Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

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Contents xi

.64. Running.Software.over.Internet....................................................................64-1

Nam Pham, Bogdan M. Wilamowski, and Aleksander Malinowski

.65. Semantic.Web.Services.for.Manufacturing.Industry....................................65-1

Chen Wu and aram S. Dillon

.66. Automatic.Data.Mining.on.Internet.by.Using.PERL.Scripting.Language........ 66-1

Nam Pham and Bogdan M. Wilamowski

Part V Outlook

.67. Trends.and.Challenges.for.Industrial.Communication.Systems..................67-1

Peter Palensky

.68. Processing.Data.in.Complex.Communication.Systems................................68-1

Gerhard Zucker, Dietmar Bruckner, and Dietmar Dietrich

Index..................................................................................................................Index-1

xiii

Preface

 e.eld.of.industrial.electronics.covers.a.plethora.of.problems.that.must.be.solved.in.industrial..practice..

Elec

tronic

.syst

ems

.cont

rol

.many.proc

esses

.that.begi

.with.the.cont

rol

.of.rela

tively

.simpl

.devi

ces

.like.

elec

tric

.motor

.thro

ugh

.more.comp

licated

.devi

ces

.such.as.robo

ts,

.to.the.cont

rol

.of.enti

.fabr

ication

proc

esses.

.An.indu

strial

.elec

tronics

.engi

neer

.deal

.with.many.physi

cal

.phen

omena

.as.well.as.the.sen-

ors

.that.are.used.to.meas

ure

.them

. us,.the.know

ledge

.requ

ired

.by.this.type.of.engi

neer

.is.not.only.

trad

itional

.elec

tronics

.but.also.spec

ialized

.elec

tronics,

.for.exam

ple,

.that.requ

ired

.for.high

-power

.appl

cations.

. e.impo

rtance

.of.elec

tronic

.circ

uits

.exte

nds

.well.beyo

.thei

.use.as.a.nal.prod

uct

.in.that.

they.are.also.impo

rtant

.buil

ding

.bloc

.in.larg

.syst

ems,

.and.thus

.the.indu

strial

.elec

tronics

.engi

neer

must.also.poss

ess

.a.know

ledge

.of.the.area

.of.cont

rol

.and.mech

atronics.

.Sinc

.most.fabr

ication

.pro-

esses

.are.rela

tively

.comp

lex,

.ther

.is.an.inhe

rent

.requ

irement

.for.the.use.of.comm

unication

.syst

ems

that.not.only.link.the.vari

ous

.elem

ents

.of.the.indu

strial

.proc

ess

.but.are.also.tail

or-made

.for.the.spec

ic

indu

strial

.envi

ronment.

.Fina

lly,

.the.eci

ent

.cont

rol

.and.supe

rvision

.of.facto

ries

.requ

ires

.the.appl

ica-

tion

.of.inte

lligent

.syst

ems

.in.a.hier

archical

.stru

cture

.to.addr

ess

.the.need

.of.all.comp

onents

.empl

oyed

.in.

the.prod

uction

.proc

ess.

. is.need.is.acco

mplished

.thro

ugh

.the.use.of.inte

lligent

.syst

ems

.such.as.neur

netw

orks,

.fuzz

.syst

ems,

.and.evol

utionary

.meth

ods.

. e.Indu

strial

.Elec

tronics

.Hand

book

.addr

esses

.all.

thes

.iss

ues

.and.doe

.so.in.ve.boo

.out

lined

.as.fol

lows:

. 1..Fund

amentals of Industrial Electronics

. 2.. Powe

r Electronics and Motor Drives

. 3..Cont

rol and Mechatronics

. 4.. Indu

strial Communication Systems

. 5..Inte

lligent Systems

.edito

.have.gone.to.grea

.leng

ths

.to.ensu

.that.this.hand

book

.is.as.curr

ent

.and.up.to.date.as.

possi

ble.

. us,.this.book.clos

ely

.foll

ows

.the.curr

ent

.rese

arch

.and.tren

.in.appl

ications

.that.can.be.

foun

.in.IEEE

Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

. is.journ

.is.not.only.one.of.the.larg

est

.engi

neer-

ing

.publ

ications

.of.its.type.in.the.worl

.but.also.one.of.the.most.resp

ected.

.In.all.tech

nical

.cate

gories

.in.

whic

.this.journ

.is.eval

uated,

.it.is.rank

.eith

.numbe

.1.or.numbe

.2.in.the.worl

.As.a.resu

lt,

.we.

beli

eve

.that.this.hand

book,

.whic

.is.writ

ten

.by.the.worl

d’s

.lead

ing

.rese

archers

.in.the.eld

.pres

ents

.the.

glob

.tre

nds

.in.the.ubi

quitous

.are

.com

monly

.kno

.as.ind

ustrial

.ele

ctronics.

Clearly,

.the.succ

essful

.oper

ation

.of.any.prod

uction

.proc

ess

.is.depe

ndent

.on.a.well

-designed

.and.

reli

able

.comm

unication

.syst

em.

.Mode

.comm

unication

.syst

ems

.that.are.empl

oyed

.with

.a.facto

use.a.vari

ety

.of.mean

.for.send

ing

.and.rece

iving

.info

rmation.

.With.time

.thes

.syst

ems

.have.beco

more.and.more.soph

isticated.

