Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

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xxxvi Contributors

Uwe Ryssel

Faculty

.of.Com

puter

.Sci

ence

Institute

.of.App

lied

.Com

puter

.Sci

ence

Dresden

.Uni

versity

.of.Tec

hnology

Dresden,

.Ger

many

Shahzad Sarwar

Punjab

.Uni

versity

.Col

lege

.of.Inf

ormation

Tech

nology

University

.of.the.Pun

jab

Lahore,

.Pak

istan

ilo Sauter

Institute

.for.Int

egrated

.Sen

sor

.Sys

tems

Austrian

.Aca

demy

.of.Sci

ences

Wiener

.Neu

stadt,

.Aus

tria

Jean-Luc Scharbarg

IRIT

.INP

T-ENSEEIHT

Université

.de.Tou

louse

Toulouse,

.Fra

nce

Stefan Schoenegger

B&R

.Ind

ustrial

.Auto

mation

Eggelsberg,

.Aus

tria

Karlheinz Schwarz

Schwarz

.Con

sultancy

.Com

pany

Karlsruhe,

.Ger

many

Herbert Schweinzer

Institute

.of.Ele

ctrodynamics,

.Mic

rowave

andCi

rcuit

.Eng

ineering

Vienna

.Uni

versity

.of.Tec

hnology

Vienna,

.Aus

tria

Víctor-M. Sempere-Payá

Escuela

.Téc

nica

.Sup

erior

.de.Ing

enieros

.de.

Tele

comunicación

Universidad

.Pol

itécnica

.de.Val

encia

Valencia,

.Spai

Lucia Seno

Istituto.di.Elettronica.e.di.Ingegneria.

dell

’Informazione

.e.del

.Tel

ecomunicazioni

Italian

.Nat

ional

.Res

earch

.Cou

ncil

Padova,

.Ita

Atif Sharif

Digital

.Eco

systems

.and.Busi

ness

.Int

elligence

Inst

itute

Curtin

.Uni

versity

.of.Tec

hnology

Perth,

.Wes

tern

.Aus

tralia,

.Aus

tralia

Saleem Farooq Shaukat

Department

.of.Ele

ctrical

.Eng

ineering

COMSATS

.Ins

titute

.of.Inf

ormation

.Tec

hnology

Lahore,

.Pak

istan

Javier Silvestre-Blanes

Instituto

.Tec

hnolόgico

.de.Inf

ormática

Universidad

.Pol

itécnica

.de.Val

encia

Alcoy,

.Spai

Emiliano Sisinni

Department

.of.Inf

ormation

.Eng

ineering

University

.of.Bre

scia

Brescia,

.Ita

Stefan Soucek

OYTE

Ele

ctronics

.GmbH

ienna,

.Aus

tria

Mário de Sousa

Department

.of.Ele

ctrical

.and.Com

puter

Engi

neering

University

.of.Por

Porto,

.Por

tugal

Sergiu-Dan Stan

Department

.of.Mechanisms,.Precision.

