
488–93, 495
Guaiteca, see Chono (Chile)
Guajiro xvi, 53–4, 115–24, 162, 423
Gualaquiza (Shuar dialect) 438
Guallatire, northern Chile (Aymara dialect)
266
Guamaca, see Damana
Guambiano 26, 38, 43–4, 54–5, 57, 131,
141–50
Guamo 31, 33, 44, 163
Guan´a 423
Guanaca 138, 142
Guanano 164
Guanca (historical nation), see Huanca
Guane 52
Guaque, see Carijona
Guaran´ı 24, 351, 431, 480, 500, 608
Guarayo 430–2
Guat´o, Guato 28–9, 31, 33–4, 44
Guatuso 26, 86
Guayabero 55, 162, 164
Guaycur´u–Charruan 32
Guaycuru–Opaie 28
G¨un¨una K¨une 5, 28–9, 31, 33, 44, 505, 550,
554
G¨un¨una Yajich 554–8, 561–4, 581–2
Hacaritama 116
hahuasimi 174, 261
Haki (group), see Aymaran
Harakmbut, Har´akmbut 2, 28, 31–3, 39, 43–4,
163, 422, 459–60
Haush 41, 550, 554, 556, 580
Hawaiian 41
Henia (Comeching´on subgroup) 502
Het, see Chechehet
Hianacoto, see Carijona
Index of languages and ethnic groups 695
Hibito, Hivito 44, 173, 398, 407, 460–2
Hibito–Chol´on 28–9, 407
Highland Jivaroans 418
Hirah´aran, see Jirajaran
Hitn¨u 162
H´ıvaro (group), see Jivaroan
Hivito, Hivitos, see Hibito
Hokan 28, 34, 36, 42, 44, 61
Hokan–Siouan 37
Hongote 29
Huachipaeri (Harakmbut subgroup) 459
Hualf´ın (Diaguita subgroup) 407
Huallaga (Quechua dialect) 189
Huamachuco (language of) 401
Huambisa 432–3
Huanca (Quechua dialect group) 179, 181,
188, 192–3, 196, 201–6, 210–31, 236,
256–8, 261, 595
Huancan´e(Aymara dialect) 283
Huancavilca 392–3
Huancayo (Quechua dialect) 197, 202–5, 208
Huangascar–Topar´a (Quechua dialect group)
185
H´uanuco Quechua (Quechua dialect group)
192–3, 200–1, 217–31, 257, 424
Huao, Huaorani 28, 30–3, 44, 454–6
Huarayo, see Ese
ejja
Huaraz (Quechua dialect) 207
Huari 29
Huarochir´ı manuscript (Quechua dialect of
the) 192, 198, 231, 318
Huarpe (group) 28, 31, 33
Huarpean 29, 42, 502–5, 508, 544, 548
Huasco valley (Indians of the) 409
Huaylas–Conchucos (Quechua dialect group)
185
Huilliche 509–10, 514, 516–17, 526, 530
Huitoto 56, 162, 164, 423, 449–50, 500
Huitoto–Bora–Z´aparo 37
Huitoto Muinane 449
Huitoto–Ocaina 449
Huitotoan 26, 28–9, 31–4, 162, 164
Humahuaca 27, 30–2, 177, 410
Hupda 163
Iberian dialects (of Spanish) 586–7
Idabaez 31–2, 56
Ignaciano 422, 423
Ika 50, 55, 66–74, 76, 93
Ilinga 401
Imbabura Quechua 193, 199, 204, 393
Inca 16
Inca (general) language 182, 191–2, 198
Incas (secret language of the) 178
Inga, Ingano (Colombian Quechua dialect) 53,
151, 179–80, 186, 193, 202
inga ˇsimi 180
I˜napari 353, 423
Iquito 44, 451–2
Irapa (dialect of Yukpa) 112–13
Iroka (dialect of Yukpa) 112
Irra (language of) 49
Isconahua 418
Italian 24, 380
Itene 477
Itonama 28–9, 31–3, 44, 475–6
Itucale, see Urarina
Itucale–Sabela 44
Izoce˜no 430–1
Jabut´ıan 376
Japanese 585
Japreria 52, 112–13
Jaqaru 27, 34, 44, 171, 259–60, 264–70,
275–6, 281, 287, 290, 293, 295, 300–19,
352
