Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

25-6 Industrial Communication Systems

Control.recipes.are.structured.similarly.to.the.procedural.control.model.and.contain.sucient.infor-

mation

.wit

.res

pect

.to.the.att

ributes

.of.a.pro

cess

.cel

.to.be.lin

ked

.wit

.the.equ

ipment

.con

trol.

.Dep

ending

on.the.con

trol

.rec

ipe’s

.gra

nularity

.and.the.ava

ilable

.so

ware

.ele

ments,

.thi

.int

erlinking

.can.be.don

the

oretically

.on.any.lay

er.

.How

ever,

.in.pra

ctice,

.the.int

erlinking

.of.the.con

trol

.rec

ipe,

.whi

.resi

des

.on.

a.bat

.ser

ver,

.wit

.the.equ

ipment

.con

trol,

.whi

.is.exe

cuted

.on.con

trollers,

.is.com

monly

.don

.on.the.

pha

.lay

.(se

.Sec

tion

.25.

2.3)

.by.the.so-

called

.pha

.log

.int

erface

.[BR

05].

. is.int

erface

.is.res

ponsible

to.con

vert

.ste

.of.the.con

trol

.rec

ipe

.into.com

mands

.for.the.lin

ked

.equ

ipment

.con

trol

.and.to.ret

urn

dat

.and.inf

ormation

.fro

.the.pro

cess

.to.the.bat

.ser

ver.

.Mos

.com

mercially

.ava

ilable

.bat

.so

ware

tool

.per

form

.thi

.con

nection

.on.the.pha

.lay

er.

. is.mea

.tha

.the.hig

her

.mor

.abs

tract

.par

.of.the.

con

trol

.rec

ipe

.(pr

ocedure,

.uni

.pro

cedures

.and.ope

rations)

.are.con

trolled

.by.the.bat

.ser

ver

.whi

.onl

the.pha

ses,

.whi

.com

prise

.the.mos

.pre

cise

.inf

ormation

.abo

.the.pro

cedural

.act

ivities,

.are.act

ually

exe

cuted

.on.co

ntrollers

.su

.as.Pr

ogrammable

.Lo

gic

.Co

ntrollers

.(P

LCs).

25.2.6 Classication of Process Cells

Process.cells.can.be.organized.not.only.according.to.the.physical.model.described.above.but.also.

cat

egorized

.acc

ording

.to.eit

her

.the.numb

.of.di

erent

.fab

ricated

.pro

ducts

.or.the.phy

sical

.str

ucture

.of.

the

.in

stallations

.(i

.e.,

.un

its)

.[I

EC97].

.we.cat

egorize

.pro

cess

.cel

.acco

rding

.to.the.num

ber

.of.di

erent

.fab

ricated

.pro

ducts,

.we.can.dis

tinguish

•

. Sin

gle-product

.pro

cess

.cel

.tha

.fab

ricate

.alw

ays

.the.sam

.typ

.of.pro

duct

.in.eac

.bat

.tho

ugh

var

iations

.of.the.pro

cedures

.or.mat

erial

.and.pro

duction

.par

ameters

.are.pos

sible

.to.com

pensate

cha

nges

.of.th

.en

vironment

.co

nditions

•

. Mul

tiproduct

.pro

cess

.cel

.tha

.are.abl

.to.fab

ricate

.di

erent

.typ

.of.pro

ducts

.by.app

lying

.di

er-

ent

.pr

ocedures

.an

.pa

rameters

.cl

assication

.ac

cording

.to.th

.ph

ysical

.st

ructure

.of.pr

ocess

.ce

lls

.le

ads

.to.th

.fo

llowing

.ca

tegories:

•

. Sin

gle-path

.str

uctures

.rep

resent

.a.gro

.of.uni

.tha

.pro

cess

.one.or.sev

eral

.bat

ches

.at.the.sam

tim

.st

rictly

.se

quentially.

•

. Mul

tipath

. str

uctures

. con

sist

. of. sev

eral

. par

allel

. sing

le-path

. str

uctures

. exc

luding

. mat

erial

exc

hanges

.be

tween

.th

.pa

ths.

.Ho

wever,

.ma

terial

.so

urces

.as.we

.as.sto

rages

.fo

.th

.n

.pr

oducts

may.be.sh

ared

.by.al

.pa

ths.

•

. Net

work

.str

uctures

.may.hav

.det

ermined

.or.var

iable

.pat

hs.

. e.act

ually

.use

.pat

.for.a.bat

.can.

be.sch

eduled

.eit

her

.at.the.beg

inning

.or.als

.dur

ing

.its.pro

cessing.

.Fle

xibility

.is.the

refore

.a.key.

iss

.as.eve

.uni

.may.be.mov

able

.wit

hin

.the.pro

cess

.cel

.Hen

ce,

.mat

erial

.sou

rces

.and.stor

ages

may.ne

.to.be.ac

cessible

.fo

.al

.un

its.

Evidently,

.pro

cess

.cel

.can.be.eit

her

.sim

ple

.in.the.case.of.a.sin

gle-product

.pro

cess

.cel

.wit

.a.sin

gle-path

str

ucture

.or.ver

.com

plex

.in.the.case.of.a.mul

tiproduct

.pro

cess

.cel

.wit

.a.net

work

.str

ucture.

.Esp

ecially,

the.lat

ter

.rat

her

.com

plex

.cat

egory

.dem

ands

.ex

ible

.con

trol

.par

adigms.

25.2.7 tasks and Functions of a Batch Management and Operation System

 e.realization.of.certain.tasks.is.necessary.to.perform.the.successful.production.of.a.batch..Seven.tasks.

are.ide

ntied,

.whi

.de

.the.mea

.of.con

trolling

.the.equ

ipment

.[IE

C97].

.Fig

ure

.25.

.dis

plays

.the

tas

ks—the

.co

nnections

.re

present

.a.re

lation

.re

alized

.by.an.in

formation

.o

.be

tween

.th

.ta

sks.

•

. Rec

ipe

.man

agement

.com

prises

.act

ivities

.to.cre

ate

.and.sto

.gen

eral

.rec

ipes,

.sit

.rec

ipes,

.and.

mas

ter

.reci

pes.

. e.na

.mas

ter

.reci

.is.pro

vided

.to.the.pro

cess

.man

agement

.tha

.uses.it.to.cre

ate

a.co

ntrol

.re

cipe.

•

. Pro

duction

.pla

nning

.and.sch

eduling

.is.a.hig

h-level

.act

ivity

.inc

orporating

.as.its.mos

.imp

ortant

tas

.th

.cr

eation

.of.a.ba

tch

.pl

an,

.wh

ich

.is.tr

ansmitted

.to.th

.pr

ocess

.co

ntrol.