Mech

anics

.and.Mec

hatronics

Technical

.Uni

versity

.of.Clu

j-Napoca

Cluj-Napoca,

.Rom

ania

Strahinja Stankovic

Ninet

.Com

pany

.Wire

less

.ISP

is,

.Ser

bia

Alex Talevski

Digital

.Eco

systems

.and.Busi

ness

.Int

elligence

Inst

itute

Curtin

.Uni

versity

.of.Tec

hnology

Perth,

.Wes

tern

.Aus

tralia,

.Aus

tralia

Contributors xxxvii

omas Tamandl

SWARCO

.Fut

urit

.Ver

kehrssignalssysteme

.GmbH

erchtoldsdorf,

.Aus

tria

Albert Treytl

Institute

.for.Int

egrated

.Sen

sor

.Sys

tems

Austrian

.Aca

demy

.of.Sci

ences

Wiener

.Neu

stadt,

.Aus

tria

Denis Trognon

EDF

.Res

earch

.and.Dev

elopment

Chatou,

.Fra

nce

Henning Trsek

Institut

.Ind

ustrial

.IT

twestfalen-Lippe

.Uni

versity

.of.App

lied

Scie

nces

Lemgo,

.Ger

many

Rainer Unland

Institute

.for.Com

puter

.Sci

ence

.and.Busi

ness

Information.Systems

University

.of.Dui

sburg-Essen

Essen,

.Ger

many

Adriano Valenzano

Istituto

.di.Ele

ttronica

.e.di.Ing

egneria

dell

’Informazione

.e.del

.Tel

ecomunicazioni

Italian

.Nat

ional

.Res

earch

.Cou

ncil

Torino,

.Italy

Francisco Vasques

Mechanical

.Eng

ineering

.Dep

artment

University

.of.Por

Porto,

.Por

tugal

Volodymyr Vasyutynskyy

Faculty

.of.Com

puter

.Sci

ence

Institute

.of.App

lied

.Com

puter

.Sci

ence

Dresden

.Uni

versity

.of.Tec

hnology

Dresden,

.Ger

many

Ian Verhappen

Industrial

.Auto

mation

.Net

works

.Inc

Wainwright,

.Alb

erta,

.Can

ada

Ricard Villà

Department

.of.Auto

matic

.Con

trol

.and.Ind

ustrial

Info

rmatics

Universitat

.Pol

itècnica

.de.Cat

alunya

Barcelona,

.Spai

Stefano Vitturi

Istituto

.di.Ele

ttronica

.e.di.Ing

egneria

dell

’Informazione

.e.del

.Tel

ecomunicazioni

Italian

.Nat

ional

.Res

earch

.Cou

ncil

Padova,

.Ita

Valeriy Vyatkin

Department

.of.Ele

ctrical

.and.Com

puter

Engi

neering

University

.of.Auc

kland

Auckland,

.New.Zea

land

Yan-Wu Wang

Department

.of.Cont

rol

.Scie

nce

and

Engineering

Huazhong

.Univ

ersity

.of.Scie

nce

and

Technology

Hubei,

.Chi

Manfred Weihs

TTTech

.Com

putertechnik

.AG

enna,

.Aus

tria

Changyun Wen

School

.of.Ele

ctrical

.and.Ele

ctronic

.Eng

ineering

Nanyang

.Tec

hnological

.Uni

versity

Singapore,

.Sin

gapore

Andrew C. West

Invensys

.Ope

rations

.Man

agement

Eight

.Mil

.Pla

ins,

.Que

ensland,

.Aus

tralia

Bogdan M. Wilamowski

Department

.of.Ele

ctrical

.and.Com

puter

Engi

neering

Auburn

.Uni

versity

Auburn,

.Ala

bama

Martin Wollschlaeger

Faculty

.of.Com

puter

.Sci

ence

Institute

.of.App

lied

.Com

puter

.Sci

ence

Dresden

.Uni

versity

.of.Tec

hnology

Dresden,

.Ger

many

xxxviii Contributors

Chen Wu

Digital

.Eco

systems

.and.Busi

ness

.Int

elligence

Inst

itute

Curtin

.Uni

versity

.of.Tec

hnology

Perth,

.Wes

tern

.Aus

tralia,

.Aus

tralia

Hao Yu

Department

.of.Ele

ctrical

.and.Com

puter

Engi

neering

Auburn

.Uni

versity

Auburn,

.Ala

bama

Edward Kai-Ning Yung

Department

.of.Electronic.Engineering

City

.Uni

versity

.of.Hon

.Kon

Kowloon,

.Hon

.Kon

Alois Zoitl

Automation

.and.Con

trol

.Ins

titute

Vienna

.Uni

versity

.of.Tec

hnology

Vienna,

.Aus

tria

Gerhard Zucker

Institute

.of.Com

puter

.Tec

hnology

Vienna

.Uni

versity

.of.Tec

hnology

Vienna,

.Aus

tria

Claudio Zunino

Istituto

.di.Ele

ttronica

.e.di.Ing

egneria

dell’Informazione.e.delle.Telecomunicazioni

Italian

.Nat

ional

.Res

earch

.Cou

ncil

Torino,

.Ita

I-1

Technical

Principles

1 ISO/OSI Model. Gerhard Zucker and Dietmar Dietrich ...............................................1-1

Introduction. •. Open.Standard. •. Vertical.and.Horizontal.Communication. •. Dynamic.

Beh

avior

.of.Se

rvices

.and.Pr

otocols

. •. Ext

ensions,

.Be

nets,

.and.Di

scussion

. •. Ref

erences

2 Media. Herbert Schweinzer, Saleem Farooq Shaukat, and Holger Arthaber .................2-1

Introduction. •. Wired.Links. •. Optical.Links. •. Wireless.Links. •. References

3 Media Access Methods. Herbert Haas and Manfred Lindner ........................................ 3-1

Introduction. •. Full-Duplex.Media.Access. •. Synchronous.Access.Arbitration.

