Adelaar Willem, Muysken Pieter. The languages of the Andes
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704 Subject index
aquatic lifestyle (of the Uru) 259, 362
La Araucana 506
Araucan´ıa 14, 507–10
Araucanian-speaking mixed groups 505
Araucanian Sphere 5, 177, 502–8
Araucaria pine 505
Arauco, town and region 506, 510, 516
archaeological horizons 7
Area Intermedia 50
Arequipa, town and region 262
Arhuacan culture 67
Ariguan´ıriver 75
Arte de la lengua cholona 460–75
Arte de la lengua tonocot´eylule 385
Arte de la lengua yunga 322
aspect 133, 153, 190, 221, 226, 231, 281–2,
441, 455, 574
aspirated consonants 35, 57–8, 131, 133,
187–8, 195, 198–9, 264, 266–8, 282, 302,
313, 351, 364–5, 379, 495
aspirated vowels 87, 110, 131, 425
aspiration 378
Atacama desert 375
Atacames, town 155
Atahuallpa (Inca ruler) 8, 167, 179, 395
Atalaya, town 417
At´anquez, town 67
Atrato river 62
attenuator 272, 291
auca 413, 506
augmentative 126, 216
Augustinians 173, 320, 401, 402
autobiography 255, 296, 511
auto sacramental 255
auxiliary verb 59, 65, 70–1, 76, 137, 146, 150,
443, 474
Ayacucho, battle of 9
Ayacucho, town and region 258, 263
ayllu (lineage group) 234
Aymara (name) 259
Aymara substratum (in Arequipa and Puno)
262
Aymaraes, region 259
Aymaranised nouns 267
Bacat´a 46
Bagua, town 406
Bah´ıa de Solano 56
barriadas (popular neighbourhoods) 607
basic colours 236, 295, 538, 549
Bavarian mission 511, 512
behetr´ıas 48
Belalc´azar (or Benalca¸car, Benalcazar),
Sebasti´an de (conquistador)9,53, 61
Bel´en de los Andaqu´ıes, settlement 139
Benedictines 193
benefactive 278, 289, 303, 333, 356, 374, 428,
468–9, 534
beneficiary 71–2, 230, 280–1, 477
Bermejo river 386
Biblioth`eque Linguistique Am´ericaine 54, 478
bilingual education 4, 5, 12–13, 15, 168, 194,
585, 605–9
bilingualism 131, 258, 262, 580, 592–6, 606
Biob´ıo, region 510, 516
Biob´ıo river 9, 505–6, 509
bipartite division of Quechuan dialects 181,
186, 188, 191
bishopric of Trujillo 23
body-part terms 140, 213, 333, 427, 480, 482
Bogot´a, valley of 46
Boh´orquez, Pedro (rebel) 408
Bol´ıvar, Sim´on (liberator) 9–10, 183, 589
Bourbon administration 3, 167, 183
Boyac´a, region 81–2
British Library 20, 460
Brouwer, Hendrik (settler) 506
Brunswick Peninsula 581
Buenos Aires, region and state capital of
Argentina 507
Cabana, town 401
Cabeceras Aid Project 610–11, 623
cabildo 79
Cachuy, indigenous community 171
cacicazgos (chiefdoms) 411
Cagu´an river 139, 163
Cajamarca, town and region 186, 403–7
Calchaqu´ıvalleys, see Valles Calchaqu´ıes
Caldas, Quind´ıo and Risaralda, region 49
Callej´on de Huaylas valley 2
Canary Islands 586
Canas and Canchis, region 262
Ca˜nar, town and region 256, 395, 602
canoe nomads 550–4, 555, 556, 581
Cape Horn 6, 554
Capuchins 151
Caquet´ariver 139, 164
Caral/Chupacigarro, preceramic settlement 2
Car´aquez, Bay of 392
Subject index 705
Carare river 114
cardinal directions 561
Caribs (as a cover term for hostile Indians) 24,
52, 75
Carumas, town and indigenous community
375
Casas, Bartolom´edelas (defender of Indian
rights) 191
case 59, 65, 69–70, 79, 89, 99–101, 111,
128–9, 140, 145, 153–4, 156, 158–9,
213–16, 226, 277–8, 303, 328, 332, 356,
367, 374, 380, 385, 387, 448, 460,
468–70, 476, 482–5, 494, 520, 545, 563,
565
case governed by verbs 101, 483
Caspana, indigenous community 376, 379
Catacaos, town and indigenous community
398
Catalogue of the National Library, Madrid 140
Catamarca, town and region 407–9
