Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

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26-4 Industrial Communication Systems

nected.via.some.eldbus.network..While.the.rst.variant.requires.relative.closeness.of.the.devices.and.

is.very.cheap,.the.latter.approach.allows.for.spatially.distributed.devices.and.provides.more.exibility.

.data.point.values.provided.by.the.eld.level.(sensor.values,.subsystem.status.information).are.

communicated.to.a.server.station.(building.controller).that.also.serves.as.a.central.point.of.integration..

Process.data.from.the.(sub)system.is.collected.as.well.as.integrated.with.data.from.other.traditionally.

stand-alone.building.systems.such.as.safety.alarm.or.access.control.systems..As.a.result.all.those.data.

points.are.accessible.in.the.building.controller.. is.unied.view.allows.a.transparent.access.to.all.build-

ing

.operation.data,.which.primarily.functions.as.input.for.an.integrated.visualization.as.well.as.auto-

mation

.functions..Hence,.integration.across.dierent.application.domains.is.possible.and.frequently.

implemented..Also,.building.automation.functions.oen.supervise.electrical.circuits.and.provide.super-

visory

.control.of.central.plants.such.as.hot.water.production.and.air.handling.units..Especially.the.latter.

allows.to.inuence.the.amount.of.energy.consumed.considerably,.for.example,.automatically.based.on.

calendar.data.

Furthermore,

.the.building.controller.allows.to.automate.sequences.that.involve.multiple,.heteroge-

neous

.systems,.and.also.provides.the.interface.to.facility.management.systems.. is.building.manage-

ment

.infrastructure.is.typically.known.as.the.building.management.system.(BMS).. e.user.interface.is.

displayed.on.local.workstations,.which.establish.a.connection.to.the.server.mostly.via.the.oce.network.

infrastructure..Using.technologies.from.the.IT.domain,.remote.access.to.the.building.controllers.is.

provided.

Progress

.in.computer.engineering.has.led.to.new.perspectives.in.building.automation..Until.recently,.

the.model.described.just.above.had.to.be.considered.no.more.than.a.rough.guide..However,.with.ever.

increasing.processing.power.and.available.memory.as.well.as.the.overall.size.and.cost.of.end.devices.

Operator

workstation

WAN

DSS (e.g., room controller)

Server station/

building controller

DDC stations/

unit controllers

Fieldbus

Direct I/O

connection

WAN connection

to remote system

Dedicated special

system (e.g., elevator)

Facility management

system

Management

level

Automation

level

Field

level

Automation network

Management

network

FIGURE 26.1 Field,.automation.and.management.level.and.respective.devices.

Building and Home Automation 26-5

permanently.decreasing,.so-called.intelligent.eld.devices.became.available..Sensors,.actuators,.and.

room.units.(control.panels.with.sensor.function).now.take.over.automation.functions.that.were.pre-

viously

.exclusively.provided.by.DDC.stations..At.the.same.time,.DDC.stations.are.increasingly.oen.

equipped.with.network.interfaces.and,.therefore,.can.be.used.for.automation.and.management.func-

tions.

. is.leads.to.the.virtual.collapse.of.the.automation.layer.and.the.reassignment.of.its.functions.

While

.communication.at.the.eld.and.automation.layers.still.remains.geared.toward.process.data.

exchange,.a.change.in.the.network.model.can.be.observed..Process.values.can.typically.be.represented.

in.a.compact.way.(considering.a.single.value.at.a.single.point.in.time)..Moreover,.the.control.of.the.

building.environment.has.relaxed.requirements.regarding.the.frequency.of.the.control.loops.[33]..Also,.

the.spatial.extension.of.most.control.loops.is.limited.. erefore,.large.systems.are.divided.into.network.

segments,.in.which.low.data.rates.are.sucient.even.if.acceptable.response.times.to.selected.events.are.

required.. e.main.criteria.for.the.communication.infrastructure.are.cost.eciency,.robustness,.and.

easy.installation.(free.topology.wiring,.link.power).

.the.management.layer,.access.to.data.from.all.segments.is.mandatory.. erefore,.all.system.data.

pass.through.the.network.segment.that.the.management.layer.devices.are.connected.to.. e.amount.of.

trac.accumulated.there.can.be.considerably.high,.especially.in.larger.systems.where.thousands.of.data.

points.can.be.found.. erefore,.networks.with.a.higher.bandwidth.are.employed.at.this.layer.

For

.the.backbone,.Internet.protocol.(IP).has.found.widespread.acceptance..Its.not.entirely.determin-

istic

.behavior.does.not.restrict.its.use.in.building.automation.due.to.the.moderate.requirements.present..

Because.of.compatibility.issues.with.installed.devices,.the.transport.and.network.layers.of.existing.

eldbus.protocols.cannot.be.changed.to.take.care.of.the.intricacies.for.IP.[32].. is.shortcoming.can.be.

alleviated.by.the.use.of.tunneling.[2,3]..Tunneling.routers.encapsulate.eldbus.data.packets.and.distrib-

ute

.them.over.any.given.backbone.network.. is.happens.completely.transparent.to.the.eldbus.devices..

Tunneling.routers.also.provide.an.access.point.for.remote.communication..Nearly.all.manufacturers.

oer.gateways.and.interfaces.that.allow.access.to.data.points.handled.by.their.DDC.stations.for.the.

purpose.of.integrating.them.into.BMS.

26.2.3 technologies and Integration aspects

In.today’s.BAS,.a.number.of.dierent.technologies.can.be.found.[28]..Figure.26.2.displays.a.brief.over-

view,

.which.technologies.are.prevalent.in.the.respective.layers..By.tradition,.non-open,.proprietary.

solutions.dominate.the.eld.of.building.automation.on.the.automation.and.management.layer.. is.

may.be.due.to.the.fact.that.custom.solutions.are.possible.at.relatively.low.cost,.given.the.moderate.

performance.requirements.involved..For.the.classic.automation.eld.bus,.the.majority.of.these.solu-

tions

.follow.the.EIA-485.standard..In.certain.cases,.also.the.open.standards.Profibus,.CANOpen.

Management

layer

Field

STANDARD

MOTOR INTERFACE

layer

Automation

layer

BACnet/WS

JCI N2SBT P1

FIGURE 26.2 Networking.technologies.in.BAS.

26-6 Industrial Communication Systems

(and.their.specic.proles),.or.Modbus.are.used.at.this.level..As.a.soware.interface.into.BMS.soware,.

OPC

[19]

.has

reached

.imp

ortance.

.Tod

ay,

.als

.Web.tec

hnologies

.are.use

.for.exa

mple,

.for.man

agement

.and.con

guration

.of.DDC.sta

tions.

.How

ever,

.the

.are.sti

.of.lim

ited

.use.for.mac

hine-to-

machine

.com

munication.

One

.fac

.tha

.mus

.not.be.neg

lected

.is.the.lon

.lif

.cyc

.of.a.bui

lding

.and.its.res

pective

.ser

vices.