Con

cepts

. •. Stat

istic

.Ac

cess

.Ar

bitration

.Co

ncepts

. •. Car

rier

.Se

nse

.Me

chanisms

wit

hExponential

.Ba

cko

. •. Oth

.Me

dia

.Ac

cess

.Is

sues

. •. Ref

erences

4 Routing in Wireless Networks. Teresa Albero-Albero

andVíctor-M.Sempere-Payá

...................................................................................4-1

Introduction. •. Routing.Protocols.and.Classication. •. Routing.Protocol.

Fam

ilies

.fo

.Ad.Ho

.Ne

tworks

. •. Rou

ting

.Pr

otocol

.Fa

milies

.fo

.Wi

reless

Sen

sor

.Ne

tworks

. •. Sum

mary

.of.th

.Ma

.Ro

uting

.Pr

otocols

.in.Wi

reless

Net

works

. •. Con

clusions

. •. Ack

nowledgment

. •. Abb

reviations

. •. Ref

erences

5 Proles and Interoperability. Gerhard Zucker and Heinz Frank .................................5-1

Interoperating.Components. •. Application.of.Proles. •. Achieving.

Int

eroperability

. •. Ref

erences

6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks. Vehbi Cagri Gungor

andGerhardP.Hancke

................................................................................................6-1

Applications. •. Standardization.Activities. •. Technical.Challenges. •. Design.

Goa

. •. Des

ign

.Pr

inciples

.and.Te

chnical

.Ap

proaches

. •. Con

clusions

.and.Fu

ture

Wor

. •. Ref

erences

7 Ad Hoc Networks. Sajjad Ahmad Madani, Shahid Khattak, Tariq Jadoon,

andShahzad Sarwar

..........................................................................................................7-1

Introduction. •. Protocol.Stack. •. Performance.Evaluation. •. Challenges.

andIs

sues

. •. Ref

erences

8 Radio Frequency Identication. Edward Kai-NingYung, Pui-Yi Lau,

andChi-Wai Leung

............................................................................................................8-1

Prologue. •. Bar.Code.System. •. Magnetic.Stripes. •. Smart.Card. •. ProximityCard. •. .

HF.RF

. •. Elec

tronic

.Ca

. •. Per

sonal

.Id

entity

. •. Inno

vationverusHi-Tech

. •. .

Act

ive

.RF

. •. Wak

e-Up

.Te

chnology

. •. Sem

i-Active

.RF

. •. .Ba

ckscattering

. •. .

I-2 Technical Principles

Initialization. •. Vicinity.Card. •. Frequency.Selection. •. UHF.RFID. •. .Supply.

Cha

.Ma

nagement

. •. Int

ernational

.St

andard

. •. Pro

miscuity

. •. Natio

nal

Sta

ndards

. •. .Ha

nds-Free

.Ba

.Co

.Sy

stem

. •. Bar.Co

.Me

ntality

. •. Ao

rdableTag

. •. .

Ubi

quityofRFID

. •. Role.Re

versal

. •. His

torical

.De

velopment

. •. Pri

vacyInfringement

. •. .

Rec

ent

.De

velopments

. •. Dua

.Au

thentication

. •. Tra

ce-and-Track

. •. Inno

vative

App

lications

. •. Non

ionization

.Ra

diation

. •. Era.of.Ar

ticial

.Pe

rception

. •. .

Abb

reviations

. •. Ref

erences

9 RFID Technology and Its Industrial Applications. Vidyasagar Potdar,

AtifSharif, and Elizabeth Chang

.......................................................................................9-1

Introduction. •. RFID.Architecture. •. Item.Tracking.and.Tracing. •. Access.

Con

trol

. •. Ant

icounterfeiting

. •. Con

clusion

. •. Ref

erences

10 Ultralow-Power Wireless Communication. Joern Ploennigs, Volodymyr

Vasyutynskyy, and Klaus Kabitzsch

.................................................................................... 10-1

Introduction. •. Hardware.Approaches. •. Communication.Protocol.

App

roaches

. •. App

lication

.La

yer

.Ap

proaches

. •. Con

clusion

.and.Op

Topic

. •. Ref

erences

11 Industrial Strength Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network

Technology

. Vid

yasagar Potdar, Atif Sharif, and Elizabeth Chang

...............................11-1

Introduction. •. Wireless.Sensor.Network. •. WMSN.Architecture. •. WMSN.

Har

dware

. •. App

lications

.of.WM

SNs

. •. WMS

Ns’

.Te

chnical

Cha

llenges

. •. Con

clusion

. •. Ref

erences

12 A Survey of Wireless Sensor Networks for Industrial

Applications

. Sti

gPetersen and Simon Carlsen

.............................................................. 12-1

Introduction. •. Wireless.Sensor.Network.Basics. •. Motivation.and.Drivers.for.Wireless.