catechisms 16, 20, 81, 106, 130, 182, 351,
392, 477, 544, 552, 565
Catequil (deity) 401
Catherine II of Russia 54
Cauca, region 141
Cauca river and valley 3, 48
causative 59, 64, 74, 133, 136, 216, 233, 279,
305, 355, 372, 384, 441, 534
Caut´ın, region 507, 509–10
Cayapas river 141
ceceo 587
Central Andean linguistic features 145
central Chile 506
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
(CNRS) 55
Centro Amaz´onico de Antropolog´ıa y
Aplicaci´on Pr´actica (CAAAP) 607
Centro Colombiano de Estudios de Lenguas
Abor´ıgenes (CCELA) 21, 55
Cen´ufana (chiefdom) 50
ceramic phase of Andean prehistory 7
ceramics 8
ceremonial language 67
ceremonial speech 64
Cerro de la Sal 423
Cesar river 75
Chachapoyas, town and region 167, 173,
406–7
Chaco War 296, 478, 498
Chamaya river 6, 405
Chancay culture 165
Chancay river 165, 242–3
Chanch´an, site 165, 320
charango (musical instrument) 236–7
Charazani, town 350, 356
Charles III (king of Spain) 3
Charles V (emperor) 48
Chaupi˜namca (deity) 174
Chav´ın culture 8
Chav´ın de Hu´antar, site 7, 165
Checras, Quechua-speaking community 258
Chibcha Sphere 5, 46
Chicama river 320
Chiclayo, town 319
Chilo´e island 14, 502, 506, 508–10, 552, 553
Chimborazo, region 395
Chimbos, region 395
Chim´u, Chimor, kingdom 8, 165, 320
Ch’imu, Ts’imu, indigenous community 31,
363
Chinchaisuyo, administrative quarter of the
Inca empire 181
Chinchipe river 405–6
Chinchorro culture 2
Chiquitano, region 5
Chiquitos missions 25
Chira river 398
Chita, town 110
Choc´o, region 56–9, 62
Chota river and valley 605
chroniclers 181
Chucuito, town and region 259, 262–4
circum-Caribbean cultures 8
cislocative 230
Ciudad Perdida 48
Ciudad de los Reyes 182
class-free suffixes 209
classification 5, 22–45, 556
classification networks 29–30
classifiers 150, 153, 164, 451, 455, 459–60,
476
classifying affixes 67, 125–6, 158, 160
cleaning of the irrigation canals 377
cleft construction 118
climate 7
clitics 367–70, 595
Clovis horizon 1, 506
coarticulated stop 85
coca 7
Cochabamba, town and region 411
706 Subject index
Coconuco, indigenous community 141
Colla Capac (indigenous ruler) 350
Collaguas, region 174, 262
Collasuyo, administrative quarter of the Inca
empire 174
colonial occupation by Spain 2–3, 9, 20, 131,
344–8, 350, 362, 395, 411–13, 453, 548
comarca (autonomous region) 62
combinations of personal pronouns and case
99
comitative 123, 136, 215, 332, 440, 469, 521
complement clause 226, 372–3, 446
complementiser ‘saying’ 446
completive 253
complex sentences 292, 430, 445–7, 498, 516
compound tense 223, 229
compound verbs 59, 388, 448, 487, 571
compounds 66, 70, 236, 274, 402, 425, 436,
452, 518, 561, 566, 570
computer language 609
Concepci´on, town in the Chiquitos area 477
Conchucos, region 401
condenado 253
conditional 523–4, 533
conjecture 286
conquista del desierto 508
conquistadores 9, 16, 46–9, 53, 165–7, 392,
506, 508, 604
Consejo Regional Ind´ıgena del Cauca (CRIC)
131
conservative classifications 26–7, 30, 31
consonant clusters 68–9, 81, 85, 88–9, 110,
113, 128, 132, 153, 206, 268, 269, 273,
293, 351, 366–7, 379, 386, 402, 512–13,
545, 563, 569
consonant lenition 199–200
constitutions 11–15
of Argentina 15
of Bolivia 14
of Chile 14
of Colombia 4, 12
of Ecuador 13
of Peru 13–14
of Venezuela 11–12
contrary-to-fact 153
contrast 209
convergence 5–6, 175, 591, 602
conversi´on de Hivitos 460
conversiones 460
coordination 18, 215, 356
copula/verb ‘to be’ 59–60, 135, 155, 207, 209,