Process Automation 25-7

•. Production. information. management. is. concerned. with. gathering,. storing,. processing,. and.

reporting.production.information.including.batch.history.management..A.batch.history.is.a.vol-

ume

.of.data.related.to.a.certain.batch.to.support.other.tasks.such.as.batch.and.material.tracking.

•

. Process.management.manages.all.batches.and.equipment.entities.of.a.process.cell..Control.recipes.

are.derived.from.master.recipes,.batches.are.started.and.observed,.process.cell.equipment.is.man-

aged,

.and.data.related.to.equipment.and.batches.is.gathered.

•

. Unit.supervision.executes.procedural.elements,.manages.unit.equipment,.and.gathers.data.related.

to.equipment.and.batches.

•

. Process.control.executes.control.soware.on.the.phase.level.and.gathers.data.related.to.equipment.

modules.and.control.modules.

•

. Personnel. and. environmental. protection. is. concerned. with. safety. measurements. and. shown.

underneath.the.process.control.as.no.other.control.activity.should.interfere.between.this.task.and.

the.eld.hardware.

25.2.8 Integration of Batch Management and OperationSystem

with Other Information Systems

A.batch.manufacturing.company.employs.not.solely.the.actual.batch.management.and.operation.system.but.

also.several.other.systems.that.produce.and.require.certain.data.and.information.(see.Figure.25.3b).such.

as.enterprise.resource.planning.(ERP).systems,.which.oer.nancial.reports;.order.management;.and.

warehouse.management..Production.data.is.demanded.from.the.batch.operation.system.and.customer.

orders.and.material.requirements.converted.into.certain.data.formats.to.be.committed.to.the.operation.

system..Supply.information.systems.keep.track.of.the.quantities.and.qualities.of.raw.materials.. is.data.

Production

planning and

scheduling

Batch management and operation system

Process

management

Unit supervision

Process control

Personnel and

environmental

protection

(a) (b)

Recipe

management

Production

information

management

Enterprise resource

planning system

Supply information

system

Product distribution

and delivery

Maintenance system

Quality assurance

and control

FIGURE 25.3 (a).Batch.management.and.operation.system.(b).integrated.with.other.information.systems.

25-8 Industrial Communication Systems

is.compared.with.the.corresponding.data.of.the.operation.system.to.recognize.inconsistencies.of.the.

valu

es.

.Like

wise,

.the.quan

tities

.and.qual

ities

.of.nal.prod

ucts

.are.obse

rved

.by.syst

ems

.conc

erned

.with.

the.prod

uct

.dist

ribution

.and.deli

very.

.Syst

ems

.conc

erned

.with.main

tenance

.need.info

rmation

.from.the.

oper

ation

.syst

.for.reco

rding

.the.oper

ation

.time.of.equi

pment.

.Othe

.syst

ems

.are.empl

oyed

.for.qual

ity

.assu

rance

.and.cont

rol,

.and.in.orde

.to.mark.prod

uct

.samp

les

.and.qual

ity

.meas

urements

.with.time.

stam

ps,

.the

.sys

tems

.nee

.to.wor

.clo

sely

.wit

.the.ope

ration

.sys

tem

.[BR

05].

25.3 Currently applied Communication Systems

Corresponding.to.the.general.concept.of.the.automation.pyramid,.dierent.means.of.communication.

are.appl

ied

.acco

rding

.to.the.requ

irements

.at.each.leve

.More.data.need.to.be.tran

sported

.on.the.high

leve

.whil

.the.real

-time

.capa

bilities

.are.of.less.impo

rtance

.than.on.the.lowe

.leve

ls.

.Henc

.the.com-

unication

.lay

ers

.can.be.dis

tinguished

.as.fol

lows:

•

. Ether

net

.is.comm

only

.used.for.the.comm

unication

.betw

een

.the.actu

.proc

ess

.cont

rol

.enti

ties

and.any.supp

ort

.syst

ems

.such.as.supe

rvisory

.cont

rol

.and.data.acqu

isition

.(SCA

DA)

.syst

ems.

With.resp

ect

.to.the.stru

cture

.pres

ented

.in.Figu

.25.3

.Ether

net

.real

izes

.most.of.the.show

.info

mation

.con

nections.

•

. For. the. comm

unication

. betw

een

. the. proc

ess

. cont

rol

. enti

ties

. such. as. PLCs

. whic

. will. hap-

en.most.likely.on.the.phase.layer.of.the.procedural.control.model,.eldbus.technologies.are.

comm

only

.appl

ied.

.Whil

.PROF

IBUS

.repr

esents

.the.mark

.lead

.on.the. Euro

pean

.mark

et,

Cont

rolNet

.is.one.com

petitor

.on.the.Ang

lican

.mar

kets.

.How

ever,

.als

.sev

eral

.oth

.tec

hnologies

(e.g

.CANop

en,

.Devi

ceNet)

.are.in.use.and.the.shar

.of.indu

strial

.Ethe

rnet

.on.the.mark

.is.

curr

ently

.inc

reasing.

•

. e.situa

tion

.is.simil

.to.the.comm

unication

.betw

een

.the.proc

ess

.cont

rol

.enti

ties

.and.thei

.allo

cated

.peri

pheral

.I/O-

modules.

.Howe

ver,

.the.real

-time

.capa

bilities

.are.of.a.vita

.impo

rtance

.at.

this.leve

.of.comm

unication.

. is.type.of.comm

unication

.real

izes

.only.basic.func

tionality

.of.the.

autom

ation

.comp

onents

.with

out

.proc

edural

.acti

vities

.and.can.ther

efore

.not.be.allo

cated

.to.a.laye

of.the.IEC.615

.mod

els.

•

. With.resp

ect

.to.the.comm

unication

.of.I/O-

modules

.with.thei

.assig

ned

.sens

or/actuator

.unit

eld

bus

. tech

nologies

. such. as. PROF

IBUS-PA,

. Devi

ceNet,

. FOUN

DATION

. eld

bus,

. or. the.

AS-I

nterface

.(AS-

.are.comm

only

.appl

ied.

.Also.the.HART.Proto

col

.repr

esents

.a.comm

.eld

bus

.for.this.leve

.of.comm

unication.

.Howe

ver,

.even.thou

.the.numbe

.of.sens

or/actuator

.unit

with.eld

bus

.tech

nology

.is.risin

.the.major

ity

.of.curr

ently

.empl

oyed

.sens

or/actuator

.unit

.is.stil

conn

ected

.via.ordi

nary

.wire

.to.the.I/O-

modules.

.Also.this.type.of.comm

unication

.cann

.be.

allo

cated

.to.a.lay

.of.the.IEC.615

.mod

els.