Ins

trumentation

. •. Indu

strial

.Ap

plications

.and.Re

quirements

. •. Tec

hnology

.Su

rvey

andEv

aluation

. •. Con

clusion

. •. Abb

reviations

. •. Ref

erences

13 Vertical Integration. ilo Sauter, Stefan Soucek, and Martin Wollschlaeger ............13-1

Introduction. •. Historical.Background. •. Network.Interconnections. •. Application.

Vie

. •. Sec

urity

.As

pects

.in.Ve

rtical

.In

tegration

. •. Trend

.in.Ve

rtical

.In

tegration

. •. .

Abb

reviations

. •. Ref

erences

14 Multimedia Service Convergence. Alex Talevski ........................................................14-1

Introduction. •. Background. •. Service-Oriented.Architecture. •. .

Tai

lorability

. •. Mul

timedia

.Co

nvergence

.Us

ing

.Se

rvice

.Ar

chitecture

. •. .

Con

clusion

. •. Ref

erences

15 Virtual Automation Networks. Peter Neumann and Ralf Messerschmidt .................15-1

Introduction. •. Virtual.Automation.Network:.Basics. •. Name-Based.Addressing.

and.Ro

uting,Runtime

.Tu

nnel

.Es

tablishment

. •. Mai

ntenance

.of.th

.Ru

ntime

.Tu

nnel

Bas

.onQ

uality-of-Service

.Mo

nitoring

.and.Pr

ovider

.Sw

itching

. •. VAN.Te

lecontrol

Pro

le

. •. Abb

reviations

. •. Ref

erences

16 Industrial Agent Technology. Aleksey Bratukhin, Yoseba Peña Landaburu,

Paulo Leitão, and Rainer Unland

....................................................................................16-1

Introduction. •. Agents.and.Multi-Agent.Systems. •. Agents.and.Multi-Agent.Systems.

in.Ind

ustry

. •. App

lication

.Are

. •. Age

nts

.and.Mu

lti-Agent

.Sy

stems

.in.Ind

ustry:

Con

clusions

. •. Abb

reviations

. •. Ref

erences

17 Real-Time Systems. Lucia Lo Bello, José Alberto Fonseca,

andWilfriedElmenreich

............................................................................................ 17-1

Introduction.on.Real-Time.Systems. •. Real-Time.Communication. •. Design.Paradigms.

for.Re

al-Time

.Sy

stems

. •. Des

ign

.Ch

allenges

.in.Re

al-Time

.Ind

ustrial

.Co

mmunication

Sys

tems

. •. Ref

erences

Technical Principles I-3

18 Clock Synchronization in Distributed Systems. Georg Gaderer

andPatrickLoschmidt

.....................................................................................................18-1

Introduction. •. Precision.Time.Protocol. •. IEEE.1588.System.Model. •. Service.Access.

Poi

nts

. •. Ord

inary

.Clo

cks

. •. Bou

ndary

.Clo

cks

. •. Prec

ision

.Ti

.Pr

otocol,

.IE

158

8–2008

.(P

TPv2)

. •. Net

work

.Ti

.Pr

otocol

. •. Net

work

.Ti

.Pr

otocol

.St

rata

. •. .

Arc

hitecture,

.Pr

otocol,

.and.Al

gorithms

. •. NTP.Clo

.Sy

nchronization

.Ha

rdware

Req

uirements

. •. Syn

chronization

.Al

gorithms

.of.NT

. •. Ref

erences

19 Quality of Service. Gabriel Diaz Orueta, Elio San Cristobal Ruiz,

NuriaOlivaAlonso, and Manuel Castro Gil

...................................................................19-1

Introduction. •. Relationship.with.Information.Security.Topics. •. Quality.of.Service.for.IP.

Net

works

. •. Spe

cial

.Co

nsiderations

.fo

.Ma

naging

.th

.Qu

ality

.of.Se

rvice

. •. Ref

erences

20 Network-Based Control. Josep M. Fuertes, Mo-Yuen Chow, Ricard Villà,

Rachana Gupta, and Jordi Ayza

......................................................................................20-1

Introduction. •. Mutual.Concepts.in.Control.and.in.Communications. •. Architecture.

of.Ne

tworked-Based

.Co

ntrol

. •. Net

work

.E

ects

.in.Co

ntrol

.Pe

rformance

. •. Des

ign

inNB

. •. Sum

mary

. •. Ref

erences

21 Functional Safety. omas Novak and Andreas Gerstinger ........................................21-1

Introduction. •. e.Meaning.of.Safety. •. Safety.Standards. •. e.Safety.