275, 312–13, 330, 340–2, 382, 438
copula verbaliser 275–6, 291, 426
correlative 19
Cotopaxi, region and sacred mountain 241,
394, 602
creole studies 586
Cu´elap, site 406
Cuenca, town 395
cultural diffusion 500
Cumancaya culture 419
Cuna, pictographic writing system of the 48
Cundinamarca, region 38, 46, 81
Cuntisuyo, administrative quarter of the Inca
empire 174
Curaray river 456
Current Anthropology 27–8, 43
Curva, indigenous community 356
customary action 532
Cuyo, region 502, 506
Cuzco, name 178
Cuzco, capital of the Incas, town and region
165–7, 180–3, 191, 255, 262, 350, 406,
413
cuzqueros 180
cypher language 478
dalca (traditional boat) 552
Daquilema (Indian leader) 395
Darien, region 3, 56–7, 62
data source 209
dative 71–2, 79, 332, 429, 482–3
Daule river 392
Death of Atahuallpa (traditional play) 254
debt slavery 417
decimal counting 74, 123, 128, 140, 235, 375,
385, 538, 549
declarative 76–7, 111, 146–7, 354, 371, 437
definiteness 122, 217, 435
deictic roots 492, 560–1
demographic decline 167
demographic situation of Andean Indians 4
demonstratives 65, 105, 122, 331, 368, 444,
457, 466, 537
dental fricative 568
depalatalisation 204
Desaguadero river 362–3
Descripci´on de la Gobernaci´on de Guayaquil
393
descriptions 192, 416, 499, 557
Subject index 707
descriptive and comparative studies 4
desiderative 285–6, 337
determined/non-determined distinction 485–6
detrimental 280–1, 534
dialect chain 188
dialectal variation 181, 265–6
dialectology 192–3, 264
Diamante river 502
dictionaries 191–3, 257, 260, 265, 294, 494,
499, 511, 537, 550, 578
difrasismo 236
diminutive 126, 216, 435
Diocesan Synod of Quito 392
diphthongs 197, 322
Direct knowledge 135
direct speech 234, 292–3, 539
directional 59, 64–5, 190, 231, 278, 304–5,
448, 491, 498
directional verb stems 64–5
discourse structure 151, 225
distal past 70
distance scale 122, 537, 560
distribution of languages in highland Bolivia
176, 262
Doctrina Christiana 20, 182, 296
domestication of animals (camelids) 2, 7
domestication of plants 2, 7
dominance of Aymara in the Bolivian
highlands 263
domination by Spanish 4, 196
Dominicans 82, 191, 416–17, 452, 459
double negation 453
double personal reference marking 426
double possessive 593
dual 60, 65, 77, 155, 451, 455, 492, 519, 521,
522, 524, 526, 571
Duchicela (indigenous rulers) 395
duplication pattern 597
durative aspect 65
Dutch occupation of Valdivia 506
dynamicity 490
earliest waves of migration 22–4, 42
Early Horizon 7
early human settlement in the Andes 1–2, 7
ejective 187
El Dorado (legend of) 3, 8, 47–8
El Ecuador Interandino y Occidental antes de
la Conquista Espa˜nola 36
Elal (deity) 582
Eleg´ıas de Varones Ilustres de Indias 124
elision 206, 243, 368, 479
Elqui valley 409
embedded clause 137
enclitics 209
encomenderos 138
encomienda 138
Encyclopaedia Britannica 27–8, 31
Ene river 417
Entre R´ıos, region 41
epew (literary genre) 539
epidemic diseases 3, 8, 182, 416, 555
epistemic modality 70, 134–5
equational clause 371
ergative 59–60, 70, 79, 111, 356, 360, 421–2,
470, 499
ergative patterning in verbal morphology 495,
563, 571
Esmeraldas river 155
Esmeraldas, town 155
Estudios Araucanos 510
Estudios de Ling¨u´ıstica Chibcha 55
Eten, town 321
Ethnographic Museum, G¨oteborg 56
Ethnographic Museum, Hamburg 321
Ethnologue 125, 416, 418
etnoeducaci´on 606
euphonic element 429
evangelisation 3, 20, 25, 182, 398
evidentials 153, 210, 283, 286–7, 367, 455,
560
exclamative 464