Whe

.fac

.wit

.a.fut

ure

.ext

ension

.or.cha

nge

.of.the.sys

tem,

.acc

ess

.to.all.new.dat

.poi

nts

.mus

.be.

pre

served.

.In.thi

.cas

.onl

.an.ope

.sys

tem

.can.gua

rantee

.tha

.one.doe

.not.nd.one

self

.tie

.to.the.

con

tractor

.tha

.ori

ginally

.ins

talled

.the.sys

tem.

.With.BAC

net•

.[9,

11],

.KNX•.[6,

10,19],

.and.Lon

Works

[1,

5,20],

.thr

.majo

.ope

.sta

ndards

.exi

.in.the.el

.of.bui

lding

.auto

mation.

.Whi

.the

.sta

ndards

cov

.mul

tiple

.app

lication

.dom

ains,

.and.hen

.a.bro

.ran

.of.app

lications,

.als

.sev

eral

.dom

ain-

specific

.bus

ses

.are.eme

rging.

. es

.rep

lace

.the.int

erfaces

.tha

.wer

.tra

ditionally

.use

.to.con

nect

.el

dev

ices

.to.con

trollers.

.Sin

.the

.are.desi

gned

.for.the.use.in.a.spe

cic

.app

lication

.dom

ain,

.the

.oe

pro

vide

.ad

ditional

.fu

nctionality,

.wh

ich

.ma

kes

.th

.es

pecially

.ap

pealing

.an

.co

st-eective

.to.in

stall.

.pro

minent

.exa

mple

.of.the

.app

lication-specic

.sta

ndards

.is.Dig

ital

.Add

ressable

.Lig

hting

.Int

erface

(DA

LI)

.[7]

.DAL

.all

ows

.con

trol

.of.up.to.64.ele

ctronic

.bal

lasts

.for.uo

rescent

.lam

.and.int

ends

.to.

rep

lace

.the.cla

ssical

.1–1

.V.int

erface.

.Ano

ther

.exa

mple

.is.M-B

.[4]

.whi

.has.bee

.desi

gned

.in.Eur

ope

for.(re

mote)

.met

.rea

ding.

. e.Stan

dard

.Moto

.Int

erface

.(SM

.bus.[22

]

.is.mai

nly

.use

.for.shu

tters,

pro

tection

.sy

stems,

.an

.su

nblinds.

Another

.tre

.is.the.tig

hter

.int

egration

.of.BAS.bet

ween

.bui

lding

.ser

vice

.dom

ains.

.Pre

viously,

.eac

building.service.domain.such.as.HVAC.had.its.own.dedicated.control.system.based.on.a.specic.tech-

nology.

.Oth

.dom

ains

.mig

.hav

.use

.di

erent

.tec

hnologies.

.A.set.of.arr

iving

.new.fun

ctions

.req

uires

cro

ss-communication

.bet

ween

.the.BAS.dom

ains.

.It.is,.for.ins

tance,

.no.lon

ger

.acc

eptable

.tha

.pre

sence

det

ectors

.fro

.the.lig

hting

.dom

ains

.are.not.acc

essible

.for.int

rusion

.det

ection

.sys

tems.

.Ano

ther

.exa

mple

is.con

stant

.lig

.con

trol,

.whi

.can.ben

et

.fro

.int

egration

.wit

.sha

ding.

.If.two.dom

ains

.are.not.bas

on.the.sam

.com

munication

.tec

hnology,

.the.use.of.gat

eways

.is.man

datory

.(e.

g.,

.to.pro

vide

.a.set.of.

DAL

.reg

isters

.to.BAC

net).

.If.two.dom

ains

.use.the.sam

.tec

hnology,

.but.di

erent

.add

ress

.dom

ains,

.the.

use.of.pro

xies

.is.req

uired

.(e.

g.,

.pro

vide

.net

work

.var

iables

.of.Lon

Works

.dom

ain

.A.to.dom

ain

.B).. e.

pro

blem

.wit

.gat

eways

.is.tha

.the.numb

.of.tra

nslations

.bet

ween

.sys

tems

.is.of.qua

dratic

.ord

er.

.Als

con

guring

.gat

eways

.is.cha

llenging,

.as.the.map

ping

.bet

ween

.tec

hnologies

.can.nev

.be.a.1:1.map

ping,

and.the

refore

.inf

ormation

.is.alw

ays

.los

.A.new.tre

.is.to.equ

.tho

.dev

ices,

.whi

.sha

.int

egrate

.the.

sing

ular

.fun

ctions,

.wit

.net

work

.tec

hnologies

.of.bot

.dom

ains.

.For.exa

mple,

.the.DAL

.con

stant

.lig

con

troller

.may.pro

vide

.bot

.a.Lon

Works

.and.BAC

net

.int

erface

.for.tra

nsparent

.acc

ess

.by.the.res

pective

sys

tem.

. e.adv

antage

.is.no.ext

.con

guration

.as.the.dev

ice

.alr

eady

.kno

.abo

.its.dat

.poi

nts

.and.

no.lo

.of.in

formation

.in

.th

.ot

her

.sy

stem

.ha

.to.be.fa

ced.

.is.the.tas

.of.the.pro

ject

.eng

ineer

.to.cho

ose

.amo

.a.var

iety

.of.app

licable

.pro

tocols

.as.wel

.as.

var

ious

.opti

ons

.reg

arding

.net

work

.topo

logy

.and.fun

ction

.dis

tribution.

.One.may.opt.to.use.a.com

mon

pro

tocol

.thr

oughout

.the.sys

tem

.and.onl

.var

ying

.the.net

work

.lay

.acc

ording

.to.the.exp

ected

.tra

c

.loa

.or.one.may.cho

ose

.to.int

erconnect

.mul

tiple

.tra

de-specic

.and.lev

el-specic

.sol

utions

.usin

gat

eways.

. e.pro

ject

.eng

ineer

.als

.has.the.cho

ice

.bet

ween

.usin

.DDC.sta

tions

.to.imp

lement

.the.auto

mation

.fun

ctions

.or.usin

.int

elligent

.el

.dev

ices

.ins

tead.

.How

ever,

.the

.dec

isions

.are.not.ent

irely

ind

ependent

.and.the

refore

.sho

uld

.not.be.mad

.arb

itrarily.

.For.eac

.spe

cic

.pro

ject,

.rel

ated

.req

uire-

ments

.n

ally

.de

termine

.wh

ich

.ap

proach

.is.su

ited

.be

st.

26.2.4 applications

Today’s.BAS.have.gone.a.long.way.from.simple.HVAC.systems.and.become.more.complex..For.once,.

cen

tralized

.con

trol

.has.bee

.rep

laced

.by.dis

tributed

.con

trols.

.Typ

ical

.zon

.for.bui

lding

.ser

vices

.now.

ran

.fro

.ent

ire

.bui

lding

.win

.dow

.to.roo

.or.win

dow

.axl

es.