Lif

ecycle

.and.Sa

fety

.Me

thods

. •. Saf

ety

.Ap

proach

.fo

.Ind

ustrial

.Co

mmunication

Sys

tem

. •. Acr

onyms

. •. Ref

erences

22 Security in Industrial Communication Systems. Wolfgang Granzer

andAlbertTreytl

..............................................................................................................22-1

Introduction.to.Security.in.Industrial.Communication. •. Planned.Approach.to.Security:.

Def

ense

.in.De

pth

. •. Sec

urity

.Me

asures

.to.Co

unteract

.Ne

twork

.At

tacks

. •. Sec

urity

Mea

sures

.to.Co

unteract

.De

vice

.At

tacks

. •. Stat

.of.th

.Ar

.in.Au

tomation

Sys

tems

. •. Out

look

.and.Co

nclusion

. •. Abb

reviations

. •. Ref

erences

23 Secure Communication Using Chaos Synchronization. Yan-Wu Wang

andChangyun Wen

.........................................................................................................23-1

Introduction. •. Chaos.Synchronization. •. Secure.Communication.Using.Chaos.

Syn

chronization

. •. Ref

erences

1-1

1.1 Introduction

 e.ISO/OSI.model.was.developed.and.standardized.in.the.late.1970s.by.the.International.Organization.

for.Stand

ardization

.as.the.stan

dard

.ISO.IS.7498

.It.supp

orts

.desig

ners

.by.easin

.the.den

ition

.of.com-

unication

.proto

cols

.in.a.way.that.they.oper

ate

.corr

ectly

.and.are.easy.to.main

tain

.[Hay.88].. e.name.

OSI.orig

inates

.from.open.syst

ems

.inte

rconnection.

. e.mode

.is.not.inte

nded

.as.stri

.impl

ementation

rule

.beca

use

.a.real.syst

.will.alwa

.have.to.adapt.to.requ

irements

.of.pric

.econ

omy,

.and.exi

bility.

Instead,

.the.ISO/

OSI

.mode

.repr

esents

.an.abst

ract

.den

ition

.(ind

ependent

.from.hard

ware

.or.so-

are

.impl

ementation)

.consi

sting

.of.hier

archical

.laye

rs.

.Rela

ted

.func

tions

.are.grou

ped

.toget

her

.in.laye

with.stri

.sepa

ration

.betw

een

.hori

zontal

.and.vert

ical

.comm

unication.

. e.stan

dard

.den

.serv

ices,

proto

cols,

.and.inte

rfaces.

. e.orig

inal

.inte

ntion

.was.to.den

.a.mode

.for.conn

ecting

.comp

uters

.for.data.

tran

sfer,

.logg

ing

.into.remo

.comp

uters,

.and.so.on..Requ

irements

.like.real

-time,

.proto

cols

.for.embed

ded

.micr

ocontrollers

.or.proto

cols

.for.eld.buse

.were.of.no.conc

ern,

.whic

.has.to.be.consi

dered

.when.

appl

ying

.the.ISO

/OSI

.mod

.to.suc

.sys

tems.

.a.rst.step

.all.subf

unctions

.that.cont

ributed

.to.comm

unications

.were.coll

ected

.as.show

.in.

Figu

.1.1.in.the.top.righ

.clou

.wher

.each.subf

unction

.is.repr

esented

.by.a.circ

le.

. ese.subf

unctions

were.then.assig

ned

.to.sepa

rate

.laye

rs.

. e.fact.that.the.mode

.consi

sts

.of.seve

.laye

.does.not.have.tech

nical

.reas

ons,

.but.repr

esents

.the.comm

.agre

ement

.betw

een

.the.part

icipants

.of.the.work

group

.that.

was.resp

onsible

.for.the.den

ition

.of.the.mode

.In.this.way,.each.laye

.was.assig

ned

.to.have.a.dedi

cated

func

tion,

.whi

.con

sists

.of.sub

functions.

.proto

col

.stac

.(i.e

.the.syst

ems

.that.are.desig

ned

.base

.on.this.mode

.shal

.cont

ain

.even

distributed.subfunctions.over.all.layers..Subfunctions.that.are.too.dierent.shall.not.be.included.in.

the.same.laye

.and.the.inte

rfaces

.shal

.be.desig

ned

.towar

.a.low.amou

.of.info

rmation

.that.has.to.be.

exch

anged

.bet

ween

.the.lay

ers

.(in.ord

.to.kee

.the.ove

rhead

.low

.stan

dard

.den

.many.more.rule

.that.shal

.enco

urage

.a.unif

orm

.and.logi

cal

.stru

cture.