. is.book.is.the.most.volu

minous

.of.the.ve.that.comp

rise

.the.Indu

strial

Elec

tronics

.Hand

book,

.and.span

.the.full.gamu

.of.topic

.that.are.need

.for.engi

neers

.work

ing

.with.

indu

strial

.comm

unication

.syst

ems.

.A.desc

ription

.of.the.nume

rous

.topic

.cove

red

.in.this.book.is.out-

ined

.in.the.Pre

ambles,

.and.the.rea

ders

.are.dir

ected

.to.the.rel

evant

.par

.for.fur

ther

.det

ails.

Preambles

Dietmar.Dietrich,.Dietmar.Bruckner,.Gerhard.Zucker,.and.Peter.Palensky

Institute

.of.Comp

uter

.Tech

nology

Vienna

.Univ

ersity

.of.Tech

nology

Vienna,

.Aust

ria

Process

.contr

.require

.contr

.units.and.while.in.the.past.these.were.stand-

alone

.elemen

ts,

.they.have.

now.beco

.more.and.more.inte

rconnected.

.Toda

.we.have.netwo

rks

.on.mult

iple

.layer

.for.exam

ple,

we.have.networ

.of.proce

sses

.with.their.attenda

.contr

.units.as.well.as.networ

.of.proce

.compo

nents.

. ese.commu

nication

.syste

.have.diere

.require

ments,

.not.only.on.diere

.layers.but.also.

in.vastl

.diere

.areas.of.autom

ation.

.It.is.fasci

nating

.to.see.that.autom

ation

.perme

ates

.essen

tially

every.area.of.our.lives

.As.a.result

.we.are.today.able.to.reach.any.electr

ical

.compo

nent,

.wherev

.it.

may.be.

.book.provi

des

.an.overv

iew

.of.the.many.facet

.of.commu

nication

.that.are.relev

ant

.to.indus

trial

syste

ms.

.Part.I.deals.with.the.techn

ical

.princ

iples

.that.are.neces

sary

.for.commu

nication,

.inclu

ding

.both.

wired.and.wirel

ess

.commu

nication,

.the.integ

ration

.of.diver

.syste

ms,

.and.quali

.of.servi

.aspec

ts.

Part.II.focus

.on.the.appli

cation

.of.commu

nication

.syste

.to.dier

ent

.domai

.such.as.proce

.and.

build

ing

.autom

ation,

.ener

.dist

ribution,

.and.medi

cal

.appl

ications.

Part

.III.descr

ibes

.what.appea

.to.be.the.most.impor

tant

.commu

nication

.techn

ologies.

.Altho

ugh

the.list.is.not.exhau

stive,

.it.does.addre

.the.most.impor

tant

.areas

.inclu

ding

.wirel

ess

.commu

nication,

eldb

.syste

ms,

.and.the.indus

trial

.Ethern

.and.indus

trial

.Inter

net

.for.build

ing

.automa

tion

.and.auto-

tive

.appli

cations.

.Part.IV.cover

.topics.relat

.to.gener

.integ

ration

.of.Inter

net

.techn

ologies

.into.

indus

trial

.automa

tion.

.Final

ly,

.Part.V.peers.into.the.futur

.in.an.attem

.to.descr

ibe

.possib

.upcom

ing

devel

opments.

Preamble to Part I: technical Principles

Friederich.Kupzog

Institute

.of.Comp

uter

.Tech

nology

Vienna

.Univ

ersity

.of.Tech

nology

Vienna,

.Aust

ria

Jürgen

.Jasp

erneite

Institute

.Indu

strial

.IT

Lem

go,

.Germ

any

xvi Preambles

 ilo.Sauter

Institute

.for.Int

egrated

.Sen

sor

.Sys

tems

Austrian

.Aca

demy

.of.Sci

ences

Wiener

.Neu

stadt,

.Aus

tria

Communication

.is.a.prer

equisite

.for.dist

ributed

.syst

ems.

.Such.syst

ems

.can.be.loos

ely

.den

.as.a.grou

of.indi

vidual

.comp

uter

.syst

ems

.that.appe

.to.the.user.as.a.singl

.cohe

rent

.syst

em.

. e.spat

ially

.dis-

ersed

.natu

.of.indu

strial

.proc

esses,

.on.the.scal

.of.a.facto

.oor.or.elec

tric

.powe

.grid

.is.actu

ally

oen.used.as.a.guid

.for.the.desig

.and.layo

.of.autom

ation

.syst

ems.

. is.can.be.obse

rved,

.for.exam

ple,

in.netw

ork-based

.cont

rol,

.wher

.the.cont

rol

.loop.can.actu

ally

.be.dist

ributed

.over.die

rent

.proc

essors

in.a.netw

ork.

.In.this.envi

ronment,

.the.basic.prin

ciples

.of.dist

ributed

.syst

ems

.appl

.Howe

ver,

.whil

.the.

clas

sic

.theo

.of.dist

ributed

.syst

ems

.has.been.deve

loped

.keep

ing

.main

.gene

ral-purpose

.comp

uter

syst

ems

.in.mind

.indu

strial

.autom

ation

.focu

ses

.on.dedi

cated

.syst

ems

.with.high

.spec

ialized

.hard

ware

and.so

ware.

Therefore,

.in.what.foll

ows,

.the.rele

vant

.aspe

cts

.of.dist

ributed

.syst

ems

.are.revi

sited

.from.the.

view

point

.of.indu

strial

.comm

unication

.syst

ems.