.A.bui

lding

.ser

vice

.mig

.hav

.dif

ferent

.req

uirements

.in.di

erent

.zon

es,

.for.exa

mple,

.roo

.con

trol

.may.hav

.to.be.con

sidered

.sep

arately

fro

. cor

ridors

. or. sta

irwells.

. is. typ

ically

. res

ults

. in. di

erent

. des

igns

. for. roo

. and. cor

ridors.

Building and Home Automation 26-7

Moreover,.dierent.building.services.have.been.embraced.by.BAS..A.summary.of.dierent.building.

serv

ice

.dom

ains

.is.giv

.in.Tab

.26.

Climate

.cont

rol

.is.stil

.the.most.impo

rtant

.doma

in,

.incl

uding

.the.orig

inal

.HVAC.appl

ications.

. e.

unde

rlying

.physi

cal

.proc

ess

.can.be.meas

ured

.and.inu

enced

.using.well

-known

.devi

ces.

.Heat

ing

.sys-

ems,

.for.exam

ple,

.incl

ude

.vari

able

.air.volu

.syst

ems

.to.fan-

coil

.unit

. e.timi

.cons

tants

.of.the.

proc

ess

.are.long.and.thus.make.the.proc

ess

.simpl

.to.cont

rol

.using.netw

ork-based

.cont

rol

.syst

ems

like.BACn

et,

.KNX,.and.LonW

orks.

.More.nove

.syst

ems

.also.incl

ude

.cont

rol

.loop

.for.air.qual

ity

.and.

humi

dity.

Another

.well

-established

.buil

ding

.serv

ice

.doma

.is.visu

.comf

ort.

. is.doma

.comp

rises

.ligh

ting

appl

ications

.(e.g

.dayl

ight),

.cons

tant

.ligh

.cont

rollers,

.and.scen

.sele

ctions

.for.spec

ial

.room

.such.as.

meet

ing

.room

.or.exec

utive

.oce

.Ligh

ting

.appl

ications

.have.much.more.stri

ngent

.requ

irements

.on.

resp

onse

.time.than.HVAC

.Typi

cal

.swit

.comm

ands

.must.be.tran

smitted

.fast

.than.400.ms.to.give.the.

user.an.inst

ant

.feed

back.

.Also.cons

tant

.ligh

.cont

rol

.requ

ires

.fast

.adapt

ion

.to.envi

ronment

.cond

itions

than.temp

erature

.cont

rol,

.as.the.huma

.eye.resp

onds

.much.fast

.to.chan

ges.

.Typi

cal

.inst

allations

.for.

ligh

ting

.rely.on.KNX.or.LonW

orks

.syst

ems.

. e.ligh

.swit

ches,

.touch.pane

.unit

.pres

ence

.dete

ctors,

and.lumi

naires

.are.inte

rconnected

.over.a.comm

unication

.syst

em.

. e.cons

tant

.ligh

.cont

roller

.unit

oen.als

.hav

.dir

ect

.I/O.por

.to.lig

.swi

tches.

.Mod

ern

.lum

inaires

.fre

quently

.use.the.DAL

.sta

ndard

for.comm

unication,

.whic

.is.espe

cially

.easy.to.inst

all,

.as.the.same.cabl

ing

.is.used.for.the.comm

unica-

tion

.path.as.for.the.powe

.cabl

ing.

.Two.inst

allation

.scen

arios

.are.in.plac

.room

-based

.inst

allations

.are.

base

.on.KNX.or.LonW

orks,

.and.oor

-based

.cabl

ing

.is.used.for.DALI.lumi

naires.

. e.DALI.ligh

.con-

rollers

.are.oen.inst

alled

.per.oor.or.oor.segm

ent

.span

ning

.mult

iple

.room

.and.prov

ide

.an.inte

rface

to.the.BACn

et-,

.KNX-

.or.LonW

orks-based

.infr

astructure

.inst

alled

.in.the.room

.to.real

ize

.cons

tant

ligh

.cont

rol.

.Othe

.comp

onents

.in.visu

.comf

ort

.comp

rise

.shad

ing

.and.sunb

linds,

.whic

.cont

rol

.the.

admi

ssion

.of.day

light

.into.a.roo

Two

.imp

ortant

.dom

ains

.tha

.are.sti

.oe

.neg

lected

.are.sec

urity

.[26

]

.and.saf

ety

.[30

.Sec

urity

.ref

ers

to.prot

ecting

.the.buil

ding

.prem

ises

.from.unau

thorized

.acce

.(acc

ess

.cont

rol)

.and.intr

usion

.dete

ction.

Syst

ems

.in.this.area.use.prop

rietary

.proto

cols

.as.well.as.open.tech

nologies,

.such.as.BACn

.(acc

ess

.door.

objec

ts)

.and.LonW

orks

.(aut

horized

.serv

ices).

.Typi

cal

.devi

ces

.are.wind

.and.door.cont

acts,

.CCTV.

devices,.and.presence.detectors..Safety.applications.refer.to.life.safety.and.include.monitoring.and.alarm.

mana

gement

.of.nume

rous

.buil

ding

.para

meters.

.If.a.para

meter

.exce

eds

.its.norm

.rang

.alar

.are.gen-

rated

.and.dissi

pated

.thro

ugh

.the.syst

em.

. is.is.a.typi

cal

.func

tion

.of.buil

ding

.cont

rollers.

.Syst

ems

.such.

as.BACn

.prov

ide

.stan

dardized

.objec

.for.life.safe

.and.life.safe

.zone

.Fire.alar

.and.emer

gency

TABLE 26.1 Domains.of.Building.Services

Domain Typical.Building.Services

Climate

.cont

rol HVAC,

.humidit

.air.qua

lity

Visual

.comfo

rt Articial

.ligh

ting,

.dayl

ighting

.(mot

orized

.blin

ds/shutters),

.cons

tant

ligh

.cont

rol

Safety Fire

.ala

rm,

.gas.ala

rm,

.water.leak.detec

tion,

.emerg

ency

.soun

.system,.

emergen

.light

ing,

.close

d-circuit

.tele

vision

.(CCTV

)

Security Intrusion

.ala

rm,

.access.cont

rol,

.CCTV

.audio.surv

eillance

Transportation Elevators,

.esca

lators,

.conv

eyor

.bel

One-way

.audio Pub

lic

.address/a

udio

.dist

ribution

.and.soun

.reinfo

rcement

.system

Energy

.man

agement Peak

.avo

idance

Supply

.and.disp

osal Power

.dist

ribution,

.wast

.man

agement,

.fres

hwater/domestic

.hot.water

waste

water

Communication

.and.infor

mation

.exch

ange IT

.netw

orks,

.pri

vate

.bran

.exch

ange

.(PBX),.inter

com,

.sha

red

.WAN.

access,.wire

less

.access.(WLAN)

scellaneous

.spe

cial

.doma

ins Clock

.system

.extime.system

.pres

entation

.equi

pment

.(e.g.,.video.

walls),.medica

.gas,.pneuma

tic

.struc

ture

.supp

ort

.systems.(for.airho

uses)

26-8 Industrial Communication Systems

lighting.systems.are.examples.of.alarm.processing.systems..Shutters.are.frequently.found.to.use.Modbus.

to.cont

rol

.them

.LonW

orks

.can.be.foun

.in.a.numbe

.of.emer

gency

.ligh

ting

.inst

allations.