.resu

.of.all.thes

.die

rent

.netw

orks

.is.a.high.inte

gration

.eor

. is.is.espe

cially

.a.prob

lem

.if.

one.syst

.has.to.supp

ort

.die

rent

.comm

unication

.tech

nologies.

. ere

fore,

.atte

mpts

.are.unde

rtaken

to.unif

.the.inte

raction

.of.cont

rol

.syst

ems

.and.cont

rol

.equi

pment.

.An.appr

oach

.targ

eting

.the.leve

.of.

cont

rol

.unit

.and.SCAD

.syst

ems

.is.the.new.OPC.uni

.arch

itecture

.(OPC.UA).spec

ication

.from.the.

OPC.foun

dation

.(htt

p://www.opcfoundation.org).

. is.spec

ication

.den

.at.a.high.leve

.and.netw

ork

inde

pendently

.how.cont

rol

.equi

pment

.can.exch

ange

.data

.Howe

ver,

.in.its.curr

ent

.impl

ementation,

.it.

reli

.on.Ethe

rnet

.tec

hnology

.and.is.the

refore

.not.sui

table

.for.all.typ

.of.con

trol

.equ

ipment.

25.4 Upcoming requirements of Distributed Process automation

Industrial. automation—including. process. automation—is. currently. faced. with. a. major. paradigm.

chan

ge.

.Our.glob

alized

.mark

ets

.are.gett

ing

.more.vola

tile.

.Custo

mers

.are.gett

ing

.more.disc

erning

.and.

favo

.custo

mized

.spec

ial

.prod

ucts.

. is.lead

.to.shor

ter

.prod

uct

.life.cycl

es,

.smal

ler

.lot.sizes

.and.less.

pred

ictable

.sale

.volu

me.

.Espe

cially,

.for.the.proc

ess

.autom

ation

.doma

in,

.this.new.envi

ronment

.is.very.

Process Automation 25-9

challenging.as.process.plants.incorporate.a.large.investment.. erefore,.new.means.are.necessary.that.

all

.uti

lizing

.pro

duction

.fac

ilities

.for.di

erent

.pro

ducts

.and.all

.fas

.swi

tches

.bet

ween

.pro

ducts

.to.

be.pro

duced.

.For.suc

.sys

tems,

.[GN

P94]

.coi

ned

.the.ter

.“ag

ile

.man

ufacturing.”

.In.ord

.to.pro

vide

suc

.man

ufacturing

.sys

tems,

.the.dyn

amic

.rec

onguration

.of.pla

.str

uctures

.as.wel

.as.the.con

trol

so

ware

.is.req

uired.

.Par

ametric

.cha

nges

.are.not.eno

ugh

.as.the

.lea

.to.unm

anageable

.con

trol

.so

ware

mod

ules.

.Fi

een

.yea

.lat

er,

.rec

ently

.con

ducted

.sur

veys

.suc

.as.the.MAN

Ufuture

.Stra

tegic

.Res

earch

Age

nda

.[EC

06],

.whi

.is.one.of.the.pla

tforms

.tha

.are.int

egrated

.in.the.de

nition

.of.the.fra

.pro

grams

of.th

.Eu

ropean

.Un

ion,

.cl

aim

.th

.sa

.ob

jectives.

Multipurpose

.fac

ilities

.bui

.in.the.abo

.des

cribed

.net

work

.pla

.str

ucture

.pro

vide

.the.dem

anded

ex

ibility

.and.ada

ptability

.fro

.the.mec

hanical/physical

.poi

.of.vie

.[K9

9].

.In.ord

.to.ope

rate

.suc

pla

nts

.ee

ctively

.and.ec

iently,

.new.way

.for.the.con

trol

.str

ucture

.hav

.to.be.use

.Dis

tributed

.con

trol

wit

.its.con

trol

.nod

.loc

ally

.att

ached

.to.the.pla

.con

trolled

.par

.rep

resents

.suc

.a.mea

ns.

.Dis

tributed

con

trol

.arc

hitectures

.all

.loc

alizing

.cha

nges

.and.dis

turbances

.in.the.pla

nt.

. is.hel

.to.kee

.cha

nges

man

ageable

.for.the.hum

.as.not.the.who

.sys

tem

.has.to.be.inv

estigated.

.Fur

thermore,

.dis

tributed

con

trol

.sys

tems

.fea

ture

.an.inc

reased

.sca

lability

.all

owing

.to.add.or.rem

ove

.pla

.par

ts.

.Fir

.wor

.on.

thi

.top

.we

.ab

.to.sh

.th

ese

.be

nets,

.e.

g.,

.[L

Z08,PCSK07,SSPK06,

.an

.TS

PK07].

Distributed

.con

trol

.sys

tems

.are.an.imp

ortant

.fou

ndation

.for.ex

ibility

.and.rec

ongurability

.ofp

ro-

duction

.sys

tems.

.How

ever,

.in.cas

.of.cha

nges,

.dis

turbances,

.pla

.fai

lures,

.or.ada

ptations,

.lab

or-inten-

sive

.eng

ineering

.wor

.is.nec

essary.

. er

efore,

.mor

.auto

nomous

.tec

hnologies

.are.nee

ded

.in.ord

.to.

reduce.the.human.eort.incorporated.in.production.changes,.as.the.human.eort.needs.time.(i.e.,.costs).

and.is.typ

ically

.err

.pro

ne.

.A.pos

sible

.app

roach

.is.to.enh

ance

.the.dis

tributed

.con

trol

.mod

ules

.wit

auto

nomous

.coo

perative

.fun

ctionalities.

. es

.all

.the.uni

.to.pro

vide

.its.fun

ctionality

.(e.

g.,

.pro

cess

rea

ctor)

.to.the.pro

duction

.sys

tem

.and.coo

perate

.wit

.oth

.uni

.lik

.pip

es,

.val

ves,

.pum

ps,

.or.oth

pro

cess

.rea

ctors

.in.ord

.to.ful

ll

.the.ove

rall

.goa

.pro

duction.

.For.ass

embly

.auto

mation,

.sev

eral

.suc

app

roaches

.wer

.inv

estigated

.and.tes

ted

.(se

.for.exa

mple

.[B0

6,LR06,

.or.VMM

08]).

. ey.wer

.abl

.to.

sho

.tha

.the.ex

ibility

.and.ada

ptability

.of.the.pla

.is.inc

reased.