.It.begi

.with.a.disc

ussion

.of.the.clas

sic

.ISO/

.mode

.Alth

ough

.the.basi

.prin

ciple

.of.comm

unication

.laye

ring

.is.very.sign

ificant

.for.com-

unication

.in.auto

mation

.proc

esses,

.not.all.laye

.defi

ned

.in.the.refe

rence

.mode

.are.of.equa

impo

rtance.

Furthermore,

.special.attention.is.given.to.three.dierent.aspects:.wireless,.integration,.and.quality.of.

serv

ice.

.Wirel

ess

.comm

unication

.today.has.a.xed.plac

.in.many.of.the.appl

ication

.area

.of.autom

ation.

Wirel

ess-related

.topic

.such.as.wire

less

.sens

.netw

orks,

.low-

power

.wire

less

.comm

unication

.node

and.RFID.are.disc

ussed

.in.deta

il.

. e.inte

gration

.of.hete

rogeneous

.syst

ems

.into.a.cohe

rent

.appl

ica-

tion

.envi

ronment

.is.anot

her

.cruc

ial

.issu

.that.is.addr

essed.

.Fina

lly,

.qual

ity

.of.serv

ice

.is.revi

sited

.for.

indu

strial

.comm

unication

.syst

ems,

.rang

ing

.from.real

-time

.comm

unication

.for.safe

.and.secu

rity

.to.

netw

ork-based

.con

trol.

Group 1.1: Layers

 ilo.Sauter

Institute

.for.Int

egrated

.Sen

sor

.Sys

tems

Austrian

.Aca

demy

.of.Sci

ences

Wiener

.Neu

stadt,

.Aus

tria

.desig

.of.comp

lex

.comm

unication

.syst

ems

.is.not.possi

ble

.with

out

.a.stru

ctured

.appr

oach.

. ere

fore,

a.laye

red

.stru

cture

.is.comm

only

.adopt

ed.

.A.land

mark

.for.comm

unication

.syst

.deve

lopment

.was.the.

den

ition

.of.the.open.syst

.inte

rconnection

.(OSI

)

.mode

.a.gene

ric

.fram

ework

.that.is.pres

ented

.in.

the.rst.chapt

.of.this.grou

.(Cha

pters

.1.thro

ugh

.3)..Withi

.this.mode

.it.is.prim

arily

.the.lowe

.lay-

.that.are.impo

rtant

.for.indu

strial

.comm

unications

.in.orde

.to.guar

antee

.the.perf

ormance

.need

for.a.give

.appl

ication

.doma

in.

.Speci

.atte

ntion

.will.ther

efore

.be.give

.to.the.larg

.vari

ety

.of.wire

elec

trical,

.optic

al,

.and.wire

less

.comm

unication

.medi

.as.well.as.the.many.meth

ods

.devi

sed

.for.acce

cont

rol.

.For.larg

.netw

orks

.that.are.gain

ing

.impo

rtance

.in.dist

ributed

.syst

ems,

.at.netw

ork

.stru

ctures

are.not.adeq

uate

.for.elec

trical

.and.logi

cal

.reas

ons.

. ere

fore,

.the.info

rmation

.ow.thro

ugh

.the.netw

ork

has.to.be.cont

rolled

.by.appr

opriate

.rout

ing

.stra

tegies,

.whic

.has.been.a.topic.of.inte

rest

.for.rese

archers

and.deve

lopers

.for.a.long.time

.Expe

rience

.with.the.rst.indu

strial

.comm

unication

.syst

ems,

.howe

ver,

show

.tha

.the.OSI.mod

.was.ins

ucient

.to.ens

ure

.the.int

eroperability

.tha

.was.a.majo

.req

uirement

of.indu

stry.

.Asub

stantial

.amou

.of.work.has.been

.and.stil

.is,.devo

ted

.to.the.den

ition

.of.high

-level

pro

les

.that

.depe

nding

.on.devi

.type.or.appl

ication

.doma

in,

.furt

her

.cons

train

.the.degr

ees

.of.free

dom

for.sys

tem

.dev

elopers

.and.imp

lementers.

Preambles xvii

Group 1.2: Wireless

Jürgen.Jasperneite

Institute

.Ind

ustrial

.IT

mgo,

.Ger

many

.inte

gration

.of.wire

less

.tech

nologies

.in.indu

strial

.autom

ation

.syst

ems

.is.the.next.step.in.the.evol

tion

.of.indu

strial

.netw

orking.

.Wirel

ess

.tech

nologies

.have.the.pote

ntial

.to.redu

.the.life

-cycle

.cost

.of.

mach

ines

.and.plan

.as.well.as.supp

ort

.futu

.adapt

ive

.prod

uction

.conc

epts,

.eith

.as.an.exte

nsion

.to,.

or.as.a.rep

lacement

.for

.exi

sting

.wir

.net

works.

.addi

tion

.to.wire

less

.netw

orking,

.new.appl

ications

.can.be.enab

led

.such.as.wire

less

.moni

toring

and.cont

rol,

.or.asse

.and.pers

onnel

.trac

king.

.Most.of.the.wire

less

.tech

nologies

.are.stan

dardized

.in.the.

IEEE

802

.fami

.and.are.driv

.by.cons

umer

.mark

.requ

irements.