exhortative 94–5, 473
existential verb 150, 330, 384
expansion of the Aymaran languages 171,
176, 260–1, 263
expected event 137
experiencer verb 483
experiential past 229
Experimental Project of Bilingual Education
194, 257, 296
expulsion of the Jesuits 24
extinction of languages 22
extirpador de idolatr´ıas 255
extra-long vowels 569
extra-short vowels 301
extrametrical syllable 118
factual mood 71–3
failed action 530
708 Subject index
family names 140, 395, 398–401, 403, 406–7
far-remote past 283
Federmann, Niklaus (conquistador) 129
Felipillo (interpreter) 179
Fell’s Cave, site 1
Fincen´u, chiefdom 50
first Amerindian words borrowed into Spanish
116
first-person marker in Quechua 189, 197, 207
first-person-plural inclusive 211, 269, 370,
375, 449
fishing and shellfish-gathering 7, 552
Fitzcarraldo (rubber baron) 459
five-vowel system 196, 257, 366
focus 134, 523
folk literature 55–6, 511
foot nomads 550–2, 555, 580
Formative Period 165
fortis velar 365
four-term system of personal reference xx,
211–12, 218, 269, 493
four-vowel system 452
fourth person 211, 213, 269
Franciscans 56, 416–17, 423, 478
frequentative 91–2, 94
fricativisation 199–201
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de
Colombia (FARC), guerrilla movement
10
fusion of tribes 5
future tense 92–3, 219, 284, 306–8, 336–7,
370, 383, 389, 452, 486, 530, 574
La Gaitana 48
geminate consonants 62–3, 76, 81, 144,
379–80
gender 125, 134, 367–9, 423, 451, 455, 476,
496, 498, 560, 583
gender of addressee 462–3
gender distinction in pronouns 149, 432, 451,
498
gender–number 118–19
gender-related language use 365, 478–9
generic prefix 125
generic term for possessed items 480
genetic diversity 42
genetic relations 22–45, 159, 364, 431, 456,
499, 556, 564, 578
genetically isolated languages 2, 22–3, 30, 61,
164, 416, 454, 456, 475, 477–8
genitive 59, 61, 69–70, 80, 101–2, 111, 120,
145, 149, 154, 213, 322, 328–9, 332–5,
352, 367–9, 470–1, 520, 545
genitive clitic doubling 596
genitive pronouns 332
genitive–locative 273
genocide 3, 10
geographic intertwining of languages 262–3
gerund 473, 599–600
glottal stop 68–9, 110, 113, 116, 118, 143,
147, 351, 361, 365, 377, 387–8, 519, 563,
568
glottalised consonants 35, 187–8, 195,
198–200, 264, 266, 302, 351, 365, 378,
379–80, 387, 494–5, 505, 578
glottalised vowels 75, 110, 131, 425
Goal 38, 99–100, 440
gold 8, 417
Government and Binding 19
grammars (colonial) 16–18, 20, 82–9, 191–2,
219, 319, 477, 496, 522, 544
Gran Chaco, region 5, 14, 40, 385–6, 411,
418, 488–99, 500
Gran Pajat´en, site 407
Gran Vilaya, site 406
Great Civilisations 18
Guajira peninsula 115
Guamb´ıa, indigenous community 141
Guanacache, wetlands 502
guano exploitation 10
Guatavita, cacique of 47
Guaviare river 162
Guayas river 392
g¨uecha 48
guerrilla movements 10
Guitarrero cave, site 2
Guzmango, kingdom 404
habitual past 223, 227, 276
haciendas 3, 459, 585
Handbook of South American Indians 26
Hatun Colla, ancient town 234
heavy syllable 118
Hispanic values 590
Hispanicisation 174, 176–7, 509, 607
Hispaniola island 116–17
Historia del Nuevo Mundo 24
Historia natural y moral de las Indias 23
homeland of Aymaran 263
homeland of Quechua 180–2, 263
Subject index 709
honorific 455
horse 556
Huailillas, mission 398
Huallaga river 405, 416, 460
Huamachuco, town and region 398, 401, 404
Huambos, region 401
Hu´anuco, town and region 411
Huari, site 7, 165
Huarochir´ı, town and region 174, 255