. e.main.task.

is.to.reac

.to.a.buil

ding

.alar

.and.cons

tantly

.moni

tor

.the.heal

.stat

.of.emer

gency

.ligh

.devi

ces

.as.well.

as.the.gen

eration

.of.ala

rms

.to.the.ope

rator

.as.soo

.as.the

.sho

.fai

lures.

.oper

ate

.a.buil

ding,

.supe

rvisory

.cont

rol

.and.data.acqu

isition

.(SCA

DA)

.syst

ems

.are.freq

uently

used

. ese.high

-level

.mana

gement

.syst

ems

.coll

ect

.and.visu

alize

.oper

ational

.data.from.the.buil

ding

and.prov

ide

.para

meters

.to.the.buil

ding

.mana

ger

.for.con

guration

.of.buil

ding

.serv

ices.

.As.oppo

sed

to.low-

level

.cont

rol

.loop

.the.timi

.aspe

cts

.of.thes

.syst

ems

.are.very.rela

xed.

.Still

.SCAD

.serv

ices

must.exhi

bit

.high.reli

ability.

.To.impr

ove

.reli

ability,

.the.data.acqu

isition

.may.be.dist

ributed

.and.plac

as.near.to.the.eld.leve

.as.possi

ble.

.In.this.case

.the.subs

ystems

.can.func

tion

.auton

omously

.in.case.the.

back

bone

.or.cent

ral

.SCAD

.fail

.to.oper

ate.

.Tren

ding

.of.data.is.part

.alre

ady

.done.in.buil

ding

.cont

rol-

lers

.or.even.lowe

.in.the.syst

em,

.and.SCAD

.syst

ems

.only.need.to.coll

ect

.and.store.data.in.batc

.cycl

es.

Room.con

trol

.pan

els

.are.als

.exa

mples

.of.a.sma

.SCA

.ser

vice

.in.roo

.or.cor

ridors.

Traditional

.BAS.are.oen.inst

alled

.by.die

rent

.cont

ractors

.for.die

rent

.buil

ding

.serv

ice

.doma

ins.

 is.mean

.that.in.the.past

.almo

.no.cros

s-communication

.exis

ted

.betw

een

.serv

ice

.doma

ins.

. e.

emer

gence

.of.new,.tigh

ter

.inte

grated

.buil

ding

.serv

ices,

.howe

ver,

.now.requ

ires

.die

rent

.doma

ins

.to.

shar

.data

.Exam

ples

.are.data.exch

ange

.betw

een

.pres

ence

.dete

ctors

.from.ligh

ting

.with.HVAC.or.con-

rolling

.sunb

linds

.of.the.ligh

ting

.doma

.from.the.HVAC.serv

ice.

.From.a.comm

unication

.view

point,

this.requ

ires

.hori

zontal

.inte

gration.

.Perf

ormance

.cont

racting

.and.ener

.moni

toring

.also.dema

.a.

global.view.of.the.building.across.dierent.building.service.domains.. ese.are.high-level.systems.that.

need.acc

ess

.to.dat

.in.the.low

.lev

els

.of.the.BAS

. is.is.the.are

.of.ver

tical

.int

egration.

26.3 Home automation

26.3.1 Motivation and Overview

Adopting.automation.technology.is.equally.attractive.in.the.residential.domain..Besides.eciency.con-

siderations,

.incr

eased

.comf

ort

.and.peac

.of.mind.are.key.moti

ves

.here

.Also

.elde

rly

.peop

.can.live.

in.thei

.own.home

.long

.(ambi

ent

.assis

ted

.livi

ng,

.smar

.home.care

. e.impo

rtance

.of.this.aspe

cont

inuously

.inc

reases

.as.lif

.exp

ectancy

.doe

Although

.the.numbe

.of.devi

ces

.invo

lved

.in.a.home.autom

ation

.proje

.is.by.orde

.of.magn

itude

lowe

.than.for.larg

.func

tional

.buil

dings,

.the.comp

lexity

.of.such.proje

cts

.must.not.be.unde

restimated.

Whil

.many.appl

ications

.and.tech

niques

.are.simil

.to.the.ones.foun

.in.buil

ding

.autom

ation,

.addi

tional

.chal

lenges

.aris

.in.syst

ems

.tail

ored

.to.peop

le’s

.need

.in.priv

ate

.hous

eholds.

.Addi

tional

.appl

ica-

tion

.doma

ins

.(hou

sehold

.appl

iances

.and.cons

umer

.elec

tronics)

.must.be.inte

grated.

.Easy.con

guration

is. of. part

icular

.impo

rtance,

.since. the. disp

roportionately

.high. setu

.cost.will. othe

rwise

.redu

.the.

attr

activeness

.of.auto

mation.

.Ackn

owledging

.these.speci

c

.chal

lenges,

.one.expl

icitly

.spea

.of.“hom

auto

mation”

.sys

tems

.(HA

S).

.key.chal

lenge

.is.the.inte

gration

.of.the.trad

itional

.autom

ation

.doma

ins

.(HVA

.ligh

ting/shading)

with.the.many.esta

blished

.serv

ices

.in.the.home.such.as.home.appl

iances,

.tele

communications,

.mul-

imedia,

.as.well.as.ener

.mete

ring

.and.secu

rity

.devi

ces.

.Solu

tions

.that.want.to.persi

.in.the.home.

mark

.must.guar

antee

.a.seam

less

.inte

gration

.of.thes

.hete

rogeneous

.syst

ems

.(bot

.in.term

.of.appl

cations

.and.manu

facturers)

.in.orde

.to.full

.acti

vate

.all.inhe

rent

.bene

ts.

.Howe

ver,

.it.is.not.suc

ient

that.syst

ems

.mere

.prov

ide

.all.func

tionalities,

.but.they.must.also.beco

.usab

.for.nonp

rofessionals

in.ever

yday

.life

. is.ulti

mately

.call

.for.two.qual

ications.

.Firs

.inst

allation,

.setu

.con

guration,

.and.

maintenance.of.a.HAS.should.come.near.the.famous.“plug.and.play”.paradigm.and.congure.itself.auto-

atically

.as.far.as.possi

ble

.(e.g

.zero

-conguration

.netw

orking).

.Espe

cially,

.no.tech

nician

.or.engi

neer

shou

.be.need

.to.succ

essfully

.inst

all

.and.use.the.syst

em.