.Mor

.res

earch

.is.nev

ertheless

.sti

nee

ded

.in.thi

.are

.bef

ore

.the

.con

cepts

.can.be.app

lied

.in.ind

ustrial

.sys

tems,

.esp

ecially

.for.pro

cess

auto

mation

.wh

ere

.on

.li

ttle

.re

.ha

.be

.do

ne.

 ese

. new. par

adigms

. do. not. cha

nge

.the. gen

eral

. pro

duction

. inf

ormation

. exc

hange

. as. des

cribed

abo

ve;

.how

ever,

.the

.cha

nge

.the.ove

rall

.str

ucturing

.of.the.con

trol

.sys

tem’s

.arc

hitecture

.and.the

refore

als

.the.way

.con

trol

.com

ponents

.int

eract.

. e.hie

rarchical

.str

ucturing

.as.sho

.in.Fig

ure

.25.

.wil

.be.

bro

ken

.up.into.a.net

work

.ori

ented

.one

. er

efore,

.the.con

trol

.arc

hitecture

.res

embles

.the.mec

hanical

str

ucture

.of.a.ex

ible

.(ba

tch)

.pro

cess

.pla

nt.

. is.lea

.awa

.fro

.the.cur

rently

.emp

loyed

.req

uest/reply

(e.

g.,

.cli

ent/server)

.int

eraction

.to.a.pee

r-to-peer

.int

eraction.

.Fut

ure

.con

trol

.com

ponents

.wil

.be.equ

memb

ers

.of.the.pro

duction

.sys

tem

.and.int

eract

.wit

.eac

.oth

.on.a.neg

otiation

.basi

.How

ever,

.as.

pro

cess

.auto

mation

.sys

tems

.int

eract

.wit

.the.rea

.wor

ld,

.the

.are.di

erent

.kin

.of.int

eraction

.on.dif

ferent

.lev

els

.wit

.di

erent

.pro

perties.

.On.the.hig

her

.lev

els,

.the

.are.the.neg

otiations

.bet

ween

.con

trol

com

ponents

.in.ord

.to.ful

ll

.the.ove

rall

.tas

.pro

duction.

. es

.neg

otiations

.fea

ture

.a.hig

her

.amo

unt

.of.

dat

.but.are.in.gen

eral

.les

.tim

.cri

tical.

.On.the.con

trary,

.on.the.low

.int

eraction

.lev

els—the

.rea

l-time

con

trol

.lev

els—the

.com

munication’s

.tas

.is.to.syn

chronize

.the.con

trol

.alg

orithms.

.For.thi

.pur

pose,

we.enc

ounter

.sho

.mes

sages

.tha

.hav

.to.be.tra

nsmitted

.and.pro

cessed

.in.rea

.tim

.(se

.Fig

ure

.25.

4).

Com

munication

.sys

tems

.for.upc

oming

.pro

cess

.auto

mation

.sys

tems,

.the

refore,

.hav

.to.sup

port

.the.pee

to-peer

.com

munication

.of.equ

.dis

tributed

.con

trol

.com

ponents.

. is.com

munication

.has.to.be.ex

ible,

.all

owing

.cha

ngeable

.co

mmunication

.rel

ations

.an

.als

.sup

port

.re

al-time

.int

eraction

.as.ne

eded

.by.

the.re

al-time

.co

ntrol

.el

ements.

Current

.com

munication

.sys

tems

.for.pro

cess

.aut

omation

.are.dev

eloped

.for.the.hie

rarchical

.com

mand/response

.or.mas

ter/slave

.par

adigm

.as.app

lied

.in.tod

ay’s

.pro

cess

.aut

omation

.sys

tems.

. es

sys

tems

.are.not.sui

table

.for.the.upc

oming

.nee

.of.dis

tributed

.con

trol

.and.aut

onomous

.pro

duction

res

ources.

. er

efore,

.new.com

munication

.sys

tems

.hav

.to.be.dev

eloped

.in.ord

.to.sup

port

.the.new.

par

adigms.

25-10 Industrial Communication Systems

25.5 Industrial Ethernet as the “Silver Bullet” for Future

Process

automation Communication Needs

In.the.last.few.years,.Ethernet.moved.more.and.more.from.the.oce/Internet.world.into.the.industrial.

automation.world.. is.trend.began.with.connecting.control.devices.with.high-level.systems.like.ERP.

and.SCADA.systems,.which.was.followed.by.replacing.controller.networks.providing.less.time.critical.

controller-to-controller.communication..Currently,.Ethernet.moves.also.into.the.eldbus.world.. e.

advantage.of.uniform.data.access.and.exchange.on.all.levels.of.a.production.system.and.between.all.

components.is.one.of.the.reasons.for.this.trend..Especially,.ERP.systems.and.production.planning.and.

scheduling.system.are.systems.for.which.it.is.believed.that.they.can.benet.most.of.this.uniform.data.

access.. is.should.enable.such.systems.to.get.a.more.complete.view.of.a.plant’s.state.and.therefore.allow.

a.better.planning.and.scheduling.of.the.production.

However,

. Ethernet. by. itself. is. not. capable. of. fullling. the. needs. of. typical. eldbus. systems..

 erefore,. dierent. enhancements. and. changes. to. Ethernet. were. developed.. Examples. for. such.

Ethernet-based. eldbus.technologies.described.in.this.book.are.as. follows:.EtherCAT,. Powerlink,.

Pronet,.and. ModbusTCP.. e. main.problem. of. many.of.these. systems. is. that. they. apply. major.

changes.to.the.protocols.and.system.behavior.of.what.is.commonly.known.as.Ethernet..In.the.end,.

many.of.the.described.systems.have.just.the.wiring.of.Ethernet.(e.g.,.Pronet.IRT)..Furthermore,.as.

all.of.the.industrial.Ethernet.protocols.use.dierent.methods,.they.cannot.be.used.in.parallel.on.the.

same.wire.or.operate.together.. erefore,.we.are.again.in.the.same.situation.the.eldbus.diversity.

has.brought.us..So,.nally.the.great.expectations.especially.from.the.higher.production.system.level.

could.not.be.met.. e.current.state.of.industrial.Ethernet.is.as.such.that.we.have.a.new.bunch.of.high.

bandwidth.eldbuses.

Flow

rate

E104

T102

T103

T101

V102

P101

LIC

102

LIC

103

TIC

104

LOH

101

LOL

101

FIC

101

V104

V101

Protect the

pump

Pump

water

Measure

water flow

Check if enough water

PID-

control

Pump

value

FIGURE 25.4 Example.of.messages.between.real-time.capable.control.units.

Process Automation 25-11

Looking.at.industrial.Ethernet.from.the.point.of.view.of.distributed.autonomous.control.as.described.

in.thi

.sec

tion,

.we.are.als

.fac

.wit

.a.simi

lar

.situ

ation

.as.wit

.con

ventional

.el

dbuses.