Jaqi (group), see Aymaran
jaqi aru, see Aymara
Jaruro, see Ya r uro
Jauja (Quechua dialect) 197, 201–5
Jauja–Huanca (Quechua dialect group) 185
Je (group), see Ge
Jebero 44, 447–9
Jebero–Jivaroan 32
J´ıbaro, Jibaro (group), see Jivaroan
Jibaro–Kandoshi, see J´ıvaro–Candoshi
Jicaque 37
Jirajara 129
Jirajara, Jirajira (group) 28, 31, 33, 44, 129
Jirajaran 29, 33, 37, 52, 129–30
Jirara (Betoi subgroup) 130, 161
jitano 82
Jitirijiti 49, 53
J´ıvaro, see Shuar
J´ıvaro–Cahuapana, Jivaroan–Cahuapanan 29
J´ıvaro–Candoshi 28, 40, 42, 44
Jivaroan 31–3, 40, 44, 172–3, 396–7, 406,
416, 432–47, 457
Jopoqueri (Aymara dialect) 293
Jor´a 430–1
696 Index of languages and ethnic groups
Jujuy (Humahuaca subgroup) 410
Juli (Aymara dialect) 293
Jun´ın (Quechua dialect group) 281, 424
Jun´ın–Huanca (regional Quechua standard
dialect) 193
Jur´ı 33, 178
Kach´a, see Urarina
Kadiweu 488
Kagaba, K´aggaba, see Kogui
Kahuapana (group), see Cahuapana
Kahuapana–Zaparo 44
Kaingan, Kaing´an (group) 31–3, 44
Kaingang 163
Kaingangan 28–9
Kak´an, see Diaguita
Kakua 163
kam
nˇc
.
´a, see Kams´a
Kams´a 28–30, 33, 37–8, 44, 53–4, 56, 151–5,
161
Kandoshi, see Candoshi
Kanichana, see Canichana
Kankuamo, Kanku´ı 50, 67
Kanoˆe 29, 34, 376
Kapishana, Kapishan´a, see Kanoˆe
Karaib (group), see Cariban
K´ariban, see Cariban
Kariri–Tupi 44
Katak´aoan 33–4
Katio, see Cat´ıo Chibcha
Katukina (group) 29, 39, 43, 459
Kaueskar, see Chono (Chile)
Kawap´anan, see Cahuapana
Kawesqar, Kaw´eskar 28–33, 41, 44, 550,
552–4, 556–8, 564–7, 580–2
Kayuvava, see Cayuvava
Kechua (group), see Quechua
Kechumaran, see Quechumaran
Kitemoca 477
Kof´an, see Cof´an
Kogui 44, 50, 55–6, 66–74, 86
Kolyawaya, see Callahuaya
kot-su˜n, see Uru
kougian, see Kogui
Kugapakori 423
Kulyi, see Culli
Kunza, Kunsa, see Atacame˜no
La Paz (Aymara dialect) 265–6, 270–7,
283–4, 286, 289, 293
La Paz Spanish 591, 600–1
Lache 52
Lamista Quechua 186
languages of Andean tribes 30
languages of the Amazonian lowlands
xvii
languages of the Cauca valley 49–50
languages of the Gran Chaco 488–99
languages of the Magdalena valley 50
languages of Paleo–American tribes 30
languages of the Sierra Nevada the Santa
Marta, see Arhuacan
languages of Tropical Forest tribes 30
languages of the Upper Magdalena region
138–41
Lapachu, see Apolista
Laraos (Quechua dialect) 186
Latin 16, 24, 344, 510
Latin American Spanish 586–8
Lebanese Arabic 585
Leco, Leko 21, 28–9, 31, 33, 44, 475–6
Lenca 37, 50
Lengua 498
Lengua (group) 31, 33, 44
lengua general (del Inga) 179, 182
lengua del Inga 53, 401
lengua linga 53
lengua de los Llanos 392
lengua pescadora 320
lengua yunga pescadora 320
Lengua–Mascoy 29, 40, 488, 497–9
Letuama, see Tanimuca–Retuar˜a
lican antai, see Atacame˜no
Lili 49
Lima standard Spanish 593
Limar´ıvalley (Indians of the) 409
Lincha (Quechua dialect) 186, 189