.As.a.resu

lt,

.they.are.not.desig

ned

to.meet.the.autom

ation-specic

.requ

irements

.such.as.low.late

ncies

.or.the.dema

.for.high.serv

ice

.reli

ability.

.As.a.cons

equence,

.the.basic.conc

epts

.must.be.revi

ewed

.and.some

times

.revi

sed.

. ere

fore,

.it.is.in.

this.grou

.(Cha

pters

.4.thro

ugh

.12).that.the.prin

ciples

.and.arch

itectures

.of.wire

less

.sens

.netw

orks

.are.

pres

ented.

.Furt

hermore,

.some.key.func

tions

.of.wire

less

.netw

orks,

.such.as.self

-conguration,

.rout

ing,

ener

.ec

iency,

.and.dat

.sec

urity

.are.int

roduced.

Group 1.3: Integration

 ilo.Sauter

Institute

.for.Int

egrated

.Sen

sor

.Sys

tems

Austrian

.Aca

demy

.of.Sci

ences

Wiener

.Neu

stadt,

.Aus

tria

Industrial

.comm

unication

.syst

ems,

.and.auto

mation

.solu

tions

.in.gene

ral,

.were.init

ially

.deve

loped

prim

arily

.as.isla

nds.

.In.rece

.year

.howe

ver,

.the.inte

gration

.of.auto

mation

.syst

ems

.into.a.wide

scop

.has.incr

eased

.its.impo

rtance

.and.thus.requ

ires

.a.tech

nological

.basi

. is.grou

.of.chap

ters

(Cha

pters

.13.thro

ugh

.18).is.ther

efore

.focu

sed

.on.sele

cted

.inte

gration

.aspe

cts.

. e.rst.chap

ter

.deal

with.vert

ical

.inte

gration

.aime

.at.prov

iding

.a.tran

sparent

.data.exch

ange

.acro

.all.leve

.of.the.auto

mation

.hier

archy,

.both.from.a.netw

orking

.and.appl

ication

.poin

.of.view

.A.topi

.rece

iving

.incr

easing

atte

ntion

.is.the.inte

gration

.of.mult

imedia

.tech

nologies

.in.auto

mation,

.whic

.requ

ires

.the.conv

er-

gence

.of.tele

communications

.and.data.serv

ices

.and.pose

.new.chal

lenges

.for.both.netw

ork

.and.appl

cation

.desi

gn.

. e.issu

.of.comp

lex

.hete

rogeneous

.netw

orks

.comp

rised

.of.wire

.and.wire

less

.as.well.

as.auto

mation

.and.oce.doma

ins

.is.bein

.addr

essed

.by.the.conc

ept

.of.virt

ual

.auto

mation

.netw

orks.

Fina

lly,

.sow

are

.agen

.tech

nology

.will.be.disc

ussed

.as.one.way.of.achi

eving

.inte

gration

.in.auto

ma-

tion

.syst

ems

.by.mean

.of.dist

ributing

.func

tionalities

.amon

.a.grou

.of.auto

nomous,

.loos

ely

.coup

led

enti

ties

.that.may.inte

ract

.to.acco

mplish

.a.task.that.is.dic

ult

.to.solv

.in.a.cent

ralized

.mann

er.

Group 1.4: Quality of Service

Friederich.Kupzog

Institute

.of.Com

puter

.Tec

hnology

Vienna

.Uni

versity

.of.Tec

hnology

Vienna,

.Aus

tria

.many.case

.spec

ial

.requ

irements

.have.to.be.ful

lled

.in.indu

strial

.comm

unication

.syst

ems.

.Whil

requ

irements

.die

.to.some.exte

.from.thos

.in.the.cons

umer

.produ

cts

.doma

in,

.the.basi

.princ

iples

xviii Preambles

are.the.same..Communication.in.an.industrial.environment.normally.has.to.be.highly.reliable,.and.

oen.has.to.full

.speci

.deman

.in.terms.of.delay,.bandw

idth,

.or.integ

rity.

. is.fact,.also.refer

red

to.as.quali

.of.servi

ce,

.is.there

fore

.revisi

ted

.in.the.follo

wing

.group.of.chapte

.(Chapt

ers

.19.throu

.23).

from.the.viewp

oint

.of.indus

trial

.commu

nication,

.which.range

.from.real.time.over.safet

.and.secu-

ity

.to.netwo

rk-based

.contr

ol.

. e.discu

ssion

.cente

.aroun

.the.manne

.in.which.these.syste

.have.

to.be.desig

ned

.in.order.to.full

.the.minim

.requi

rements

.that.guara

ntee

.the.dier

ent

.proper

ties

for.these.commu

nication

.areas

Preamble to Part II: application-Specic areas

Peter.Palensky

Energy

.Depa

rtment

Austrian

.Inst

itute

.of.Tech

nology

Vienna,

.Aust

ria

 omas

.Nova

SWARCO

.Futu

rit

.Verk

ehrssignalssysteme

.GmbH

rchtoldsdorf,

.Aust

ria

The

.pleth

ora

.of.appli

cations

.for.indus

trial

.commu

nication

.syste

.(ICS).leads.to.a.large.varie

.of.

technologies.and.standards..This.part.gives.an.overview.of.the.important.applications.and.their.

speci

alties—and

.pecul

iarities—in

.ICS..The.spect

rum

.of.topic

.range

.from.embed

ded

.netwo

rks

in.avion

ics

.to.build

ing

.and.home.autom

ation

.to.medic

.appli

cations.