.Ethe

rnet

.wit

its.pee

r-to-peer,

.mul

ticast,

.and.bro

adcast

.cap

abilities

.wou

.ful

ll

.the.nee

.of.a.dis

tributed

.con

trol

arc

hitecture.

.How

ever,

.mos

.of.the.dev

eloped

.ind

ustrial

.Ethe

rnet

.sys

tems

.are.mim

icking

.the.beh

avior

of.con

ventional

.el

dbus

.sys

tems.

. at.mea

.the

.are.typ

ically

.org

anized

.in.a.mas

ter/slave

.hie

rarchical

way.and.fea

ture

.a.cyc

lic

.com

munication

.beh

avior.

. er

.are.a.few.tha

.hav

.alr

eady

.a.sup

port

.for.mul

ti-

master

.pe

er-to-peer

.co

mmunication

.li

.Eth

erNet/IP.

.cur

rent

.use.of.Ethe

rnet

.in.the.ind

ustrial

.dom

ain

.sho

.tha

.it.can.be.the.sol

ution

.for.the.fas

tra

nsmission

.of.lar

.dat

.vol

umes

.or.for.sys

tems

.whe

.con

ventional

.el

dbus

.sys

tems

.pro

vide

.not.

eno

ugh

.ban

dwidth.

.How

ever,

.for.upc

oming

.dis

tributed

.con

trol

.sys

tems

.and.als

.auto

nomous

.con

trol

equ

ipment

.cur

rent

.el

dbus

.and.ind

ustrial

.Ethe

rnet

.tec

hnologies

.are.too.res

trictive.

. ei

.app

lied

.mas

ter/slave

.com

munication

.arc

hitecture

.req

uires

.ext

ensive

.eo

rts

.for.pro

viding

.pee

r-to-peer

.com

munica-

tion

.mec

hanisms

.as.dem

anded

.by.dis

tributed

.con

trol

.sys

tems.

.In.ord

.to.sup

port

.suc

.new.con

trol

arc

hitectures,

.ee

ctive

.and.ec

ient

.new.com

munication

.met

hods

.hav

.to.be.dev

eloped,

.whi

.pro

vide

on.the.one.han

.the.ex

ibility

.of.Ethe

rnet

.and.on.the.oth

.han

.mee

.the.req

uirement

.of.ind

ustrial

con

trol

.sy

stems

.as.in.co

nventional

.e

ldbus

.sy

stems.

references

[B06].J..Barata,. e.Cobasa.architecture.as.an.answer.to.shop.oor.agility,.in.Manufacturing the Future—

Concepts, Technologies, Visions,

.pp

.31–76,.pr

.lit

eratur

.Ver

lag,

.Ger

many,

.2006.

[BR05]

. M.. Bar

ker

. and. J.. Rawt

ani,

. Pra

ctical Batch Process Management,

. New

nes,

. Ams

terdam,

. the.

Neth

erlands,

.2005.

C06]

. Eur

opean

. Com

mission,

. MAN

Ufuture:

. Str

ategic

. Res

earch

. Age

nda,

. Ass

uring

. the. fut

ure

. of.

Man

ufacturing

.in.Eur

ope,

.Rep

ort

.of.the.Hig

h-Level-Group,

.Lux

embourg,

.ISB

.92-

79-01026-3,

.200

[GNP94]

.S..L..Goldm

an,

.R..N..Nag

el,

.and.K..Prei

ss,

.Agi

le Competitors and Virtual Organizations, Strategies

for Enriching the Customer,

.Va

.Nos

trand

.Rein

hold

.ITP,.Ne

.Yo

rk,

.1994.

[IEC97]

. IEC. TC65,. IEC. 61512-1:. Bat

. Con

trol—Part

. 1:. Mode

. and. termin

ology.

. Int

ernational

Elec

trotechnical

.Co

mmission,

.Gen

eva,

.Sw

itzerland,

.1997.

[K99]

.S..Kuik

ka,

.A.bat

.pro

cess

.man

agement

.fram

ework:

.Dom

ain-specic,

.design.pat

tern

.and.so

ware

comp

onent

.ba

sed

.ap

proach,

.PhD.th

esis,

.He

lsinki

.Uni

versity

.of.Te

chnology,

.Ta

piola,

.Finl

and,

.1999.

[LR06]

.P..Leit

.and.F..Rest

ivo,

.ADAC

OR:

.A.holo

nic

.arc

hitecture

.for.agi

.and.adap

tive

.man

ufacturing

cont

rol,

.Co

mputers and Industry,

.57(2),.121–130,.2006.

Z08]

. W.. Lep

uschitz

. and. A.. Zoi

tl,

. An. eng

ineering

. met

hod

. for. bat

. pro

cess

. aut

omation

. usi

a. com

ponent

.ori

ented

.des

ign

.bas

.on.IEC. 614

99,

.in.Pro

ceedings of the IEEE International

Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA’08),

.Ham

burg,

.Ger

many,

200

.pp..207

–214.

[PCSK07]

.J..Pel

tola,

.J..H..Chri

stensen,

.S..Sierl

.and.K..Kosk

inen,

.A.migrat

ion

.pat

.to.IEC.61499.for.the.

batch.process.industry,.in.Proceedings of Fih IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics,.

Vienna,.Au

stria,

.2007,.pp

.811–816.

[POL94]

.M..Po

lke,

.Pr

ocess Control Engineering,

.VCH,.Wein

heim,

.Ger

many/New

.Yo

rk,

.1994.

[SSP

K06]

. M.. Str

öman,

. S.. Sierl

. J.. Pel

tola,

. and. K.. Kosk

inen,

. Pro

fessional

. designer

s’

. adap

tations

. of.

IEC.61499.to.their.indiv

idual

.wor

.pract

ices,

.in.Pro

ceedings of the IEEE Conference on Emerging

Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA’06),

.Pra

gue,

.Czec

.Rep

ublic,

.2006,.pp

.743–749.

[TS

PK07]

. K.. ramb

oulidis,

. S.. Sierl

. N.. Pap

akonstantinou,

. and. K.. Kosk

inen,

. An. IEC. 61499. bas

app

roach

.for.dist

ributed

.bat

.pro

cess

.cont

rol,

.in.Pro

ceedings of Fih IEEE International Conference

on Industrial Informatics,

.Vienn

.Au

stria,

.2007,.pp

.177–182.

[VMM08]

.P..Vrba,.V..Mar

ík,

.and.M..Merd

an,

.Physic

.deploy

ment

.of.agen

t-based

.indu

strial

.cont

rol

.sol

tions:

.MAST.sto

ry,

.in.Pro

ceedings of IEEE International Conference on Distributed Human-Machine

Systems,

.At

hens,

.Gr

eece,

.2008,.pp

.133–139.