Linga, see Ilinga
L´ıpez (historical nation) 176
llapuni 589
Llata (Quechua dialect) 193
Lokono 116–17
Lolaca (Betoi subgroup) 161
Lomer´ıo (dialect of Chiquitano) 478
Louisiana French 591
Low German 416
Lule 28–34, 44, 177–8, 380, 385–91
Lulean 31–2
Lule–Tonocot´e 385
Lule–Vilela 41, 44, 386, 488
Index of languages and ethnic groups 697
Lupaca (historical nation, Aymara dialect)
264, 266
Macaguane, see Hitn¨u
machaj juyay, see Callahuaya
Machiguenga 29, 39, 411, 417, 422–3
Macoita (dialect of Yukpa) 112–14
Macro-Arawakan 29, 44
Macro-Carib 28, 29, 42, 44
Macro-Chibchan 28, 32, 36–8, 42
Macro-Ge, Macro-Jˆe 28, 32, 34, 39–40, 42, 44
Macro-Hokan 30
Macro-Mayan 29, 32
Macro-Pano–Tacanan 32
Macro-Panoan 28, 42, 44
Macro-Penutian 38
Macro-Quechuan 29
Macro-Tucanoan 28, 42, 44
Macu (Venezuelan) 29
Macuan 29
Macuna 164
Made´an (Quechua dialect) 186
Madi (group), see Araw´a
Magdalena valley (tribes of the) 48
Magdalena valley Cariban 112–15
Maipuran 24, 39, 44, 422
Maipure 162, 423
Maip´urean 33
Majigua 161
Mak´a 493, 495, 499
Mak´u(group) 31, 33, 163
Mak´u–Puinave, Mac´u–Puinave 29, 163
Mak´uan 163
Malacato 172, 393, 396
Malayo, see Damana
Malibu (group) 44
Malib´u52
Mandarin Chinese 147
Manekenkn, see Haush
Manta 392
Mapocho, Mapuchu (Santiago dialect of
Araucanian) 508–9, 517–18, 526–7,
528–30, 533, 537
Mapuche xvi, 2–3, 5, 9, 14, 16, 21, 28, 31,
33, 38, 40–1, 103, 123, 171, 321, 470,
500, 505–44, 551, 552, 563, 565, 580–2,
608
Mapuchean 29
Mapudungu, Mapudungun, see Mapuche
Marinahua 419
Marocasero, see Damana
Mascoy (group) 28
Mascoyan, Mask´oian 33, 497–9
Mashco 33
Mashub´ı 29, 376
Mastanahua 419
Mataco 493–4
Mataco (group) 28, 31, 33, 44, 430
Mataco–Guaicuru 44
Matacoan, Mat´akoan 14, 29, 33, 40–1, 386,
391, 488, 493–5
Mataguayan, see Matacoan
Matanau´ı29
Mayan 31–2, 38–9, 321, 329, 364
Mayna 28–31, 33, 40, 44, 447, 456
Mayo 418
Mayoruna 418–19
Media Lengua 5, 602–3
Mennonite German 585
Millcayac 16, 44, 502, 544
Mnka (dialect of Huitoto) 164, 449
Mira˜na 164, 449
Mirrip´u (dialect of Timote) 125
Misumalpa (group) 30, 33–4, 37, 50
Mobima, see Movima
Mocana 52
Mochica xvi, xvii, 2, 16, 22–3, 28–9, 37–8,
61, 84, 120, 172–3, 319–50, 351–2, 392,
397–8, 403, 513
Mocoa, see Kams´a
Mocov´ı 488–9, 493
Moguex 142
Mojo 16, 411, 422–3
Moluche, see Ngoluche (Mapuche subgroup)
Mor´e 477
Morocomarca, northern Potos´ı(Aymara
dialect) 283, 287, 310
Morocosi, see Mojo 16
Morunahua 418
Mosca, see Muisca
Moset´en, Moseten, Mosetene 28–9, 31–3, 39,
44, 375, 476
Moset´en–Chimane 475–6
Motilon, see Bar´ı
Motilones 38, 80, 112
Movima 28–9, 31, 33, 44, 475–6
Muchic, Muchik 172, 320
Mucuch´ı (dialect of Timote) 125–8
Muellamu´es 393
Muinane 164
698 Index of languages and ethnic groups
Muisca xvi, 3, 18, 23, 37, 46, 50, 52, 54–5,
81–109, 111–12, 352, 397