.The.appli

cations

.can.diffe

in.a.numbe

.of.aspec

.that.are.impor

tant

.for.desig

ning

.or.selec

ting

.an.ICS.techn

ology,

.some.of.

which

are

•

. Number.of.node

•

. Reque

sted

.late

ncy

•

. Reque

sted

.band

width

•

. Real-

time

.requ

irements

•

. Cost.per.node

•

. Relia

bility

.and.avai

lability

•

. Funct

ional

.safe

•

. Elect

romagnetic

.comp

atibility

•

. Physic

.topol

ogy

•

. Lengt

.of.netw

ork

.segm

ents

•

. Scala

bility

.and.exte

nsibility

•

. Allow

.physi

cal

.medi

•

. Netwo

.mana

gement

•

. Inter

operability

•

. Infor

mation

.secu

rity

•

. Explo

sion

.prot

ection

.is.there

fore

.no.wonde

.that.there.is.no.“univ

ersal”

.netwo

.for.every

body

.and.every

thing,

.but.a.set.of.

speci

alized

.netwo

rks

.that.are.appli

cable

.to.one.area.but.proba

bly

.not.to.anoth

er.

.Knowi

.the.detai

and.dier

ences

.of.appli

cation-specic

.ICS.helps.to.under

stand

.their.stren

gths

.and.weakn

esses

.and.

great

.helps.in.design.decisi

ons.

. ere.is.an.incre

asing

.trend.that.encom

passes

.techn

ological

.conve

gence

.(runs.every

thing

.over.Ethern

et)

.and.seman

tic

.conve

rgence

.(runs.every

thing

.over.Web.servi

ces),

and.the.follo

wing

.chapte

.will.expla

.why.this.has.yet.to.be.reali

zed.

. ere.are.reaso

.for.this.phe-

menon,

.and.it.is.impo

rtant

.to.know.them

Preambles xix

Preamble to Part III: technologies

Stefan.Mahlknecht

Institute

.of.Comp

uter

.Tech

nology

Vienna

.Univ

ersity

.of.Tech

nology

Vienna,

.Aust

ria

Gianluca

.Cena

stituto

.di.Elet

tronica

.e.di.Inge

gneria

.dell

’Informazione

.e.dell

.Tele

comunicazioni

Consiglio

.Nazi

onale

.dell

.Rice

rche

Turin,

.Ital

Martin

.Woll

schlaeger

Institute

.of.Appl

ied

.Comp

uter

.Scie

nce

Dresden

.Univ

ersity

.of.Tech

nology

Dresden,

.Germ

any

Introduction

 is.part.describes.the.technologies.for.industrial.communications..It.has.been.organized.in.seven.dif-

ferent

.grou

.by.tech

nology

.fami

.and.by.appl

ication

.area

Group 3.1: Classical Fieldbus Systems

Fieldbus.systems.date.back.to.the.1980s.and.represent.the.rst.successful.attempt.to.bring.concepts.

relat

.to.local.area.netwo

rks

.to.factor

.automa

tion

.envir

onments.

. anks.to.digit

.seria

.commu

nica-

tion,

.an.unpre

cedented

.degre

.of.exib

ility

.was.achie

ved

.when.compa

red

.with.analo

gue

.point

-to-point

links

.allow

ing

.remot

.cong

uration

.and.diagn

ostics

.to.be.carri

.out.easily

.Moreo

ver,

.notic

eable

.sav-

.were.made.in.both.cabli

.and.deplo

yment

.costs.becau

.of.the.share

.commu

nication

.suppo

rt.

Needl

ess

.to.say,.these.advan

tages

.made.eldb

.techn

ology

.more.and.more.adopta

ble

.in.indus

trial

plant

.thro

ughout

.the.1990

One

.of.the.main.drawb

acks

.of.eldb

uses

.is.the.lack,.among.manuf

acturers,

.of.a.uniqu

.stand

ard

solut

ion.

.Inste

ad,

.a.large.numbe

.(on.the.order.of.about.100).of.dier

ent

.and.incom

patible

.solut

ions

were.devel

oped,

.some.of.which.are.still.in.use..Notice

able

.examp

les

.are.PROFI

BUS,

.INTER

BUS,

MODBU

.as.well.as.CAN-ba

sed

.solut

ions

.such.as.Devic

enet

.and.CANop

en.

.In.the.follo

wing

.chapte

(Chap

ters

.31.throu

.36),.some.of.the.most.popul

.eldb

.solut

ions

.are.descr

ibed.

Group 3.2: Industrial Ethernet

Ethernet.is.currently.the.“de.facto”.standard.networking.solution.for.oce.automation.environments..

Since.its.intro

duction

.in.the.1970s

.it.has.manag

.to.keep.pace.with.the.ever-

increasing

.bandw

idth

requi

rements

.of.distr

ibuted

.infor

mation

.syste

.and.has.been.able.to.oer.incre

ased

.perfo

rmance

.over.

the.year

.with

out

.losin

.comp

atibility

.with.the.orig

inal

.proto

col

.and.equi

pment.