.Addi

tionally,

.inte

grating

.any.exis

ting

.equi

ment

.of.home

.(i.e

.in.case.of.refu

rbishment

.or.exte

nsion)

.shou

.get.by.with.a.minim

.of.physi

cal

.inte

vention.

.Seco

nd,

.the.syst

.must.be.usab

.for.the.resid

ents

.duri

.regu

lar

.oper

ation.

. is.dema

nds

Building and Home Automation 26-9

that.special.attention.is.devoted.to.the.usability.of.the.system.as.such,.its.user.interfaces,.and.all.controls.

visi

ble

.to.the.resi

dents.

. e.desi

.mus

.foc

.on.a.bro

.tar

get

.gro

.of.di

erent

.age

.and.(te

chnical)

ski

lls,

.as.use

.fri

endliness

.is.cru

cial

.for.the.acc

eptance

.of.any.suc

.sys

tem.

.Dur

ing

.reg

ular

.ope

ration,

.the.

use

r involvement

.mus

.als

.be.gua

ranteed.

. e.use

.mus

.ret

ain

.ful

.con

trol

.of.the

.sys

tems

.tha

.the

re-

fore

.hav

.to.oe

.su

cient

.deg

rees

.of.fre

edom

.in.con

trolling.

.Whi

.cer

tain

.tas

.may.hap

pen

.wit

hout

int

ervention

.(i.

e.,

.auto

matically),

.it.is.imp

ortant

.tha

.the.sys

tem

.rem

ains

.tra

nsparent

.to.the.use

.doe

not.beh

ave

.une

xpectedly,

.and.all

ows

.for.the.use

.to.cho

ose

.his.pre

ferences

.and

—if

.desi

red—overrule

the.sy

stem

.at.an

.ti

me.

During

.sys

tem

.ope

ration,

.dat

.is.col

lected,

.pro

cessed,

.and.exc

hanged

.ove

.a.com

munication

.net

work.

.dat

.may.con

sist

.of.per

sonal

.inf

ormation

.on.use

.pre

ferences,

.act

ivities,

.and.det

ails

.on.the.hom

and.its.equ

ipment.

.Cle

arly,

.kno

wledge

.of.thi

.inf

ormation

.wou

.pro

vide

.a.glo

bal

.sys

tem

.vie

.and.

all

.bac

ktracking

.of.the.beh

avior

.of.its.resi

dents,

.if.mis

used

.in.suc

.a.way

. er

efore,

.sys

tems

.mus

.be.

desi

gned

.wit

.pri

vacy

.in.min

.and.per

manently

.all

.the.use

.to.dec

ide

.whi

.inf

ormation

.to.sha

.and.

whi

.par

.to.kee

.sec

ret.

.Mod

ern

.HAS.may.als

.be.acc

essible

.via.rem

ote

.or.mob

ile

.ter

minals,

.(We

gat

eways,

.or.eve

.use.uns

ecured

.com

munication

.med

.for.dat

.exc

hange.

. is.rai

ses

.the.que

stion

.of.

sec

urity

.in.com

munication

.tha

.is.req

uired

.to.kee

.sen

sitive,

.per

sonal

.inf

ormation

.con

dential

.and.tha

pre

vents

.abu

.of.the.sys

tem

.for.eco

nomic

.or.eve

.lif

.saf

ety

.rea

sons.

.Las

.but.not.lea

st,

.the.eco

nomic

dimension

.in.th

.re

sidential

.se

ctor

.mu

.no

.be.un

derestimated.

. e.re

sidential

.ma

rket

.is.ve

.se

nsitive

to.the.pri

.of.any.equ

ipment,

.so.hom

.auto

mation

.pro

ducts

.nee

.to.hav

.a.ret

urn

.on.inv

estment

.wit

hin

a.few.years.aer.installation.time.. is.return.on.investment.can,.for.example,.be.yielded.by.increased.

ene

rgy

.e

ciency.

26.3.2 technologies and Integration aspects

Apart. from. the. big. (protocol). players. in. building. automation. (i.e.,. BACnet,. KNX,. and. LonWorks),.

sev

eral

.oth

.pro

tocols

.hav

.eme

rged

.tha

.spe

cically

.tar

get

.the.hom

.aut

omation

.mar

ket.

. eir.com

mon

.den

ominator

.is.the.sup

port

.and.foc

.on.app

lications

.per

taining

.to.the.hom

.dom

ain.

. e.spe

cial

req

uirements

.of.hom

.aut

omation

.are.tar

geted

.and.ree

cted

.in.the.pro

tocol

.des

ign.

With

.Home

Plug

.[17

.the.Hom

ePlug

.Pow

erline

.All

iance

.pro

poses

.a.pro

tocol

.tha

.enab

les

.and.pro

motes

rap

.ava

ilability,

.ado

ption,

.and.imp

lementation

.of.cost

-eective,

.int

eroperable,

.and.sta

ndards-based

hom

.pow

erline

.net

works

.and.pro

ducts.

.Com

munication

.cha

nnels

.are.the.alm

ost

.ubi

quitous

.pow

erlines,

whi

.in.gen

eral

.are.rea

.to.use.as.bas

.inf

rastructure.

. e.und

erlying

.pow

erline

.com

munication

.sta

dard

.all

ows

.for.all.asp

ects

.of.pow

erline

.com

munication.

.Dev

ice

.int

erconnection

.wit

.low

.dat

.rat

is.est

ablished

.usi

.the.Hom

ePlug

.1.0.pro

tocol,

.whi

.high.dat

.rat

.mul

timedia

.str

eaming

.and.VoI

ser

vices

.are.pro

vided

.by.Hom

ePlug-AV.

.Tra

ditional

.hom

.aut

omation

.app

lications

.are.rea

lized

.by.a.low

cost,

.low.dat

a-rate

.bra

nch

.cal

led

.Hom

ePlug

.Com

mand

.&.Con

trol.

.Wit

.Hom

ePlug

.Acc

ess

.BPL

.a.bro

ad-

band

.pow

erline

.tec

hnology

.int

ended

.to.pro

vide

.to-

the-home

.acce

.(i.

e.,

.bri

dging

.the.“la

.mil

e”)

.has.als

bee

.spe

cied.

.Tog

ether

.wit

.the.ZigB

.all

iance,

.the.Hom

ePlug

.all

iance

.has.for

med

.a.wor

king

.gro

in.ord

.to.dev

ise

.high

-level

.pro

tocol

.spe

cications

.to.be.use

.on.bot

.pow

erline

.and.wir

eless

.sys

tems.

.app

roach

.of.the.upc

oming

.dig

italSTROM

.[13

]

.sta

ndard

.is.to.con

trol

.ele

ctrical

.hom

.equ

ipment

thr

ough

.cor

.com

ponents

.cal

led

.“lu

ster

.ter

minals.”

. es

.con

sist

.of.a.hig

h-voltage

.chi

.loc

ated

.dir

ectly

at.the.end.dev

ice

.or.app

liance.