Munchique (dialect of P´aez) 130–1
Muniche, Munichi 28, 30–1, 33, 44, 456, 500
Mura–Pirah´a29
Muran 29
Murato (Candoshi) 31, 33, 37, 457
Murato (Uru–Chipaya) 362
Murui (dialect of Huitoto) 164, 417, 449
Mut´us 125
muysc cubun, see Muisca
Muzo 38, 48, 114–15
Na–Dene 42
Nahua 418
Nambikwara (group) 29, 37
Napeca 477
Napip´ıriver (dialect of Ember´a) 59
Nasa, see P´aez
Nasa Yuwe, see P´aez
Neuqu´en (Mapuche dialect) 516
New World Spanish 586
Ngoluche (Mapuche subgroup) 509
Npode (dialect of Huitoto) 164, 449
Nivacl´e, see Chulup´ı
Noctenes (dialecto of Mataco) 493
Nonuya 164
North Amazon (division of Northern
Arawakan) 423
North Barasana 164
Northern Bolivian Quechua 35, 200, 357
Northern Amerind 44
Northern Andean 44
Northern Arawakan 423
Northern Aymara 265
Northern Jun´ın (Quechua dialect group) 189,
194, 201–6, 210–33, 237, 257
Northwest-Coast languages 571
Nuclear Chibchan 44
Nuclear Paezan 44
Nukak 163
nuna ˇsimi 179
Nutabe 37, 44, 49
Ocaina 164, 449
Ochosuma, see Uru
Ocloya (Humahuaca subgroup) 410
Ofai´e–Xavante 29
Old Cat´ıo, see Cat´ıo Chibcha
Olmos (language of) 320, 400
Omagua 24, 417–18, 431
Omaguaca, see Humahuaca
Omasuyos (Aymara dialect) 275
Omurano, see Mayna
Ona, see Selk
nam
Op´on 114
Op´on–Carare 38, 53, 112, 114–15
Orej´on 453
Oristin´e 386
Osa (Humahuaca subgroup) 410
Otavalo Quechua 445
Ot´ı29
Otomac, Otomaco (group) 31, 33, 44, 163
Otomaco–Taparita 28
Otom´akoan 33
Otuque 477
Pacabueyes 52
Pacaguara 418
Pacaraos (Quechua dialect) 186, 189–90,
193, 197–229, 234–5, 242–50, 261, 279,
325
Paccho (Quechua dialect) 198–9
Paccioca (Diaguita subgroup) 407
Pachitea (Quechua dialect) 202
P´aesan 33
Paez (group) 33, 44
P´aez 9, 26, 30, 38, 48, 50, 54–5, 57, 125,
130–8, 140–2, 395, 500
Paez–Coconuco 28
Paezan 28–9, 38, 42, 44
Paiconeca 477
Palenquero 604
Paleo–Chibchan 159
Palta 172, 393, 396–7
Pamigua 161
Pampa, see G¨un¨una K¨une
Panatagua 422
Panche 38, 48, 53, 114–15
Paniquita 142
Paniquit´a (dialect of P´aez) 130
Paniquitan 26
Pano (group) 31–3, 411, 417–18
Pano–Tacana, Pano–Tacanan 29, 31, 39, 44,
418–22, 477
Panoan, P´anoan 33–4, 39–40, 44, 261,
418–21, 447
Pant´agora 38, 48, 114
Panzaleo 393–5, 397
Papiamentu 595
Index of languages and ethnic groups 699
Paraujano 53, 115–16, 118, 423
Parecis–Saraveca (division of Central
Arawakan) 423
Pariri (dialect of Yukpa) 112–13
Parquenahua 418
Pasco (Quechua dialect group) 281, 424
Pastaza (Quechua dialect) 187, 193
Pasto 38, 53, 142, 151, 392–4, 397
Patagon (group), see Chon
Patag´on, Patag´on de Perico 173, 405,
554–6
Patag´on de Bagua, see Bagua
Patagonian languages 5, 21, 31, 41, 578
Paunaca 422, 477
Pauserna–Guarasugw´e 430–1
Paya 37, 73
Paya–Chibchan 37
Peba–Yagua 458
Peban 28
Pehuenche (independent group) 505
Pehuenche (Mapuche dialect) 505, 509
peibu, see Kogui