Huarochir´ı manuscript 174, 187, 192, 255, 261
Huascar (Inca ruler) 8, 167, 395
Huayna Capac (Inca ruler) 3, 8, 165–7
huaynos 256
Huila, region 141
huinca 539, 608
Humboldt current 7
hunters and gatherers 7
hunting and extraction economy 417
Hunza 46
hypercorrection 203
Ibero-American Institute, Berlin 363, 401
ich-laut 326–7
iconicity 195
idiomatic expressions 103
illative 374
imperative 90, 92, 94, 127, 140, 153, 157,
219, 222, 273, 284–5, 290, 309, 337,
354, 383–4, 387, 389–90, 442, 523, 546,
564
imperfective aspect 91–2
impersonal 71–2
implosive 57–8
impure vowel 323, 513
Inca empire 3, 5, 23–5, 180–1, 260–1, 500
Inca nobility (colonial) 183
Inca Sphere 5, 165, 391
Incanised ethnic groups 418
Incas 8–9, 165–7, 178–81, 195, 254–5, 261,
263, 320, 350, 392, 401, 406, 411, 433,
459, 500, 506
inclusive/exclusive distinction 73, 222, 455,
481
indefinite 12–13
independence (of the Andean states) 3, 10,
183, 350, 507
independent suffixes 208–9, 224, 273–5,
290–2, 313–14
Indian movements 4, 10
indigenista movement 4, 181, 254–5, 590
indigenous communities (comunidades
ind´ıgenas) 10, 79, 237, 320, 362–3,
418
indirect-object marking (on verbs) 71
inferential 286–7, 455
inferential past 224
Inferential knowledge 135
infinitive 152, 226, 288, 355, 384, 526
infinitive complement 137, 226, 372, 573
information status 458
Instituto Caro y Cuervo, Bogot´a 55, 83
Instituto Ling¨u´ıstico de Verano (ILV) 19, 447,
449, 457, 460
instrument nominaliser 227–8, 289, 339–41,
529
instrumental 215–16, 312–13, 332, 352, 385,
440, 469
instrumental prefixes 387, 448
instrumental–comitative 278, 356, 374
instrumental–coordinative 304
interdental 510, 514–15, 516
interlanguage 592, 596
intermediary periods (archaeological) 7
Intermediate Area 50
internal vowel change 89–90
International Journal of American Linguistics
xvi
interrogative (as a verbal category) 76, 93,
111, 146–7, 153, 546, 547
Interrogative / no knowledge 135
interrogative pronouns 105, 118, 295, 313,
334, 352, 375
interrogatives 61, 93, 313, 437, 537
intralocutive 71
intransitivisers 73–4
Introductiones Latinae 16
inverse/direct distinction 354, 525–6, 528–9
inverse pulmonic nasal 454
Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato) 41
irrealis 442
irregular concord 598–9
irrigation 2
Iru Itu, indigenous community 362
Isla del Sol, island 363
Isla Huapi, island 510
Issa Oristuna, indigenous reserve 75
itive 231, 534
Ja´en, town and region 396, 405–6
Jequetepeque river 320
710 Subject index
Jesuits 17–18, 24, 163, 254, 259, 264, 408,
416, 433, 447, 457, 477–8, 552, 556, 605
Jim´enez de Quesada, Gonzalo (conquistador)
46
Jivaroan uprising 397
joint action 133, 151
Juan del Oso (mythical figure) 256
Juan Santos Atahuallpa, rebellion of 423
Juli, town and mission centre 264
kankurua (place of worship) 67, 438
kinship terms 106, 235, 294, 329, 425, 427,
455, 480, 538
La Leche river 320
La Pampa, region 505, 514
La Plata, town and river in Colombia
138–9
La Rioja, town and region 407–9
La Tolita culture 156
labial click 454
labialised consonant 131, 365
labiodental fricative 510, 516
labio-postvelar 365
labiovelars 63, 69, 76, 84, 131, 365, 407
lack of polysynthesis 40
Lamas, town and region 186
Lambayeque, town and region 319, 400
landholding system 10
language attrition 580–2
language contact 4–6, 195, 386, 580–2
language families 26, 416, 454, 499
Language in the Americas (Greenberg) 27
language maintenance 5, 194, 256, 258
language mixture 602