. e.use.

of.spec

ic

.desc

ription

.lang

uage

.(SDL

)

.is.requ

ired

.to.avoi

.endl

ess

.sequ

ences

.of.unst

ructured

.code.as.

well.as.ow.diag

ram,

.whic

.in.the.end.lead.to.the.SDL.and.its.corr

esponding

.tools.[Ols.92].that.are.used.

in.tel

ecommunications.

.ISO/

OSI

.mode

.was.a.grea

.leap.forw

ard

.in.the.desi

.of.prot

ocols.

.It.crea

ted

.orde

rliness

.and.a.

unif

orm

. stru

cture

. that. buil

. a. comm

only

. appr

oved

. base. for. the. stan

dardization

. of. prot

ocols

. and.

ISO/OSI Model

1.1. Introduction....................................................................................... 1-1

1.2

. Open.Stan

dard................................................................................... 1-3

Layer.Functionalities

1.3. Vertical.and.Horizontal.Communication.....................................1-5

1.4

. Dyna

mic

.Beh

avior

.of.Ser

vices

.and.Pro

tocols...............................1-6

1.5

. Exte

nsions,

.Ben

ets,

.and.Dis

cussion.............................................1-9

References....................................................................................................... 1-9

Gerhard Zucker

Vienna University

of Tec

hnology

Dietmar Dietrich

Vienna University

of Tec

hnology

1-2 Industrial Communication Systems

communication.interfaces.. e.model.denes.functions,.which.are.expected.by.the.components.that.

contribute.to.communication..It.explains.how.these.functions.can.be.based.on.each.other.and.how.they.

cooperate..Before.the.ISO/OSI.model.was.created,.dierent.experts.from.dierent.elds.of.communica-

tion

.(e.g.,.telecommunications,.computer.communication,.automation,.process.engineering,.or.equipment.

technology).created.completely.dierent.solutions.. ey.dened.proprietary.sets.of.functions.and.oen.

forgot.other.important.functions,.they.aligned.the.dierent.functions.individually.to.meet.the.require-

ments

.at.hand,.and.they.based.the.design.on.dierent.communication.principles.. e.ISO/OSI.model.

dened.a.layer.for.each.subfunction.and.specied.when.which.layer.should.be.accessed.. us,.the.model.

helps.to.simplify.the.decision,.which.subfunctions.are.relevant.for.a.certain.kind.of.communication.and.

how.they.correlate..It.builds.the.base.for.new.protocol.standards.(e.g.,.the.various.eldbus.standards.in.

[Zur.05]).and.eases.linking.dierent.types.of.networks.

Some

.literature.states.that.the.ISO/OSI.model.has.nished.the.language.confusion.that.existed.in.

technical.communication.. is.is.a.bit.of.exaggeration,.since.the.model.does.not.claim.to.dene.a.uni-

form

.language.for.all.communication.tasks..If.that.would.have.been.the.goal,.the.model.would.only.

contain.descriptions.for.these.tasks;.instead,.it.describes.the.principles.of.communication..Considering.

the.vastly.dierent.communication.tasks.in,.e.g.,.an.airplane.and.in.a.washing.machine,.this.appears.to.

be.the.only.feasible.approach.

Where

.shall.the.communication.system.be.located.within.a.system?. ere.is.no.common.opinion.to.

this.question,.especially.since.at.the.time.the.ISO/OSI.model.was.dened,.the.only.separation.that.was.

done.was.between.application.and.communication.system;.an.operating.system.was.not.considered.

at.all.*.Today,.the.operating.system.is.well.established.as.being.located.underneath.the.application,.

and.sometimes.the.communication.system.is.included.into.the.operating.system,.sometimes.it.is.not.

included..Automation.prefers.a.design.according.to.Figure.1.2,.where.the.communication.system.is.a.

separate.unit.underneath.the.operating.system.and.establishes.the.connection.to.dierent.networks.

Consistent

.with.the.hierarchical.model,.the.interface.of.the.communication.unit.provides.its.services.

to.the.module.above.it—the.operating.system.(given.that.it.exists.in.the.system),.which.again.provides.

its.services.to.the.applications..According.to.the.top-down.design,.the.developer.shall.specify.this.inter-

face

.only.aer.the.application.and.the.operating.system.have.been.specied..However,.reality.shows.

that.this.is.oen.not.the.case..Communication.has.to.follow.a.standard,.since.it.generally.connects.

systems.of.dierent.vendors.. e.dilemma.can.be.resolved.partly.by.allowing.the.denition.of.dierent.

 e.fact.that.the.operating.system.did.not.play.an.important.role.is.also.shown.in.the.name.“application.layer,”.which.

would.more.accurately.be.named.“operating.system.layer.”