peninsular Spanish 586–9
Peruvian Andean Spanish 589, 592
Peruvian Aymara 260–1
Peruvian Spanish 589, 593, 604
Piapoco 116, 162, 423
Piaroa 162
Piaroa (group) 31, 33, 44
Pichincha (Quechua dialect) 199
Picoy (Quechua dialect) 201
Picunche (Mapuche dialect) 509–10,
516
Pijao 38, 48, 53, 114–15, 138, 141
Pilag´a 488–9
Pioj´e, see Secoya
Piratapuyo 164
Piro 39, 411, 417, 422–3
Piro–Apurin˜a 423
Pisabo 418
Pisamira 164
Piura (languages of) 403
Plains Indians 556
Polynesian languages 41
Portuguese 181
Pre-Andine subgroup of Arawakan 22, 39
Pre-Quechuan languages of highland Ecuador
25, 38, 172, 195, 391–7
Proto-Arawakan 423–6
Proto-Aymaran 35, 171, 263, 265–7, 287
Proto-Barbacoan 57
Proto-Chibchan 37, 73, 80
Proto-Chocoan 57–8
Proto-Colombian Chibchan 96
Proto-Ember´a58
Proto-Matacoan 495
Proto-Quechumaran 195
Proto-Quechua(n) 35, 181, 187–8, 190, 192,
194–204, 206–7, 213, 244, 267
Proto-Yukpa 113
Pucapacuri, see Kugapakori
Puelche, see G¨un¨una K¨une
Puinave 163
Puinave (group) 28, 44
Puin´avean 33
Pular (Diaguita subgroup) 407
Pum´e, see Ya r uro
Pun´a (language of) 155
Puno (Aymara dialect) 269
Puno Bay Uru 363
Puno Quechua 35, 187, 199, 201–2, 292, 357
Puquina, Pukina xv, xvi, 5, 26, 30–4, 36, 39,
43–4, 167, 175–6, 178, 263, 350–62, 366,
375, 382
Purmamarca (Humahuaca subgroup) 410
Puruh´a, Puruguay 29, 167, 172, 321, 392–3,
395–6
Qawasqar, see Kawesqar
Quechua xvi, 2–3, 5–6, 12–25, 27, 31–6, 38,
41, 53, 103, 123, 129–30, 139, 142, 145–6,
149–51, 160, 165–320, 328, 344, 351–61,
365–6, 370–5, 377–85, 393–6, 398, 400–6,
409, 411–16, 424, 430, 443, 446, 452, 464,
465–8, 471, 499, 506, 512, 517, 522–3,
527–8, 534, 537–8, 539, 585, 589–603, 605,
607–8
Quechua (group) 22, 28, 42, 44
Quechua (historical nation) 179
Quechua A 185
Quechua B 185
Quechua I 185–6, 188–91, 197–207, 210–37,
243, 258, 278, 281, 429, 506
Quechua II 185–91, 212–32, 234–6, 243,
270
Quechua IIA 186–91, 198
Quechua IIB 186–91, 196–207, 213–31,
235–6, 243
Quechua IIC 186–91, 195–206, 212–32,
234–6, 293
700 Index of languages and ethnic groups
Quechua III 186
Quechua(n) dialects 34–5, 160, 168, 177,
179–81, 183–91, 256, 305
Quechua standard language (lengua general )
182–3
Quechuan 5, 29, 34–6, 53, 168–71, 179–263,
318
Quechumaran 27, 32, 34–6
Querand´ı 505
Quichua 12–13, 168, 177
Quichua (historical nation) 179
quichua unificado 607
Quijos 394
Quillacinga 53, 151, 392
Quilme (Diaguita subgroup) 407–8
Quimbaya 3, 57
Quimbaya, Carrapa, Picara and Paucura
(language of the) 49
Quind´ıo (language of the) 49
Quingnam 173, 320, 401
Rabona 393, 397
Ranqueles 505, 507
Ranquelino, Ranquel (Mapuche dialect)
510–11, 514, 516, 528
Remo 419
Res´ıgaro 39, 44, 162, 423
Reyesano 418
R´ıo Negro (Mapuche dialect) 516
Rionegrino (dialect of Yukpa) 112–13
Roraima (languages of ) 406
Rucachoroy, Neuqu´en (Mapuche dialect)