While

.Ether

net

.was.initi

ally

.deeme

.unsuit

able

.for.use.in.distr

ibuted

.contro

.syste

ms,

.due.to.its.ran-

.acces

.schem

.the.extens

ive

.impro

vements

.that.were.made.to.this.netwo

.made.peopl

.chang

.their.

minds.by.the.end.of.the.1990s

. e.availa

bility

.of.high-

speed

.(100.Mb/s.and.beyon

.full-

duplex

.connec

tions,

.VLANs.with.trac.prior

itization,

.and.non-b

locking

.switc

hes

.made.it.possi

ble

.to.achie

.incre

ased

level

.of.deter

minism,

.oen.suita

ble

.for.most.factor

.autom

ation

.syste

ms.

.Solut

ions

.such.as.Ether

Net/IP

are.based.on.unmod

ied

.Ether

net

.equip

ment

.and.the.conven

tional

.TCP/I

.commun

ication

.stack

xx Preambles

In.order.to.cater.to.highly.demanding.control.applications.with.tight.timing.constraints,.such.as.

moti

.cont

rol,

.a.numbe

.of.modi

cations

.have.been.prop

osed

.in.the.past.few.year

.that.are.aime

.at.

furt

her

.enha

ncing

.the.real

-time

.beha

vior

.of.Ether

net.

.Whil

.rely

ing

.on.the.same.tran

sceivers,

.fram

.for-

at,

.and.acce

.sche

.as.the.orig

inal

.proto

col,

.chan

ges

.were.adde

.to.the.orig

inal

.Ether

net

.hard

ware

or.comm

unication

.stac

. is.is.the.case

.for.exam

ple,

.of.Ether

CAT,

.Ether

net

.Powe

rlink,

.PROF

INET

IRT,.and.so.on.. e.fol

lowing

.cha

pters

.(Ch

apters

.37.thr

ough

.40).foc

.on.som

.of.the

.sol

utions.

Group 3.3: Building automation Networks

Modern.building.automation.networks.are.based.on.distributed.networks.where.network.topologies.are.

exi

ble

.enoug

.to.ree

.the.buil

ding

.stru

cture.

. ey.are.prim

arily

.base

.on.wire

.tech

nologies

.alth

ough

wire

less

.exte

nsions

.also.exis

.Inst

allation

.and.main

tenance

.are.key.issu

es,

.as.larg

.netw

orks

.may.comp

rise

thou

sands

.of.node

.Two.wide

.adop

ted

.tech

nologies,

.name

ly,

.LonW

orks

.and.KNX,.have.been.on.the.mar-

.for.many.year

.and.occu

.die

rent

.mark

.segm

ents.

.LonW

okrs,

.due.to.its.exi

bility,

.is.appl

ied

.more.in.

larg

.buil

dings

.and.indu

stries,

.whil

.KNX.is.used.more.in.priv

ate

.home

.In.many.larg

.buil

dings,

.a.hete

ro-

geneous

.netw

ork

.with.LonW

orks-,

.KNX-

.and.IP-ba

sed

.netw

orks

.are.impl

emented.

. e.foll

owing

.chap

ters

(Cha

pters

.41.thro

ugh

.43).pres

ent

.the.main.buil

ding

.auto

mation

.netw

orks

.stan

dardized

.unde

.ISO.

Group 3.4: automotive Networks

Automotive.networks.have.the.same.advantages.that.eldbuses.bring.to.industrial.automation.environ-

ments,

.in.part

icular

.for.in-v

ehicle

.cont

rol

.syst

ems

.such.as.powe

rtrain,

.body.elec

tronics,

.or.info

tain-

ment.

. ere.is.no.doub

.that.the.most.popu

lar

.solu

tion

.so.far.has.been.the.cont

roller

.area.netw

ork

(CAN

)

.proto

col

.intr

oduced

.by.Bosc

.in.the.mid-

1980s

.in.orde

.to.redu

.cabl

.clut

ter

.in.cars.and.truc

ks.

Despite

.bein

.perf

ectly

.suit

able

.for.most.of.today

’s

.vehi

cles,

.CAN.has.some.draw

backs

.that.will.like

rule.it.out.for.next

-generation

.autom

otive

.syst

ems.

.In.part

icular,

.when.taki

.stee

r-by-wire

.syst

ems

into.acco

unt,

.a.much.high

.degr

.of.dete

rminism,

.perf

ormance,

.and,.most

ly,

.faul

.toler

ance

.has.to.be.

ensu

red.

. is.has.led.to.the.intr

oduction

.of.the.time

-triggered

.arch

itecture

.(TTA

)

.and,.in.part

icular,

.the.

TTP/

.proto

col.

.In.orde

.to.redu

.desig

.and.prod

uction

.cost

.high.exi

bility

.is.requ

ired

.as.well

.To.

this.exte

nt,

.the.Flex

Ray

.proto

col

.has.been.den

ed,

.whic

.combi

nes

.the.depe

ndability

.and.dete

rminism

of.TTP/

.with.the.abil

ity

.to.carr

.out.data.exch

anges

.on.dema

nd,

.thro

ugh

.a.exi

ble

.time.divi

sion

.mul-

iple

.acce

.sche

me.

. e.chapt

ers

.that.foll

.(Cha

pters

.44.and.45).desc

ribe

.the.basic.prin

ciples

.behi

the.new.hig

h-performance

.sol

utions

.as.wel

.as.low

-cost

.in-

vehicle

.net

works

.suc

.as.LIN

Group 3.5: Safety

Safety.is.one.of.the.most.important.requirements.in.industrial.applications.. e.guaranteed.transmis-

sion

.of.secu

red

.data.in.a.reli

able

.time.fram

.orde

.inte

grity,

.and.sequ

ence

.is.an.evid

ent

.task.in.syst

ems

wher

.man.and.equi

pment

.are.at.risk.of.bein

.harm

ed.