26-1

26.1 Introduction

Building.automation.systems.(BAS).provide.automatic.control.of.the.conditions.of.indoor.environments,.

with.a.focu

.on.larg

.func

tional

.buil

dings.

. e.hist

orical

.root.and.stil

.core.doma

.of.BAS.is.the.cont

rol

of.heat

ing,

.vent

ilation,

.and.air-

conditioning

.(HVA

.syst

ems,

.wher

.auto

mation

.help

.to.yiel

.sign

i-

cant

.savi

ngs

.in.ener

.(and.thus.cost

.Yet,.the.reac

.of.BAS.has.exte

nded

.towa

.inte

grating

.info

rmation

from.all.kind

.of.buil

ding

.syst

ems,

.thus.pavi

.the.way.for.“int

elligent

.buil

dings.”

.Sinc

.these.syst

ems

.are.

dive

rse

.by.trad

ition,

.the.inte

gration

.of.hete

rogeneous

.syst

ems

.is.an.impo

rtant

.issu

. e.eld.of.buil

ding

auto

mation

.also.expo

ses

.furt

her

.speci

.char

acteristics

.and.die

rences

.with.resp

ect

.to.indu

strial

.auto

ma-

tion.

. is.chap

ter

.give

.an.insi

ght

.into.the.task.of.auto

mating

.larg

.func

tional

.buil

dings

.and.also.addr

esses

the.neces

sary

.syst

ems

.and.requ

ired

.comm

unications

.infr

astructure.

.the.seco

.part

.the.emer

ging

.eld.of.home.autom

ation

.is.unde

.revi

ew.

.Home.autom

ation,

.whic

is.beco

ming

.wide

.know

.unde

.the.term.“sma

.home

s,”

.allo

.not.only.the.econ

omic

.bene

t

.alre

ady

know

.of.buil

ding

.autom

ation

.to.be.yiel

ded

.in.the.resid

ential

.secto

.but.addi

tionally

.exhi

bits

.a.huge.

pote

ntial

.for.soci

.bene

ts.

.In.this.chapt

er,

.the.requ

irements

.and.appl

ications

.of.home.autom

ation

.as.

well.as.a.bri

.ove

rview

.of.com

mon

.com

munication

.pro

tocols

.wil

.con

stitute

.the.mai

.topi

cs.

26.2 Building automation

26.2.1 Motivation and Overview

Building.automation.is.concerned.with.measurement.and.control.of.plants,.systems,.and.installations.

of.(mec

hanical)

.buil

ding

.serv

ices

.[27]

. e.histo

rical

.root

.rang

.back.to.the.trad

itional

.core.doma

of.HVAC

.wher

.BAS.were.desi

gned

.to.incr

ease

.both.comf

ort

.and.ener

.savi

ngs

.in.the.buil

ding.

Building and Home

Automation

26.1. Introduction.....................................................................................26-1

26.2

. Buil

ding

.Auto

mation......................................................................26-1

Motivation.and.Overview. •. Distributed.Functions. •. Technologies.

and.Integration.Aspects. •. Applications

26.3. Home.Automation...........................................................................26-8

Motivation.and.Overview. •. Technologies.and.Integration.

Aspects. •. Applications

26.4. Outlook.and.Further.Challenges................................................26-13

References...................................................................................................26-14

Wolfgang Kastner

Vienna University

of Tec

hnology

Stefan Soucek

LOyTEC electronics GmbH

Christian Reinisch

Vienna University

of Tec

hnology

Alexander Klapproth

Lucerne University of

Appl

ied

Sci

ences

and Art

26-2 Industrial Communication Systems

They.were.based.on.the.concept.of.direct.digital.control.(DDC).[29]..Ever.since,.BAS.have.constantly.

evo

lved

.by.embr

acing

.mor

.bui

lding

.ser

vices

.suc

.as.sys

tems

.use

.for.con

stant

.lig

.con

trol,

.sce

man

agement,

.an

.sh

ading.

Motivations

.for.the.use.of.BAS.are.man

ifold.

.Firs

.and.mos

.imp

ortant

.are.cons

iderable

.savi

ngs

.in.

ope

rational

.cos

.sinc

.hig

hly

.ene

rgy

.int

ensive

.are

.suc

.as.HVA

.can.be.opt

imized

.thr

ough

.adv

anced

cont

rol

.str

ategies.

.Als

.lim

iting

.pea

.ene

rgy

.cons

umption

.by.coo

rdinating

.dev

ices

.prov

ides

.hig

.sav-

ngs

.pot

ential.

.In.func

tional

.buil

dings,

.lik

.oc

.buil

dings,

.sch

ools,

.or.hos

pitals,

.thi

.econ

omic

.ben

et

tha

.can.be.yie

lded

.over.the.ent

ire

.buil

ding

.life.cyc

.jus

ties

.the.req

uired

.inv

estments.

.Add

itionally,

a.num

ber

.of.aut

omation

.ser

vices

.can.lea

.to.pos

itive

.env

ironmental

.ee

cts,

.whi

.are.of.gro

wing

conce

.as.leg

islation

.incr

easingly

.dem

ands

.ene

rgy-ecient

.buil

dings,

.and.sus

tainability

.is.bec

oming

of.conce

rn.

With

.the.emp

loyment

.of.BAS

.an.imp

roved

.bui

lding

.man

agement

.als

.bec

omes

.pos

sible.

.Her

.the.

foc

.is.on.cen

tral

.acc

ess

.to.all.bui

lding

.sys

tems.

. is.all

ows

.pro

blems

.to.be.det

ected

.and.pro

bably

xe

.mor

.eas

ily

.and.qui

ckly.

.Pre

ventive

.as.wel

.as.cor

rective

.mea

sures

.can.be.pla

nned

.mor

.e-

iently,

.and.thu

.cos

.are.fur

ther

.dec

reased.

. is.com

mon

.way.of.tra

nsparently

.acc

essing

.all.sys

tems

is.sup

ported

.by.tai

lor-made

.use

.con

trols.

. ey.all

.cha

nges

.to.be.app

lied

.dur

ing

.reg

ular

.ope

ra-

tion

.and.add

itionally

.do.not.req

uire

.spe

cially

.tra

ined

.sta

,

.des

pite

.the.fac

.tha

.the.equ

ipment

.to.be.

con

trolled

.is.tec

hnically

.com

plex.

.Add

itionally,

.rem

ote

.acc

ess

.to.bui

lding

.sys

tems

.bec

omes

.pos

sible,

whi

.is.par

ticularly

.use

ful

.whe

.bui

lding

.sit

.are.geo

graphically

.dis

persed.