514
Rumanian 217
runa simi 130, 179, 259
Russian 231
Sabela, see Huao
Sacata 405
Saija 57–60
Salasaca (Quechua dialect) 204, 237–42
Saliba, S´aliba 44, 162–3
Saliban, S´alivan 28, 29, 33, 162
Salinas de Garci Mendoza (Aymara dialect)
266
Samb´u57
Sam´ukoan, see Zamucoan
San Javier (dialect of Chiquitano) 478
San Mart´ın (regional Quechua standard
dialect) 193, 203, 236, 256
San Miguel (dialect of Chiquitano) 478
San Pedro de Cajas (Quechua dialect) 193,
197, 225, 229, 237
Sanaviron, Sanavir´on 31–2, 502
Sanavirones 502
Sanj´a, Sank´a, see Damana
Santa Ana Moset´en 476
Santiago dialect of Araucanian, see Mapocho
Santiago de Chuco (dialect of Spanish) 403–4
Santiago del Estero Quechua, Santiague˜no
Quechua 177, 187–8, 193, 197, 202–4, 221,
231, 258, 378, 380, 386, 387, 409
S´aparoan, see Zaparoan
Sapiteri (Harakmbut subgroup) 459
Saraguro Indians 6, 395
Saraveca 423, 477
Sebondoy, see Kams´a
Sec (group) 29
Sechura, Sec 25, 28, 31, 33–4, 44, 172, 320,
398–400
Secoya 453
Sek 400
Selk
nam 28, 36, 41, 44, 550, 554, 556–7,
558–64, 571, 580–1
Setebo 419
Shaparu (dialect of Yukpa) 112–13
Shapra, see Candoshi
Sharanahua 418
Shipibo 500
Shipibo–Conibo 417, 419
Shipibo–Conibo–Shetebo 418–19
Shuar 13, 172, 397, 416, 418, 432–47,
499–500, 603, 609
Shuar pidgin 433
Sibundoy, see Kams´a
sign languages 416, 418
Sikuani 55, 162, 164
Simacu, see Urarina
Sindagua 53
S´ınsiga 110
Sin´u 50, 57
Siona 163, 453
Siriano 164
Sirion´o 430–1
Sitajara, Tacna (Aymara dialect) 281, 283–4,
288, 307
Situfa (Betoi subgroup) 161
Slavic languages 231
Sokorpa (dialect of Yukpa) 112
Sonchon (group) 29
Index of languages and ethnic groups 701
Sora (historical nation) 178
South American Spanish 587–8
South Bolivian Quechua 35
Southern Andean 44
Southern Aimara, see Collavino Aimara
Southern Arawakan 423
Southern Aymara 265
Southern Barbacoan 149
Southern Peruvian Quechua 253
Southern Quechua I 250
Spanish 3–6, 11–13, 24, 53, 59, 66–7, 74,
82–7, 116–18, 128–9, 131, 139, 155, 170,
173, 179, 182–3, 197, 216–17, 256, 258–9,
262, 267, 293, 324–5, 344, 351, 368,
378–81, 386–7, 393–6, 398, 400–4, 418,
452, 471, 478, 493, 500, 510–11, 544–5,
576, 581, 585–605
Spanish of northwestern Argentina 589, 595–6
Subtiaba 37
Swedish 217
Ta–Arawak 116
Tabancale 29–32, 406
Tacana 418, 500
Tacana (group) 31–3, 411
Tacana–Pano 28
Tacanan, Tak´anan 26, 33–4, 36, 39, 44, 171,
357, 418–19
Tacna (Aymara dialect) 271
Ta´ıno 116
Tairona 48, 52, 67
Taiwano 164
Talamancan 26, 73
Tall´an 25, 34, 172, 179, 393, 398–400
Tamanaco 112
Tanimuca 164
Tanimuca–Retuar˜a 164
Tapiet´e 418, 430–1, 499
Tapo (Quechua dialect) 225
Tarascan 29, 34, 42
Tarata (Aymara dialect) 265–6
Tariana 162, 164, 423
Tarma (Quechua dialect) 192–4, 197–206,
210–33, 235–6, 258
Tatuyo 164
Taushiro 40, 456
Tegr´ıa (dialect of Tunebo) 109–10