…

FIGURE 1.1 Development.of.the.model.

ISO/OSI Model 1-3

communication.protocols..While.on.one.hand,.there.should.be.only.a.few.dierent.protocols.to.meet.

the.requirements.of.the.standard.(i.e.,.little.variation,.lots.of.common.properties),.on.the.other.hand,.we.

need.a.lot.of.dierent.protocols.to.meet.the.dierent.requirements.

Today,

.we.see.that.most.eldbus.protocols.in.industrial.automation.consist.of.at.most.three.layers;.

building.automation.protocols.usually.have.more.layers.. e.LonTalk.protocol.[Loy.05].(ANSI/CEA.

709.1.and.ISO/IEC.14908-1).even.implements.all.seven.layers.

1.2 Open Standard

 e.term.“open.system”.is.well.dened.in.ISO:.a.“system”.is.in.this.context.a.complete.facility.(unit),.that.

is,.computers.(like.process.computers).and.data.processing.machines.with.peripheral.devices.like.stor-

age,

.front-end.computers,.data.stations,.or.application.soware..Such.a.system.contains.communication.

partners.and.(parts.of).a.communication.system.

.term.“open”.has.a.stricter.meaning.than.as.it.is.used.in.common.language,.and.cannot.be.used.

freely.in.the.area.of.communications.(even.if.marketing.wants.to.interpret.it.dierently)..A.system.is.

“open,”.if.it.meets.certain.requirements.. e.rst.authoritative.requirement.is.that.the.protocol.is.o-

cially

.standardized.(nationally.or.internationally)..A.quasi-standard.or.a.special.standard.dened.by.a.

company.is.not.valid..In.such.a.way,.the.distribution.(publication).is.guaranteed—which.shall.ensure.

equal.opportunities.between.companies.

.1997,.the.dierent.European.committees.struggled.hard.to.dene.the.requirement.how.the.term.

may.be.interpreted..CEN.and.CENELEC.agree.that—in.accordance.with.the.reference.model—a.system.is.

open,.if.the.protocols.have.been.opened.(i.e.,.standardized).and.are.not.protected.by.a.patent.that.prevents.

competitors.to.design.the.same.protocol..Licenses.have.to.be.available.for.everyone.at.“reasonable”.prices.

. ISO/OSI. reference. model. describes. functions,. not. hardware. or. soware.. It.does. not. dictate.

manufacturers.which.technology.to.use.in.their.products..It.only.prescribes.how.the.technology.has.to.

behave,.seen.from.the.outside.

Unfortunately,

.the.standard.for.a.protocol.cannot.be.compared.with.a.physical.unit.like.a.screw..

A.standard.is.complex.and.thus.never.completely.error.free.. is.was.considered.regarding.dierent.

terms..Two.systems.are.called.interconnectable,.if.they.are.subject.to.the.same.standard.. is.does,.

however,.not.mean.that.they.cooperate..If.cooperation.shall.be.guaranteed,.interworkability.is.required,.

which.means.that.the.system.can.in.principle.exchange.data.according.to.the.protocol..However,.the.

Application

Operating system

Communication

FIGURE 1.2 Location.of.the.communication.system.in.a.device.

1-4 Industrial Communication Systems

following.sections.will.show.that.this.is.still.an.insucient.requirement.for.connecting.devices.. is.can.

onl

.be.ach

ieved

.by.pro

les,

.whi

.hav

.bee

.int

roduced

.as.an.add

itional

.lay

.on.top.of.the.ISO

/OSI

mod

.dur

ing

.the.dev

elopment

.of.el

.bus

.(vi

rtually

.an.add

itional

.lay

.8)..If.it.can.be.pro

ven

.tha

dev

ices

.co

operate,

.we.ha

.re

ached

.in

teroperability.

1.2.1 Layer Functionalities

 e.OSI.model.denes.seven.layers,.each.of.which.has.dedicated.functions..A.brief.description.of.these.

fun

ctions

.is.gi

ven

.in.th

.fo

llowing.

1.2.1.1

Lay

er 1: Physical Layer

.lay

.cov

ers

.the.phy

sical

.par

.of.the.com

munication.

.It.con

tains

.all.har

dware

.spe

cication

.dat

inc

luding

.the.sign

als

.use

.the.ele

ctrical

.and.mec

hanical

.cha

racteristics

.of.the.con

nection,

.and.all.fun

tional

.par

ameters

.tha

.are.nec

essary,

.whi

.inc

lude

.tas

.lik

.act

ivating,

.mai

ntaining,

.and.ter

minating

the.ph

ysical

.co

nnection.