.Tra

vel

.tim

.and.cos

are.avoided.and.faults.can,.ideally,.be.resolved.without.being.on-site..Another.benet.is.the.possibility.

int

roduced

.by.BAS.to.col

lect

.hig

.qua

lity-data

.on.ene

rgy

.con

sumption.

.Las

.but.not.lea

st,

.inc

reasing

com

fort

.for.peo

ple

.in.the.bui

lding

.is.a.key.ben

et.

.Alt

hough

.it.can

not

.be.eas

ily

.qua

ntied,

.the.pos

itive

ee

.is.wel

.und

erstood.

.Peo

ple

.who.fee

.com

fortable

.in.a.bui

lding

.wil

.exh

ibit

.hig

her

.mot

ivation

.and.

the

refore

.als

.be.mor

.pro

ductive.

. e.use.of.mod

ern

.tec

hnology

.als

.app

eals

.to.ten

ants

.con

cerned

wit

.the

.ima

.and.all

ows

.bui

lding

.own

ers

.and.ten

ants

.to.set.the

mselves

.apa

.fro

.the.com

peti-

tion

.by.oe

ring

.hig

her

.val

ue.

.Fin

ally,

.bui

lding

.sec

urity,

.acc

ess

.con

trol,

.and.peo

ple

.saf

ety

.are.oth

imp

ortant

.top

ics

.tha

.can.be.tac

kled

.wit

.the.hel

.of.BAS

.tec

hnological

.imp

lementations

.to.the.req

uirements

.in.BAS.are.des

cribed

.by.bui

lding

.ser

vices.

At. the.bot

tom

.of.a.bui

lding

.ser

vice

.lie

.the. phy

sical

.pro

cesses

.tha

.hav

.to.be.cont

rolled.

. es

pro

cesses

.can.be.ver

.com

plex

.and.spa

tially

.dis

tributed.

.Due.to.the.arc

hitectural

.pro

perties

.of.the.

bui

lding,

.a.cer

tain

.par

titioning

.of.the.ser

vices

.is.req

uired.

.Typ

ically,

.bui

ldings

.are.sep

arated

.into.

oo

rs.

.Flo

ors

.are.sep

arated

.into.roo

ms,

.and.roo

.are.lim

ited

.by.wal

ls.

.A.com

mon

.way.to.app

roach

the.pro

blem

.of.hig

.com

plexity

.is.to.de

.the.sma

llest

.uni

.of.the.bui

lding,

.for.exa

mple,

.a.win

dow

axl

.whi

.cont

ains

.the.sam

.cont

rol

.ele

ments

.as.all.oth

.uni

ts.

.Ind

ividually

.cont

rolled

.uni

.are.

ref

erred

.to.as.zon

es.

.Zon

.may.cov

.enti

.oo

.or.rea

.down.to.sin

gle

.win

dow

.axl

es.

.Di

erent

zon

.may.exi

.for.di

erent

.bui

lding

.ser

vices.

.For.exa

mple,

.sun

blinds

.mig

.be.cont

rolled

.by.win

dow

.axl

.whi

.HVA

.cont

rols

.an.enti

.roo

.Are

.suc

.as.cor

ridors,

.ele

vators,

.and.sta

irwells

.pos

spe

cial

.zon

es,

.as.the

.typ

ically

.lin

.di

erent

.bui

lding

.uni

ts.

.For.ins

tance,

.the.cor

ridor

.lig

.may.be.

cou

pled

.to.roo

.occ

upancy.

. es

.are

.oe

.req

uire

.par

ticular

.aut

omation

.fun

ctions.

.Als

.cer

tain

.roo

.may.exi

st,

.suc

.as.mee

ting

.roo

.or.exe

cutive

.oc

es,

.whi

.pos

.di

erent

.dem

ands,

.for.

exa

mple,

.di

erent

.lig

.sce

nes.

Contractors

.who.eng

ineer

.BAS.are.fac

ing

.di

erent

.req

uirements.

. er

.can.be.di

erent

.con

trac-

tors

.for.di

erent

.bui

lding

.ser

vices,

.whi

.nee

.to.int

eract.

.Sys

tems

.mus

.be.pla

nned

.bef

orehand

.and.

com

missioned

.at.the.end.of.the.con

struction

.pro

cess.

.Tod

ay,

.a.gen

eral

.con

tractor

.mig

.nee

.to.tie.

the

.par

.toge

ther

.and.coo

rdinate

.the.di

erent

.tec

hnologies

.and.ser

vices.

. e.mar

ket

.lea

ves

.roo

.for.

lar

.auto

mation

.com

panies

.tha

.imp

lement

.an.int

egrated

.but.pro

prietary

.set.of.con

trol

.equ

ipment

.and.

sma

ller

.int

egrators,

.whi

.rel

.on.ope

.sys

tems

.to.int

egrate

.di

erent

.ven

dors’

.sys

tems.

.Cle

arly,

.the.ope

sys

tem

.app

roach

.wil

.pro

vide

.lon

g-term

.mai

ntenance

.ben

ets,

.whi

.a.sing

le-source

.sol

ution

.app

eals

thr

ough

.lo

wer

.in

itial

.co

st.

Building and Home Automation 26-3

26.2.2 Distributed Functions

Functional.buildings.oen.reach.considerable.spatial.dimensions..At.the.same.time,.in.each.building.

and.pro

bably

.in.eac

.bui

lding

.par

.di

erent

.req

uirements

.are.mad

.on.bui

lding

.ser

vices.

.New.tec

hnolo-

gies

.hav

.als

.ena

bled

.new.ser

vices.

. e.ori

ginal,

.cen

tralized

.app

roach

.of.DDC.sta

tions

.has.rea

ched

.its.

lim

its.

. e.I/O.poi

nts

.of.a.DDC.sta

tion

.typ

ically

.con

trolled

.a.sing

.zon

.of.a.spe

cic

.bui

lding

.ser

vice.

 e.hig

her

.numb

.of.dev

ices

.toda

.als

.req

uires

.a.con

siderably

.hig

her

.lev

.of.net

working

.bet

ween

sen

sors

.an

.ac

tuators.

.bui

lding

.con

trol

.net

work

.can.be.mod

eled

.as.a.dir

ectional

.gra

.of.dat

.poi

nts.

.A.dat

.poi

.is.

a.nod

.in.tha

.gra

.and.rep

resents

.a.sing

le,

.phy

sical

.val

.of.the.sys

tem,

.for.exa

mple,

.a.tem

perature.

 e.dat

.poi

.is.an.obje

.tha

.con

tains

.thi

.phy

sical

.val

.as.a.pre

sent

.val

.and.a.numb

.of.met

adata

des

cribing

.the.con

text

.of.the.val

ue,

.suc

.as.eng

ineering

.uni

.res

olution,

.and.min

imum

.and.max

imum

val

ue.