Tehuelche 28, 36, 41, 505, 510, 550, 552,
554–6, 558, 563–4, 580–4
Tehues, see Teushen
t´eiˇzua (ceremonial language) 67
Tekiraka 28–9, 31, 33, 44, 456
Temuco, Caut´ın (Mapuche dialect) 516
Tena (Quechua dialect) 242
T´erraba 73
terruna shayama (ceremonial language) 67
Tetet´e 453
Teushen 41, 550, 554, 556, 581
Ticuna, Tikuna 28–9, 31, 33, 44, 55, 164, 458
Ticuna–Yuri 44
Tiliar (Humahuaca subgroup) 410
Timan´a 138
Timote 124–9, 130
Timote (group) 28–9, 31, 33, 37, 44
Timote–Cuica xvi, 52, 124–30
Tim ´otean 33
Timucua 29, 42
Tinigua 161–2
Tinigua (group) 31, 33, 44
Tiniguan, Tin´ıwan 29, 33
Toba 40, 488–93, 499, 608
Tonocot´e 177–8, 385–6, 408
Toquistin´e 386
Torib´ıo (dialect of P´aez) 130–3
Toromona 418
Totor´o 38, 54, 141
Toyeri, see Harakmbut
Toyoeri (Harakmbut subgroup) 459
Trinitario 422–3
Trio 115, 161
Trumai 29
Tsachila 141
Tsafiki 26, 38, 44, 54, 141–51, 159–60, 225,
228, 392, 394
Tshon (group), see Chon, Chonan
Tucano 164
Tucano (group) 28, 31, 33, 37, 44
Tucanoan, Tuk´anoan 29, 33, 55, 141, 162–4,
453
Tucuna, see Ticuna
Tule, see Cuna
Tunebo 37, 44, 52, 85, 109–12
Tunebo (group) 28, 52, 85, 87, 109–10, 112,
161
Tupi, Tup´ı(group) 22, 28–9, 31, 33, 40, 44,
432
Tupi–Guaran´ı 14, 24, 26–7, 99, 422, 430–2,
434, 477, 488
Tup´ıan 33, 419, 432
Tupinamb´a 432
702 Index of languages and ethnic groups
Tupino Aimara 170
Turkish 34
Tuyuca 164
Tuyuneri, see Harakmbut
Uchumataqu, see Uru
Uitoto (group), see Huitotoan
Umaua, see Carijona
Upper And´agueda (Ember´a Cham´ı dialect)
59
Urarina 28–9, 31, 33, 44, 457–8, 500
Uro (group) 31–3, 44
Uru, Uro 28, 36, 38–9, 176, 259, 362–3,
366–7, 370, 375
Uru ofCh
imu 175, 363
Uru of Iru Itu (Iruitu) 175, 363
Uruan, see Uru–Chipaya
Uru–Chipaya 26, 29, 31, 38–9, 43, 175–6,
259, 321, 357, 362–75
Uruquilla 175–6, 362
Uw Cuwa, see Tunebo
Uwa, U
wa, see Tunebo
Viakshi (dialect of Yukpa) 112
Vilela 28–9, 31–4, 44, 178, 386–7, 391
Vi ˜nac (Quechua dialect) 186
Vulgar Latin 589
Wah´ıvoan, see Guahiboan
Waikur´uan, see Guaicuruan
Wamo, see Guamo
Warao 32, 37
Warpe(group), see Huarpe
Wasama (dialect of Yukpa) 112–13
Waunana 54, 56–9
Wayuunaiki, see Guajiro
Weenhayek, see Mataco
West Patagonian Canoe Indians 552
Western Arawakan 423
Western Tucanoan 163
Wichi, see Mataco
Wintu 43
Witotoan, Wit´otoan, see Huitotoan
Wiwa, see Damana
Xauxa (historical nation) 181
Xibito-Cholon, see Hibito-Chol´on
Xidehara, see Jirajara
Xinca 37
Xiroa 393, 397
Xoroca 396, 406
Yacampis (Diaguita subgroup) 409
Yagua 164, 417, 458
Yagua (group) 31, 33, 44
Yaguan 28–9, 33–4
Yahgan, Yagan 28, 31, 33, 41, 44, 550, 553–4,
556–8, 567–82
Yalc´on 48, 138
Yamana, Y´amana, see Yahgan 554, 556
Yamanan 29
Yameo 458, 500
Yaminahua 418
Yanahuanca (Quechua dialect) 201
Yanesha
5, 22, 28–9, 39, 44, 397, 416–17,
422–30, 447, 499–500
yanga ˇsimi 180