language planning 515, 585, 605–8
language shift 6, 258–9, 262
language surveys 21
Les langues du monde (Meillet and Cohen) 26
laryngealisation 198–9
Late Horizon 8
lateral fricative 144, 364–6
lateralisation 205
Lecturas Araucanas 511
lengua general (general language) 81, 163,
167, 175, 296, 350, 453
lengua matriz 25
Leticia triangle 164
lexical and grammatical entwining (of
Aymaran and Quechuan) 36
lexical borrowing 6, 36, 66, 159, 352, 357,
434, 549, 580–2
from Aymaran 171, 263, 279, 302, 375, 385,
476, 538, 549, 591
from Quechuan 131, 160, 175, 295, 314,
325, 378, 385, 391, 393, 403, 424, 448,
476, 538, 549, 590–1
from Spanish 59, 74, 87, 105, 128–9, 131,
150, 152–3, 196–7, 233–4, 236, 241,
245–6, 253, 280, 293, 298, 325, 378,
384–5, 391, 488, 517, 538, 582
lexical gender (in verbs) 388
lexical diffusion 5, 500
lexical number (in verbs) 388, 571
lexical similarities 49, 57, 140, 142
lexical suffix 79, 140
lexico-statistics 431
Library of the Royal Palace, Madrid 82–3
Licancabur, mountain 376
Lima, as a centre of migration 258
Lima, Aymaran communities in the
department of 261
Lima, Peruvian state capital and former
residence of the Spanish viceroys 167,
182, 205
limitative 469
lingua franca 3, 477–8, 500
linguistic area 579
linguistic diversity 2, 22, 81, 183, 416
linguistic fieldwork 20, 191
linguistic rights 3
linguistic taboo 581
L´ıpez (region) 362
literary production 254–6, 296, 539, 580
lithic technology 7
llanos (eastern plains of Colombia and
adjacent Venezuela) 24, 162–3
Loa river 375–6
Location 99, 100
location (as a verbal category) 498
locative 60, 70, 136–7, 189, 214, 276, 312–13,
356, 374, 397, 428, 439, 447–8, 470, 485,
491–2
locative–accusative 145
locative–genitive 276, 303
locative–possessive verbalisation 276
Loja, town and region 396–7, 432
loose morphological structure 40
Lord’s Prayer 106–9, 344–6, 359, 376, 381–4
Loreto, region 418, 423, 456
Subject index 711
loss of aspiration 266
lowering of water level (in Lake Titicaca) 363
Lucanas, region 262
Lupaca, kingdom 7
Lur´ın river 165
Macotama, religious centre 66
Madeira river 40
Madre de Dios, region 416, 418, 423, 459
Magalh˜aes (Magellan), Fernando de 15
Magdalena river and valley 9, 38, 46, 48,
52–3, 75, 112, 114–15, 138, 161
maintenance model (of bilingual education)
606–9
maize 7
Malleco, region 507, 509–10, 516
mal´on (Indian raid) 507
mama (spiritual leader) 67
Manab´ı, region 392–3
Mantaro river and valley 257, 261
manuscripts 20
Mapuche uprising 539
Mar Chiquita, lake 502
Maracaibo, town 115
Maracaibo, lake 11, 38, 52, 99, 112, 115, 124
mathematics teaching 609
Maule river 506
metathesis 435
Mara˜n´on river 319, 401, 405–6
M´erida, town and region 124
Mesoamerica 120, 156, 364
Messianic movements 9
mestizo 255, 418, 590–1
Meta river and region 162–3
Middle Horizon 7
migration to urban areas 258, 507
milenarismo andino, see Andean Millenarism
mining vocabulary 589
missions 4, 16–17, 24–5, 56, 67, 131, 139,
151, 163, 408, 416, 419, 423, 447, 452,
457, 459, 460, 476, 477, 552, 556, 567
mitimaes 167, 176, 237, 261, 319, 395, 406,
506
mixed dialect 82
Moche, town and indigenous community 320
Mochica culture 165
modal suffix 183
moh´an (indigenous priest) 84
Mojos, Moxos, chiefdom 422
Mojos, Moxos missions 25
Monsef´u, town 321
monta˜na (Andean-Amazonian foothills in
Peru)9,13, 411, 419, 424, 499
Monte Verde, site 1, 506
month names 538
mood 218, 222, 282–7, 380, 389, 442, 472,
522, 523–4, 573
Moquegua, town and region 263