. us,.safe

.inte

grity

.leve

.(SIL

)

.have.been.

den

.that.must.be.met.by.tech

nical

.syst

ems

.(Cha

pters

.46.and.47)..Typi

cally,

.safe

ty-related

.func

tions

are.not.orig

inally

.embed

ded

.in.indu

strial

.comm

unication

.syst

ems.

.In.orde

.to.meet.the.requ

ired

.crit

eria,

add-

ons

.to.exis

ting

.prot

ocols

.and.syst

ems

.have.been.den

ed.

. us,.inte

roperability

.with.exis

ting

proto

cols

.and.app

lications

.can.be.ens

ured.

Group 3.6: Wireless Networks

Wireless.networks.have.experienced.tremendous.growth.in.the.last.decade,.driven.by.mobile.phones.and.

the.comp

uter

.indu

stry.

.Most.of.us.are.fami

liar

.with.the.wide

.used.techn

ologies

.in.cons

umer

.prod

ucts,

such.as.GSM/3

.WLAN

.and.Blue

tooth.

.In.cont

rast,

.wire

less

.auto

mation

.netw

orks

.or.sensor.netw

orks

are.stil

.a.topi

.of.resea

rch,

.and.prod

ucts

.are.eith

.avail

able

.only.in.cert

ain

.segme

nts

.or.are.slow

.ente

ring

Preambles xxi

the.market..To.name.a.few.of.the.candidates.presented.in.the.following.chapters.(Chapters.48.through.55),.

ZigBe

.6LoWP

AN,

.and.Wirel

essHart

.are.some.of.the.wirel

ess

.techno

logies

.that.are.capab

.of.repla

cing

many.wired.eldb

.appli

cations.

. ese.techno

logies

.allow.for.added.exib

ility

.by.placi

.nodes.freel

.on.

movin

.machi

nes

.and.by.reduci

.the.insta

llation

.eort

.All.wirel

ess

.netwo

rks

.have.to.speci

cally

.addre

the.issue.of.securit

.and.power.consu

mption

.for.nodes.that.are.batte

.power

ed.

Group 3.7: Industrial Internet

 e.application.of.Internet-.and.IT-based.protocols.and.technologies.is.undoubtedly.a.promising.and.

up-to

-date

.devel

opment

.(Chapt

ers

.56.throu

.59)..Besid

.accep

tance

.by.the.users

.the.adopt

ion

.of.

exist

ing,

.prove

.techn

ologies

.in.the.autom

ation

.domai

.reduc

.eort

.by.reusi

.exist

ing

.conce

pts,

funct

ions,

. and. sowa

. compo

nents.

. Howev

er,

. dier

ent

. time. frame

. in. techn

ology

. devel

opment

cycle

s—compared

.to.the.rather.long-

term

.appli

cation

.in.indus

try—are

.criti

cal

.issue

.in.the.selec

tion

.of.

appro

priate

.techn

ologies.

. e.techn

ologies

.descr

ibed

.in.Chapt

.55.addre

.dier

ent

.appli

cation

.areas.

and.thus.use.dier

ent

.techn

ologies.

.Start

ing

.with.funct

ion

.blocks.conce

pts

.accor

ding

.to.IEC.61499

.a.

gener

ic,

.funct

ion-related

.appro

ach

.is.descr

ibed.

. e.conce

pts

.allow.a.netwo

rk-independent

.synthe

sis

of.appli

cation

.funct

ions,

.which.is.a.prere

quisite

.for.distr

ibuted

.indus

trial

.appli

cations.

. e.appli

cation

of.typic

.IT.proto

cols

.and.syste

.struc

tures

.can.be.inves

tigated

.perfe

ctly

.in.Indus

trial

.Inter

net,

.and.

the.adopt

ion,

.speci

alization,

.and.appli

cation

.of.proto

cols

.from.the.Inter

net

.is.a.globa

.trend

.Origi

nally

devel

oped

.toget

her

.with.sowa

.compa

nies,

.inclu

ding

.Micro

so,

.OPC.has.becom

.the.de.facto.stan-

ard

.for.provi

ding

.acces

.from.higher

-level

.appli

cations

.to.autom

ation

.appli

cations.

.With.OPC.UA,.

major.enhan

cements

.in.this.techn

ology

.have.been.made,.inclu

ding

.suppo

.for.Web.servi

ces

.and.com-

.infor

mation

.model

.Web.techn

ology

.and.the.Indus

trial

.Inter

net

.have.enable

.the.appli

cation

.of.

multi

media

.techn

ologies

.as.integ

ral

.parts.of.autom

ation

.syste

ms.

.Advan

ces

.in.machi

.visio

.docu-

ent

.this.fact..Final

ly,

.energ

.produ

ction

.and.distr

ibution

.are.impor

tant

.tasks.suppo

rted

.by.vario

techn

ologies.

. ese.techn

ologies

.use.Ethern

.as.one.of.the.under

lying

.proto

cols

.and.thus.their.devel

opment

.follow

.that.of.IT.syste

.in.gener

al.