Yanomama, Yanoama (group) 32, 37
Yanomaman 40
Ya ru (Quechua dialect group) 185, 193
Ya r uro 28–30, 33–4, 42, 44, 159, 163
Yauyos (dialect group) 186, 192, 200, 205, 214
Ya vitero 162, 423
Y´awan, see Yaguan
Ysistin´e 386
Yuco, see Yukpa
Yucuna 162, 423
Yuhupde, see Hupda
Yukpa 38, 52, 80, 112–15
Yunga, Yunca 28, 38, 172, 320, 398
Yuqui 430–1
Yuracar´e, Yuracare, Yurakare, Yurucare 28–9,
31–3, 39, 44, 475–7
Yu r´ı, Yuri 28, 31, 33, 44, 164
Yu r´ıan 29
Yu rumangu´ı, Yurumangui, Yurimangui,
Yurimangi 28–9, 31, 33, 36–7, 41–2, 44,
54, 60–1, 161
Yu ru t´ı 164
Zamuco 477, 496
Zamuco (group) 28, 31, 33, 44
Zamucoan 29, 33, 488, 496–7, 499
Z´aparo 451–3
Z´aparo, Zaparo (group) 31, 33, 44, 416, 418
Zaparoan 26, 28–9, 33–4, 172, 451–3, 456,
458
Zuni 29
SUBJECT INDEX
ablative 189, 215, 273, 277, 303, 374, 428,
440, 469
ablativus absolutus 251
ablaut 328
abolition of Quechua in the official domain
183, 255
absolute (transitive without an object) 485–6
abstract terms 234
Abya-Yala, organisation 13
Academia de la Lengua Quechua 181
accent 76, 153, 568
Aconcagua river 502
active (as opposed to passive) 485–6
active participle 547
active–stative distinction 122, 134–5, 489,
495, 499
accusative 71–2, 145, 213, 224, 303–4,
360
adcorporeal movement 490
adjectives, syntactic behaviour of 208, 335,
336, 353, 380, 390, 409, 419, 444, 449,
457, 471, 481, 562
adstratum 195
African–Amerindian relations in Pacific
Ecuador 155
Africanisms 5, 588, 604
agent (of a passive construction) 329, 335,
368, 483
agent disambiguator 470
agentive nominalisation 227, 276, 288, 311,
335–6, 339–40, 355, 372, 527–8
agglutination 59, 64, 207, 267, 423, 463, 476,
545, 564, 609
agreement/concord 125, 370, 496, 563
agricultural terraces 2, 124
agriculture 2, 10, 21, 175, 502
Ais´en, region 554
alienable/inalienable distinction 119, 492,
495, 499
allative 69, 100, 214–15, 274–328, 356, 385,
428, 440, 470
allophonic lowering of high vowels 195, 257,
361, 366
allophonic variation 62, 196
altiplano 6–7, 38, 165, 171, 175–6, 296, 350,
362
Alto Per´u 171
Alto Pur´us (upper Pur´us valley) 459
alveolar affricate 265, 302, 386
Amantan´ı, island 350
Amazon, river and region 5, 6, 161, 173, 431,
499, 603
The American Race (Brinton) 25
Amerindian contact vernaculars 5
Amerindian grammatical patterns 43, 482
Ampudia, Juan de (conquistador) 138
analytic conjugation 122–3
anaphoric 537
Ancoaqui, indigenous community 363
Andahuaylillas, town 350
Andamarca, Quechua-speaking community
258
Andean civilisation 2, 35, 165–7
Andean Cordilleras 6, 168
Andean millenarism 1
animal fables 192
antecedent 17, 213, 430
anticompletive 251
Antilles 586
Antofagasta, town and region 408
A˜nasco, Pedro de (conquistador) 48, 138
Anthropos 56
apico-alveolar fricative 325–6, 365, 562
applicative 339, 474, 476–7