.A.nov

elty

.is.the.dua

.use.of.the.chi

.whi

ch,

.on.the.one.han

.act

.as.an.

act

uator

.(e.

g.,

.swi

tching,

.dim

ming)

.and

.on.the.oth

.han

.as.a.sen

sor

.tha

.can.at.lea

.rou

ghly

.mea

sure

.the.energy.consumption..Installed.in.the.fuse.box.is.the.“meter”.device.that.controls.the.terminals.

and.acc

urately

.mea

sures

.pow

.on.a.cir

cuit.

.Add

itionally,

.an.int

erface

.to.a.Web.ser

ver

.is.pro

vided

.tha

rec

ords

.ene

rgy

.inf

ormation

.fro

.sen

sors,

.con

trols

.ter

minals

.thr

ough

.the.met

er,

.and.pro

vides

.inf

orma-

tion

.vis

ualization.

.Dig

italStrom

.the

refore

.pro

vides

.ver

.low

-rate

.pow

erline

.com

munication

.and.fea

tures

.su

.as.en

ergy

.me

asurement,

.pl

.an

.pl

ay,

.an

.re

mote

.co

ntrol.

Wireless

.sys

tems

.wit

.all.the

.ben

ets

.(e.

g.,

.fre

.pla

cement,

.no.add

itional

.wir

es)

.and.cha

llenges

(e.

g.,

.pow

.con

sumption

.and.sup

ply,

.int

erference)

.are.als

.on.the.ris

.[31

. is.is.par

tly

.not.onl

.due.

26-10 Industrial Communication Systems

to.their.excellent.qualication.for.refurbishment.but.also.their.reduced.complexity.compared.to.wired.

sys

tems.

. e.two.mos

.wel

l-known

.wir

eless

.pro

tocols

.for.hom

.auto

mation

.are.IEE

E 802.15.4/ZigBee

[24

]

.and.KNX

.[19

.Whi

.the.lat

ter

.is.con

ceived

.as.the.wir

eless

.ext

ension

.of.the.est

ablished

.ope

KNX.pro

tocol,

.esp

ecially

.Zig

Bee

.was.desi

gned

.wit

.a.bro

.foc

.on.ind

ustrial,

.bui

lding,

.and.hom

auto

mation

.(in.thi

.ord

er).

.How

ever,

.Zig

Bee

.has.not.yet.ach

ieved

.a.bre

akthrough

.in.the.resi

dential

.auto

mation

.mar

ket,

.mos

.obv

iously

.due.to.ver

.lim

ited

.ava

ilability

.of.com

mercial

.pro

ducts.

.To.tac

kle

.thi

sho

rtcoming,

.in.Nov

ember

.200

.the.Zig

Bee

.all

iance

.pub

lished

.the.Zig

Bee

.hom

.auto

mation

.pro

le.

.It.

pro

vides

.bot

.pro

duct

.man

ufacturers

.and.end.use

.wit

.sta

ndardized

.dev

ice

.tem

plates,

.thu

.gua

ran-

teeing

.sp

ecic

.fu

nctionalities

.an

.en

suring

.in

teroperability

.of.ce

rtied

.de

vices

.at.th

.sa

.ti

me.

With

.EnO

cean

.[16

.the.con

cept

.of.ene

rgy

.har

vesting

.was.com

mercially

.exp

loited

.for.the.rs

.tim

Ene

rgy-autarkic

.dev

ices

.emp

loy

.the.EnO

cean

.tec

hnology

.to.gat

her

.eno

ugh

.ene

rgy

.fro

.the.env

iron-

ment

.(by.mea

.of.sol

.cel

ls,

.pie

zoelectric

.ele

ments,

.the

rmocouples)

.to.per

form

.com

putations

.wit

hin

the.nod

.and.set.o.tel

egrams

.ove

.the.air

.In.ord

.to.get.by.wit

.the.sma

.amo

unt

.of.ene

rgy

.at.dis

posi-

tion,

.the.EnO

cean

.pro

tocol

.is.tai

lored

.for.low

est

.pos

sible

.pow

.con

sumption.

.Fea

turing

.a.com

parably

hig

.dat

.rat

.and.a.sma

.tel

egram

.size

.EnO

cean

.ach

ieves

.ver

.sho

.tra

nsmission

.dur

ations,

.the

refore

enc

ountering

.a.low

.sta

tistical

.pro

bability

.for.tel

egram

.col

lisions.

. is.rob

ustness,

.in.tur

.inc

reases

the.pro

tocol

.sca

lability

.(mo

.nod

.may.sen

.simu

ltaneously)

.and.red

uces

.pow

.con

sumption

.(le

fre

quent

.tel

egram

.ret

ransmissions).

.Bec

ause

.of.its.lim

ited

.set.of.fun

ctions,

.EnO

cean

.is.oe

.emp

loyed

in.comb

ination

.wit

.oth

.sys

tems,

.for.exa

mple,

.KNX.(RF

)

.or.Zig

Bee,

.to.ful

.exp

loit

.the.ben

ets

.of.

both.wireless.and.battery-less.technologies.

.Z-W

ave

.[25

]

.pro

tocol

.was.dev

eloped

.wit

.an.exp

licit

.foc

.on.hom

.con

trol

.app

lications.

.With.

low.dat

.rat

.com

munication

.and.a.dev

ice

.cou

.lim

ited

.to.232.dev

ices,

.app

lications

.for.lig

hting,

.hom

acc

ess

.con

trol,

.ent

ertainment

.sys

tems,

.and.hou

sehold

.app

liances

.are.ser

viced.

.Z-W

ave

.dev

ices

.can.be.

rou

ghly

.cla

ssied

.into.con

trollers

.and.sla

ves

.dev

ices.

. e.lat

ter

.onl

.act.upo

.mes

sages,

.whi

.con

trol-

lers

.are.awa

.of.the.net

work

.topo

logy

.and.all.dev

ices

.bel

onging

.to.the.net

work.

. er

efore,

.the

.can.

per

form

.mor

.com

plex

.auto

mation

.con

trol

.and.pro

vide

.rou

ting

.and.sec

urity

.ser

vices

.in.the.net

work.

With.the.set.up.of.Z-W

ave

.net

works

.bei

.eas

.and.the.con

trol

.of.the.auto

mation

.fun

ctions

.int

uitive,

Z-W

ave

.is.oe

.cho

sen

.for.sce

narios

.inv

olving

.les

.tec

hnology-experienced

.use

.tha

.do.not.req

uire

ext

ensive

.co

nguration,

.ma

nagement,

.or.vi

sualization

.po

ssibilities.

Especially

.in.HAS

.the.int

eraction

.amo

.mul

tiple

.sys

tems,

.whi

.alw

ays

.has.to.be.see

.und

.the.

imp

ortance

.of.usa

bility,

.is.a.key.ass

et.