Preamble to Part IV: Internet Programming

J..David.Irwin.and.Bogdan.M..Wilamowski

Auburn

.Univ

ersity

Auburn,

.Alab

ama

.rapid

.growi

.Inter

net

.is.also.expan

ding

.into.the.indus

trial

.envir

onment.

.Many.of.the.protoc

ols,

techn

iques,

.and.hardw

are

.devel

oped

.for.the.publi

.Inter

net

.can.also.be.used.in.close

.indus

trial

.net-

rks,

.while.enjoyi

.the.bene

.of.reduc

.compo

nent

.cost.due.to.their.mass.produ

ction.

. ere.is.also.

the.possib

ility

.of.using.the.Inter

net

.to.watch

.super

vise,

.and.contr

.indus

trial

.envir

onments

.remot

ely

from.any.place.in.the.world

.assum

ing

.that.a.prope

.secur

ity

.cover.is.provi

ded.

. is.part.intro

duces

two.commo

nly

.used.Inter

net

.protoc

ols,

.TCP.and.UDP,.and.illus

trates

.typic

.API.inter

faces

.and.their.

sampl

.use.in.simple.proof

-of-concept

.clien

t–server

.appli

cations.

.Both.protoc

ols

.belon

.to.trans

port

layer.protoc

ols

.and.use.an.under

lying

.IP.netwo

.layer.and.a.commu

nication

.media

–specic

.data.link.

layer

.UDP.is.a.packe

t-based

.conne

ctionless

.protoc

.with.littl

.overh

ead

.for.unica

st,

.multi

cast,

.and.

broad

cast

.commu

nication

.(Chapt

.60),.while.the.TCP.protoc

.provi

des

.relia

ble,

.best-

eort

.deliv

ery

.of.

data.strea

.(Chapt

.61).. e.devel

opment

.of.inter

active

.Web.sites.can.be.done.in.many.langu

ages,

.the.

most.commo

.being.HTML,.Javascr

ipt,

.PHP,.PERL,.and.Pytho

.It.is.of.course.possi

bletodevelopsuch

Websi

tesusing

.gener

.langu

ages

.such.as.Java.or.C++,.but.speci

alized

.langu

ages

.are.usual

.prefe

rred.

 is.part.shows.how.inter

active

.Web.sites.can.be.progr

ammed

.using.PHP.(Chapt

.62),.Pytho

.(Chapt

63),.and.PERL.(Chapt

.64)..Chapte

.65.descr

ibes

.how.to.run.remot

.appli

cationsover

.theIn

ternet.

xxii Preambles

In.this.manner,.it.is.possible.to.remotely.observe.and.control.any.equipment.or.process.in.industry..

Chapte

.66.focus

.on.metho

.that.permi

.the.handl

ing

.of.multi

ple

.proce

sses

.with.the.abili

.of.easy.

recon

guration.

.Chapte

.67.shows.how.to.devel

.Inter

net

.robot

.that.are.capab

.of.perfo

rming

.auton-

mous

.proce

sses

.inclo

sing

.a.searc

.in.the.Inter

net.

.Examp

les

.in.this.chapte

.were.devel

oped

.in.PERL,.

but.this.can.also.be.devel

oped

.in.PHP.and.Pytho

. is.part.also.illus

trates

.the.philo

sophy

.of.distr

ib-

uted

.prog

ramming,

.in.whic

.the.sow

are

.need.not.be.exec

uted

.loca

lly.

Preamble to Part V: Outlook

Dietmar.Dietrich.and.Dietmar.Bruckner

Institute

.of.Comp

uter

.Tech

nology

Vienna

.Univ

ersity

.of.Tech

nology

Vienna,

.Aust

ria

Gerhard

.Zuck

Energy

.Depa

rtment

Austrian

.Inst

itute

.of.Tech

nology

Vienna,

.Aust

ria

.nal.part.of.this.book.examines.the.future.of.industrial.communication.systems..With.the.rapidly.

incre

asing

.capab

ilities

.of.compu

tation

.and.commu

nication

.syste

ms,

.we.are.able.to.creat

.syste

.that.

have.long.been.only.conce

pts

.or.even.dream

.Proce

sses

.becom

.more.compl

.becau

.more.data.are.

avail

able,

.and.these.data.can.be.proce

ssed

.by.more.sophi

sticated

.algor

ithms.

.New.ideas.are.neces

sary

to.contr

.compl

exity.

.On.the.one.hand,.these.are.new.parad

igms

.for.commu

nication

.struc

tures

.such.

as.exten

ded

.verti

cal

.integ

ration

.of.syste

ms,

.servi

ce-oriented

.archi

tecture,

.and.hybri

.local.netwo

rks.

On.the.other.hand,.indus

trial

.elect

ronics

.as.a.whole.can.prot.from.knowl

edge

.that.has.been.gathe

red

in.other.disci

plines

.such.as.arti

cial

.intel

ligence

.using.stati

stical

.metho

.to.proce

.huge.amoun

.of.

data.with.the.aim.of.under

standing

.the.human.mind,.the.most.sophi

sticated

.contr

.and.commu

nica-

tion

.devic

.that.we.have.at.hand.. is.part.brie

.touche

.upon.these.topics.and.glanc

.throu

.ongo-

.devel

opments

.that.may.in.the.futur

.contr

ibute

.to.new.gener

ations

.of.indus

trial

.commu

nication

syste

ms.