morphological transparency 209, 274
morphophonemic variation 117, 202, 481–2,
512, 517, 546
morphophonemics 69, 267, 323, 441, 463
morphosyntax 69
motion 153, 477
Motupe, town 320
mucuch´ıes 128
Muequet´a 46
multilateral comparison 43
multilingualism 4, 67, 164, 180–1, 477, 580
multiple vibrant (trill) 58, 68, 81, 117, 205,
243, 325
mummification techniques 2
Mus´ee de l’Homme, Paris 55
Museo de la Plata 582
Nabus´ımake, indigenous town 66
Napo river 417
narrative past 224
nasal cluster 515
nasal contour 163
nasal spread 58, 164, 478, 479, 487
nasal vowels 69, 81, 113, 131, 143, 147, 156,
433, 454–6, 479, 496, 499
National Library, Madrid 192, 544
National Library of Colombia 82–3
nationalism 10
nativos 413
Navarino island 554, 567
Nazca culture 165, 263
near past 389
near-remote past 283
negation 70–1, 78, 93, 133, 153, 158, 209–10,
281, 291, 309, 313, 360, 380, 420, 441,
443, 448–9, 473, 487, 522, 532–3, 546
negative command 90, 384, 443, 448, 533
negative participle 70–1
negative possession 158
negative subordination 342
negative verb 119, 385, 603
Nele Kantule (Indian leader) 62
712 Subject index
neologisms 123
Neuqu´en, region 514
New Granada 23, 48, 53–4, 74, 84
New Testament translations 578
nominal derivation 467–8
nominal inflection 36
nominal negation 133, 137, 532
nominal person markers 212, 269, 426
nominal predicate 98, 118, 134–5, 207, 209,
275–6, 382, 487, 536–7
nominal tense 494
nominalisation 17–18, 69–70, 72, 76, 93, 137,
140, 146, 150, 218, 224, 226–9, 265, 275,
288–90, 311–12, 339, 355, 372–3, 380,
384, 389, 453, 473, 498, 519, 522,
526–30, 547
nominative 332
nominative–accusative system 145, 207
non-finite verbs 70, 76
Non-involver 286–7, 290
non-possession 119, 329, 427
Norte de Potos´ı, region 176
noun classes 423, 427, 480
noun incorporation 59, 66, 159, 449, 518–19,
563
number 111, 125, 133, 153, 221, 269, 354,
388, 455, 496, 519, 522–3, 538, 547
number of language families 2
number of eastern lowland Indians 13–14
number of speakers of highland languages
(Aymara, Mapuche, Quechua) 13–14,
168, 258
numeral classifiers 66, 79, 329, 342–3, 470,
471
numerals 34, 66, 74, 79, 83, 106, 111–12, 123,
128, 140, 150, 235, 277, 294–5, 314–15,
343, 361, 368, 375, 385, 391, 424, 470,
500, 549
n¨utram (literary genre) 539
object marking (on nouns) 136, 303
object marking (personal reference in verbs)
71, 78, 97–8, 154, 208, 218, 264, 275,
282, 306–8, 310, 353, 384, 473–6, 498,
524, 548, 557
object-oriented nominaliser 137
object pronoun 147
obligation 289, 338, 383, 573
obviative/proximate distinction 523–5
Oca˜na, town and region 116
Ollantay (theatre play) 192, 255
onomatopoeic roots 236–7
Op´on river 114
optative 222, 224, 473
Or´elie-Antoine I (king of Araucania and
Patagonia) 507
Orellana, Francisco de (explorer) 431
oriente (Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador)
12–13, 454
Orinoco river 161, 163
Orteguaza river 163
orthography xvi–xix, 86, 183, 194, 257–9,
270, 302, 377, 513, 515, 544, 572
Otavalo, town 393–4
ownership 216–17, 277, 289
Pacaicasa, site 1
Pacasmayo river 320–1
Pachacamac, site and religious centre 8, 165
Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (Inca ruler) 8
Pachitea river 419
pacification of Araucania 9, 507, 511
Paij´an, town 320
palatalisation 131, 407, 434, 450, 481, 489
palatals 322–3, 324–8, 403, 425
Paleo-Indian hunters 506
Pallasca, town and region 401–3
Pampa Wars 556
pampas 10, 505, 507–8
Pampas del Sacramento 422