.Sin

.the

.sys

tems

.are.div

erse

.and.not.onl

.cov

.the.his

toric

cor

.dom

ains

.HVA

.and.lig

hting/shading

.but.als

.con

sumer

.ele

ctronics

.(br

own

.war

.to.hom

.app

li-

ances

.(wh

ite

.war

e),

.int

egration

.in.the.hom

.has.spe

cial

.req

uirements.

.Sev

eral

.tec

hnologies

.tha

.sup

port

the.tr

ansition

.tow

ard

.a.sm

art

.ho

.ar

.di

scussed

.in.th

.fo

llowing

.pa

ragraphs.

Universal Plug and Play

.(UP

nP)

.[23

]

.pro

vides

.a.set.of.ope

.IP-

based

.pro

tocols

.and.mec

hanisms

to.eas

ily

.int

egrate

.and.con

trol

.dev

ices

.in.a.pee

r-to-peer

.net

work

.(ze

ro-conguration

.net

working).

Whi

.UPn

.has.ini

tially

.bee

.dev

eloped

.for.Win

dows

.to.ena

ble

.plu

.and.pla

.for. PC. per

ipher-

als,

.it.has.now.bec

ome

.a.wid

ely

.acc

epted,

.pow

erful

.and.yet.sim

ple

.app

roach

.to.con

nect

.and.con

trol

.Int

ernet

.gat

eways

.and.mul

timedia

.dev

ices

.in.hom

es.

.UPn

.is.med

.and.dev

ice

.ind

ependent.

 e.sta

ndard

.is.hos

ted

.by.the.UPn

.for

um,

.an.org

anization

.wit

.sev

eral

.hun

dred

.mem

bers

.acr

oss

ind

ustry.

. e.UPn

.dev

ice

.arc

hitecture

.cov

ers

.IP.add

ressing

.(DH

.or.API

PA),

.dev

ice

.and.ser

vice

dis

covery

.(SS

DP),

.des

cription

.(XM

L),

.con

trol

.(HT

TP/SOAP),

.eve

nting

.(GE

NA),

.and. pre

sentation

(UR

L/HTML).

.At.the.top.lev

el,

.spe

cications

.for.sta

ndardized

.dev

ice

.cla

sses,

.the.“de

vice

.con

trol

pro

tocols”

.(DC

Ps),

.are.spe

cied.

. e.DCP

.whi

.are.dev

eloped

.and.mai

ntained

.by.the.UPn

.for

um,

de

.a.com

mon

.int

erface

.tha

.all

ows

.ven

dor-independent

.eas

.han

dle

.acc

ess

.to.UPn

.DCP.com

pli-

ant

.dev

ices.

.Cur

rently,

.DCP

.hav

.bee

.de

ned

.for.med

.ser

vers

.and.ren

derers,

.pri

nters,

.Int

ernet

gat

eways,

.HVA

.and.lig

hting

.dev

ices.

.Chi

nese

.sta

ndard

.for.Int

elligent Grouping and Resource Sharing

.(IG

RS)

.[18

]

.de

nes

.a.so

ware

arc

hitecture

.simi

lar

.to.the.one.kno

.fro

.UPn

.It.bui

lds

.upo

.the.thr

.goa

.int

elligent

.gro

up-

ing,

.whi

.all

ows

.dev

ices

.to.dis

cover

.ava

ilable

.ser

vices;

.res

ource

.sha

ring,

.whi

.mak

.res

ources

.of.

Building and Home Automation 26-11

all.devices.available.in.the.whole.network;.and.service.collaboration,.which.enables.a.realization.

of.int

elligent

.ser

vices

.thr

ough

.dev

ice

.col

laboration.

.Cur

rently,

.IGR

.is.pre

dominantly

.use

.in.Chi

na;

how

ever,

.at.the.mom

ent

.it.is.als

.lis

ted

.as.“un

der

.dev

elopment”

.sta

ndard

.fro

.ISO.(IS

O/IEC

.145

43-5-1).

Also

.rel

ated

.to.the.app

roach

.tak

.by.UPn

.are.the.Dev

ices Prole for Web Services

.(DP

WS)

.[12

.As.

in.UPn

.ser

vices

.for.dev

ice

.and.ser

vice

.dis

covery,

.mes

saging,

.and.eve

nting

.are.spe

cied.

.How

ever,

.all.

ser

vices

.are.for

eseen

.to.be.acc

essed

.or.exp

osed

.via.Web.ser

vices

.and.to.be.exe

cutable

.on.res

ource

.con

straint

.dev

ices.

.For.thi

.pur

pose,

.DPW

.bui

lds

.on.est

ablished

.Web.ser

vice

.sta

ndards

.suc

.as.WSD

XML

.and.SOA

.and.spe

cies

.a.lig

htweight

.sub

set

.of.the.ove

rall

.Web.ser

vices

.pro

tocol

.sui

te.

.It.add

fea

tures

.tha

.are.mis

sing

.in.UPn

.suc

.as.a.hom

ogeneous

.sec

urity

.mod

el,

.sta

ndards-based

.des

cription

lan

guage,

.and.the.abi

lity

.for.a.sea

mless

.int

egration

.into.ser

vice-oriented

.ent

erprise

.arc

hitectures.

.In.a.

pro

totype

.exh

ibition,

.the.int

erconnection

.of.a.lig

hting

.sys

tem,

.aud

.dis

tribution

.sys

tem,

.sec

urity

.sys

tem,

.moto

rized

.sha

des,

.sec

urity

.cam

eras,

.the

rmostats,

.was

hers

.and.dry

ers,

.and.a.moto

rized

.tel

evision

mou

.wa

.al

ready

.de

monstrated.

.basi

.con

cept

.of.the.Dig

ital Living Network Association

.(DL

NA)

.[14

]

.is.the.rea

lization

.of.a.net

work

.of.int

eroperable

.con

sumer

.ele

ctronics,

.per

sonal

.com

puters,

.and.mob

ile

.dev

ices.

. e.cro

ss-industry

org

anization

.dev

elops

.int

eroperability

.gui

delines

.bas

.on.exi

sting

.ope

.ind

ustry

.sta

ndards

.suc

.as.

UPn

.JPG

.and.MPE

G-2

.to.ach

ieve

.dig

ital

.con

vergence.

.DLN

.has.de

ned

.a.set.of.med

.dev

ices

.suc

as.ren

derer,

.ser

ver,

.pla

yer,

.and.con

troller,

.but.als

.mob

ile

.and.int

eroperability

.dev

ices

.tha

.gua

rantee

int

eroperability

.whe

.bei

.DLN

.com

pliant.

. e.visi

.is.to.pro

vide

.con

sumers

.wit

.ser

vices

.to.easi

acquire,.store,.manage,.access,.and.share.any.content.at.anytime.and.anywhere.