1.2.1.2

Lay

er 2: Link Layer

.lin

.lay

.is.res

ponsible

.for.pro

viding

.an.err

or-free

.con

nection

.fro

.one.nod

.to.ano

ther

.nod

.in.

the.sam

.net

work

.seg

ment

.(po

int-to-point

.com

munication).

.It.has.to.cor

rect

.err

ors

.tha

.occ

.dur

ing

the.phy

sical

.tra

nsmission

.by.usi

ng,

.for.exa

mple,

.err

or-correction

.cod

es.

.For.tha

.it.need

.err

or-correction

alg

orithms

.and.red

undant

.inf

ormation

.in.the.rec

eived

.dat

.It.als

.add

.sou

rce

.and.des

tination

.add

ress

to.th

.pa

ckets

.th

.ar

.tr

ansmitted.

1.2.1.3

Lay

er 3: Network Layer

.net

work

.lay

.de

nes

.the.pat

.tha

.pac

kets

.tak

.on.the

.way.thr

ough

.the.net

work.

.A.pac

ket

.tha

.is.

add

ressed

.to.a.des

tination

.add

ress

.wil

.not.alw

ays

.be.tra

nsmitted

.dir

ectly

.to.its.rec

eiver

.but.wil

.rat

her

be.passed.from.one.part.of.the.network.to.the.other.until.it.reaches.its.destination.. is.is.done.by.rout-

ing

.the.pac

kets,

.an.alg

orithm

.tha

.can.be.imp

lemented

.in.di

erent

.way

.dep

ending

.on.the.cap

abilities

of.the.com

ponents.

.Lay

.3.de

nes

.add

resses,

.whi

.are.not.rel

ated

.to.the.add

resses

.on.lay

.2.(if.the

are.imp

lemented).

. e.net

work

.lay

.als

.is.res

ponsible

.for.est

ablishing

.and.ter

minating

.net

work

con

nections

.an

.re

establishing

.br

oken

.ne

twork

.co

nnections.

1.2.1.4

Lay

er 4:

tran

sport Layer

.tra

nsport

.lay

.is.res

ponsible

.for.the.ow.con

trol

.of.dat

.tha

.is.sen

.fro

.one.end.use

.to.the.oth

(en

d-to-end

.con

nection)

.and.for.assi

gning

.log

ical

.add

resses

.to.the.phy

sical

.add

resses

.tha

.are.use

.by.

the.net

work

.lay

er.

.It.use

.the.net

work

.lay

ers’

.abi

lity

.to.est

ablish

.net

work

.con

nections

.in.ord

.to.gua

ran-

tee

.th

.me

ssages

.re

ally

.re

ach

.th

eir

.en

.us

ers,

.wh

ich

.al

.in

cludes

.re

transmission

.of.lo

.pa

ckets.

1.2.1.5

Lay

er 5: Session Layer

.ord

.to.est

ablish

.a.ses

sion,

.the.ses

sion

.lay

.has.to.mak

.sur

.tha

.all.the.end.use

.agr

.on.the.sam

ses

sion

.pro

tocol;

.the

refore,

.the.par

ticipants

.rs

.hav

.to.neg

otiate

.a.com

mon

.pro

tocol,

.whi

.is.the

use

.thr

oughout

.the.ses

sion.

. e.ses

sion

.lay

.de

nes

.how.a.ses

sion

.is.sta

rted

.and.ter

minated,

.des

cribes

how.da

ta-exchange

.is.es

tablished,

.an

.is.re

sponsible

.fo

.en

d-user

.id

entication

.(e

.g.,

.by.pa

ssword).

1.2.1.6

Lay

er 6: Presentation Layer

.pre

sentation

.lay

.de

nes

.how.the.inf

ormation

.sha

.be.for

matted

.in.ord

.to.mak

.it.und

erstand-

able

.for.the.end.use

.If,.for.exa

mple,

.an.int

eger

.numb

.is.tra

nsmitted,

.the.pre

sentation

.lay

.kno

how.to.int

erpret

.the.byt

.tha

.mak

.up.the.numb

.and.is.abl

.to.pro

vide

.a.mat

hematical

.val

.to.the.

app

lication

.lay

.(e.

g.,

.by.rs

.con

verting

.big.end

ian

.to.lit

tle

.end

ian).

.Con

version

.of.dat

.is.cov

ered

.her

as.we

.as.opt

ional

.en

cryption

.of.in

formation.