Pancen´u, chiefdom 50
Paracas culture 165
Paraguayan missions 24
Paranapura river 456
Pariacaca (deity) 174
partial reduplication 388, 476
participle 92–5, 156, 340, 390
passive participle 95, 547
passive voice 64, 95–6, 123, 150, 329, 335,
338–42, 368, 483, 485–6, 523, 534, 547
past tense 92, 383, 485–6, 530
Pastaza river and region 454
Pasto, town 142
Patagonia 505, 507–8, 550, 554–6
Path 99–100
paucal 492
Peine, indigenous community 376–7
Pe ˜nas, Gulf of 553
percentages of Indian population 11
Peren´eriver 417
Subject index 713
perfective aspect 221, 231, 441, 530, 595
perlative 374
permissive 456
person hierarchy 521, 525–6
personal names 408
personal reference 35, 59, 61, 65, 71–3, 77,
88–9, 96–8, 119, 122, 133–6, 140, 147,
153–4, 156–7, 189, 192, 211–12, 218–21,
226, 269, 275, 282–3, 306, 329–32, 353,
358, 380, 383, 388–9, 423, 426, 436–8,
453, 459, 463, 471–2, 481–2, 498, 511,
521–3, 545, 557, 582
personal reference number marking 212–13,
222, 546
Peruvian Corporation 417
petrified suffix 69, 74
Philip II (king of Spain) 182
phonology 57–9, 62–3, 68–9, 75–6, 81–9,
112, 117–18, 143–5, 152, 156, 194–207,
270–4, 301–2, 321, 361, 364–7, 377–80,
386–7, 424–5, 433–5, 450, 454, 463, 479,
489, 496, 512–17, 564–5, 567–70, 591
phonotactics 35, 267, 293
phylum 28
physical characteristics of the Andean region
6–7
pidginisation 602
Pikimachay, site 1
Pilcomayo river 385, 493
Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto, military
government of 507
pitch accent 118
Piura, town and region 398
Pizarro, Francisco (conquistador)8,167,
179
Plate, River 3, 6, 505
pluperfect 601
plural 60, 65, 77, 155, 190, 212, 221–2,
269, 277, 281–2, 305, 331–2, 356, 375,
382, 390, 492, 509, 521–2, 524–5, 545,
560
polar question 209–10, 291, 331
Poop´o, lake 362
Popay´an, town 142
portmanteau suffix 190, 208, 219–20, 245–6,
339
Portuguese 417
Portuguese slave-raiders 417
possession 119, 239, 367, 487, 496
possession acted upon 71
possessive affix 98, 119, 277, 359, 381, 389,
390–1, 402, 420–1, 425, 427, 449, 451,
476, 490, 494
possessive construction 77, 214, 278, 358,
382, 390, 452, 519
possessive modifier 419, 444, 449, 457,
519–20, 527, 529
possessive pronoun 65, 77, 147–8, 352, 358,
360, 382, 439, 451, 482
postposition 79, 89, 101, 129, 154, 328,
332–3, 356, 419, 449, 468, 482–3, 495,
520, 545, 560–1, 563, 565, 567, 576
posture verb 65, 150, 388
postvelar 365–6, 378–9, 402, 409
potential 153, 284–6, 309, 372, 442
preaspirated consonant 145, 495
preaspirated glide 568
preceramic phase of Andean prehistory 2, 7
predicate marker 570
prefix fusion 472
preglottalised consonant 76, 144
prehistory 7–8
prenasalised consonant 58, 75, 131, 133, 152,
434
preposition 128, 332, 484–5, 497, 576, 599
present tense (absence of) 530
preterit 336, 337
preverb 133
preverbal adverb 535
preverbal complement 273
proclitic 370, 453, 559, 561
professional language 357
Programa de Formaci´on en Educaci´on
Intercultural Biling¨ue para los Pa´ıses
Andinos (PROEIB Andes) 257
progressive aspect 221, 224, 231, 281, 338
promaucaes 506
pronominal possession 69, 136, 437
pronouns 73, 111, 127, 147, 155, 269, 329,
353, 358, 360, 367–8, 375, 382–3, 391,
436, 450–1, 466, 481–2, 498, 519–20,
529, 545, 557, 574–5
proto-language 35, 80, 112, 202, 266–7
Proyecto Experimental de Educaci´on Biling¨ue
(PEEB) 257, 296, 608
pseudo-passive 123
Pubenza federation 142
Puerto Eden, town 553
Pueblo Llano, town 125
Puerto Hormiga, site 8