. e.pre

sent

.val

.is.com

municated

.alo

.the.lin

.of.the.gra

.acc

ording

.to.its.dir

ection

.imp

lied

by.inp

.and.out

put

.dat

.poi

nts.

.In.thi

.mod

el,

.sen

sors

.are.dat

.sou

rces,

.con

trollers

.are.dat

.pro

ces-

sors,

.and.act

uators

.are.dat

.sink

. e.met

adata

.can.be.use

.by.eng

ineering

.and.com

missioning

.tool

to.ide

ntify

.dat

.poi

nts

.in.the.bui

lding

.and.to.est

ablish

.the.cor

rect

.com

munication

.lin

ks.

. is.pro

cess

.is.

ref

erred

.to.as.bi

nding.

.bas

.pur

pose

.of.dat

.poi

nts

.is.to.rep

resent

.typ

.val

ues

.tha

.may.be.comm

unicated

.to.impl

ment

.dis

tributed

.con

trol.

. us

.aut

omation

.fun

ctions

.in.BAS.ope

rate

.on.dat

.poi

nts.

.Fre

quently

.use

fun

ctions

.are.tren

ding,

.ala

rming,

.and.sch

eduling.

.Tre

nding

.ref

ers

.to.the.his

torical

.log

ging

.of.dat

.poi

val

ues

.over.tim

.Cur

rent

.impl

ementations

.emb

race

.int

erval-based

.cha

nge

.of.val

.or.tri

gger-based

logging.and.record.present.values.or.aggregated.values.such.as.minimum,.average,.and.maximum..

Tre

.log

.can.be.tem

porarily

.ins

tantiated

.to.mon

itor

.the.ee

.of.spe

cic

.cha

nges

.in.the.BAS

. ey.

can.als

.be.use

.to.gen

erate

.rep

orts

.on.ene

rgy

.usa

.or.pro

vide

.dat

.to.det

ect

.agi

.comp

onents

.in.

orde

.to.ass

ist

.ear

.repl

acement.

.Ala

rming

.is.a.fun

ction

.in.BAS

.whi

.mon

itors

.dat

.poi

.val

ues

acc

ording

.to.pre

dened

.rul

es.

.A.typ

ical

.ala

.gen

erator

.mon

itors

.one.or.a.set.of.dat

.poi

nts

.and.gen

erates

.an.ala

.if.one.of.the

.val

ues

.exc

eeds

.the.spe

cied

.norm

.ran

.lon

ger

.tha

.a.give

.tim

.del

ay.

Mos

.ala

.sys

tems

.req

uire

.an.ope

rator

.to.ack

nowledge

.the.ala

.con

dition

.for.rec

ording

.tha

.the.

con

dition

.was.tak

.car

.of.. is.can.be.don

.on.an.ope

rator

.pan

el,

.via.E-m

ail,

.or.Web

-based

.ser

vices.

Oth

.ala

.sys

tems

.sim

ply

.col

lect

.and.log.ala

.con

ditions

.as.the

.occ

.and.go.awa

.for.lat

.pro

cessing.

.Sch

eduling

.in.BAS.all

ows

.to.set.and.withd

raw

.dat

.poi

.val

ues

.at.give

.tim

.of.a.day

. is.is,.

for.exa

mple,

.comm

only

.use

.to.iss

.set.poi

nts

.of.HVA

.sys

tems,

.tur

.on.lig

hts

.bef

ore

.ope

ning

.hour

or.sch

edule

.mai

ntenance

.tas

.at.nig

ht.

. e.sim

plest

.sch

edule

.is.wee

.bas

.and.de

nes

.tim

.and.val

ues

.for.eac

.day.of.the.wee

.To.cove

.exc

eptional

.day

.suc

.as.holi

days,

.a.cal

endar-based

.app

roach

.is.

use

.In.thi

.cas

.a.(ce

ntral)

.cal

endar

.de

nes

.the.xe

.or.rec

urring

.dat

.of.spe

cial

.day

. e.sch

edule

ref

ers

.to.suc

.a.cal

endar

.and.de

nes

.exc

eption

.day

.whi

.over

ride

.the.reg

ular

.wee

kday

.sch

edule.

.sta

ndard

.app

roach

.to.app

.the.con

trol

.net

work

.mod

.to.a.bui

lding

.was.to.spl

.the.sys

tem

.into.

thr

.lay

ers

.[8]

. is.arc

hitecture

.is.dep

icted

.in.Fig

ure

.26.

.On.the.low

est

.lay

er,

.the.el

.lay

er,

.con

trol

ove

.act

uators,

.suc

.as.fan

.or.val

ves

.for.hot.wat

.and.coo

lant

.is.pro

vided,

.and.an.ada

ption

.of.the

.in.

res

ponse

.to.dat

.poi

.val

ues

.for.sen

sors,

.act

uators,

.and.set.poi

nts

.(wh

ich

.may.be.pro

vided

.fro

.a.cen

tral

.loc

ation

.or.via.loc

.ope

rating

.pan

els)

.is.per

formed.

. e.auto

mation

.lev

.com

municates

.ver

tically

wit

.the.el

.lev

.by.exc

hanging

.val

ues

.wit

.the.el

.dev

ices

.as.wel

.as.hor

izontally

.to.pee

.con

trol-

lers

.on.the.sam

.lev

el.

.Typ

ical

.fun

ctions

.in.thi

.lev

.are.con

trolling

.fun

ctions,

.ala

.gen

eration,

.and.

sch

eduling.

. e.man

agement

.lay

.is.the.top.lev

.and.the.mos

.abs

tract

.lay

.in.the.BAS

.Her

.glo

bal

par

ameters

.are.mai

ntained

.for.the.auto

mation

.lay

er.

.Typ

ical

.fun

ctions

.are.man

agement,

.dat

.ret

rieval

and.stor

age

.wit

.tre

nding,

.glo

bal

.sch

edules,

.glo

bal

.ala

.col

lection

.and.ack

nowledgement,

.vis

ualiza-

tion,

.an

.in

terfaces

.to.ot

her

.sy

stems.

.toda

y’s

.BAS

.the.di

erent

.lay

ers

.are.com

prised

.of.cer

tain

.typ

.of.dev

ices.

. e.el

.lay

.is.typ

ically

pop

ulated.

I/O

dev

ices..

can

acc

essed.

thr

ough.

dir

ect.

I/O

lin

ked.

DDC

dev

ices.

con