With

.Ech

onet

.(Ene

rgy Conservation and HOmecare Network)

.[15

.a.Jap

anese

.sta

ndard

.tha

.pri

marily

tar

gets

.the.two.app

lications

.its.nam

.is.der

ived

.fro

.was.de

ned

.in.199

.by.the.Ech

onet

.Con

sortium.

Sim

ple

.and.ao

rdable

.het

erogeneous

.dev

ices

.of.mul

tiple

.ven

dors

.sha

.be.easi

.int

erconnected

.exp

loit-

ing

.plu

.and.pla

.ser

vices

.and.rea

lize

.app

lications

.ran

ging

.fro

.the.red

uction

.of.car

bon

.dio

xide

.emi

sions

.to.the.assi

stance

.of.eld

erly

.peo

ple.

.For.dat

.exc

hange,

.a.bro

.ran

.of.med

.inc

luding

.pow

erline,

RF,.Ethe

rnet,

.inf

rared,

.and.Lon

Talk,

.wit

.a.com

munication

.mid

dleware

.han

dling

.the.com

munication

are.ava

ilable.

.Acc

ess

.to.fun

ctionalities

.(e.

g.,

.a.gat

eway)

.is.pro

vided

.via.a.so-

called

.ser

vice

.mid

dleware

App

lication

.Pr

ogramming

.In

terface

.(A

PI)

.th

.co

ntains

.co

mmon

.pr

ocesses

.in.th

.fo

.of.li

braries.

OSGi

.[21

]

.de

nes

.a.dyn

amic

.mod

ule

.sys

tem

.for.Jav

.tha

.can.fun

ction

.as.an.ope

.sta

ndard

.for.

hom

.gat

eways.

.Mai

ntained

.by.the.OSG

.All

iance

.(fo

rmerly

.kno

.as.Ope

.Ser

vices

.Gat

eway

.ini

tiative),

.it.is.a.pow

erful,

.Jav

a-based

.ser

vice

.pla

tform

.tha

.has.bee

.ado

pted

.in.var

ious

.dom

ains,

.for.

exa

mple,

.hom

.aut

omation,

.aut

omotive

.and

.mor

.gen

erally,

.emb

edded

.or.mob

ile

.app

lications.

. e.

mai

.ben

et

.of.OSG

.cor

.is.the.de

nition

.and.man

agement

.of.dyn

amically

.loa

dable

.mod

ules

.cal

led

OSG

.bun

dles.

.OSG

.pro

vides

.the.use

.wit

.com

mands

.for.the.com

plete

.lif

.cyc

.man

agement

.of.

the

.bun

dles

.tha

.can.be.han

dled

.loc

ally

.or.fro

.rem

ote.

. e.OSG

.pla

tform

.int

roduces

.a.ser

vice

con

cept

.wit

.a.ser

vice

.reg

istry

.tha

.all

ows

.loc

ating

.and.usi

.ser

vices

.of.all.act

ive

.bun

dles.

.Aro

und

the.cor

.OSG

.has.de

ned

.an.ext

ensive

.set.of.sta

ndard

.ser

vices

.wit

hin

.bun

dles

.tha

.amo

.oth

ers,

.pro

vide

.sup

port

.for.log

ging,

.con

guration,

.use

.adm

inistration,

.eve

nts,

.and.pre

ferences,

.HTT

XML

.and.UPn

26.3.3 applications

In.home.automation,.applications.also.include.the.traditional.HVAC.and.lighting/shading.use.cases..

How

ever,

.the.mai

.gai

.tha

.con

stitutes

.a.str

ong

.arg

ument

.for.the.emp

loyment

.of.HAS.can.be.fou

.in.

mor

.adv

anced

.use.cas

.inc

orporating

.add

itional

.dom

ains

.and.dev

ices.

.Tec

hnologies

.suc

.as.sen

sing

the.env

ironment

.and.set

ting

.use

.act

ions

.“in.con

text”

.as.wel

.as.(au

tomatically)

.inf

erring

.use

.int

en-

tions

.and.pre

ferences

.fol

lowed

.by.the

.exe

cution

.in.con

trol

.str

ategies

.dep

ict

.the.add

itional

.val

.auto

mation

.sy

stems

.ha

.to.o

.pa

rticularly

.in.th

.ho

me.

Ambient Assisted Living

.(AA

.aim

.at.imp

roving

.saf

ety,

.sec

urity,

.enter

tainment,

.and.gener

.qua

lity

of.lif

.of.the.hom

e’s

.inh

abitants.

.Esp

ecially

.when.con

sidering

.demog

raphic

.dev

elopments

.of.the.soc

ieties

26-12 Industrial Communication Systems

in.Europe.and.the.United.States,.elderly.people.will.soon.constitute.a.major.part.of.the.population..One.

mai

.tar

get

.of.AAL.is.to.all

.them.to.liv

.an.ind

ependent

.lif

.in.the

.fam

iliar

.sur

roundings,

.whi

wou

.oth

erwise

.not.be.pos

sible

.wit

hout

.cert

ain

.sup

port.

. is.sup

port

.sha

.be.del

ivered

.by.a.mul

titude

of.hom

.aut

omation

.serv

ices

.tha

.are.des

igned

.for.ass

isting

.the.inh

abitants

.to.liv

.long

.and.at.hig

her

qua

lity

.in.the

.hom

es.

.Bec

ause

.of.the.tar

get

.user.gro

.of.AAL.sys

tems,

.sev

eral

.spe

cial

.req

uirements

emerg

.Mos

.imp

ortant,

.sys

tems

.hav

.to.bec

ome

.usa

ble

.als

.for.tec

hnically

.not.vers

.peo

ple.

. ere

fore,

an.int

uitive

.use

.int

erface

.to.act.as.a.med

iator

.bet

ween

.sys

tem

.and.use

.is.of.pri

.imp

ortance.

.Als

the.nec

essary

.int

eraction

.sha

.be.kep

.to.a.min

imum.

. is.dema

nds

.tha

.AAL.sys

tems

.are.cap

able

.of.

sel

f-learning.

. ro

ugh

.the.use.of.a.net

work

.of.sens

ors

.and.act

uators,

.and.wit

.occ

asional

.user.inp

uts,

the.sys

tem

.sha

.be.abl

.to.perc

eive

.the.envi

ronment,

.pre

dict

.(de

sired)

.user.act

ions,

.and.perf

orm

.act

ions

to.all

eviate

.the.bur

dens

.of.dai

.tas

.and.pro

vide

.add

itional

.mea

sures

.of.saf

ety,

.sec

urity,

.and.com

fort.

For.exa

mple,

.sys

tems

.cou

.det

ect

.user

.lea

ving

.the.hom

.and.ther

eupon

.aut

omatically

.tur

.o.mis

cel-

laneous

.ele

ctronic

.equ

ipment,

.app

liances,

.and.lig

hts,

.red

uce

.temp

erature

.set.poi

nts,

.and.act

ivate

.the.

ala

.sys

tem.

.Ano

ther

.pos

sible

.app

lication

.is.to.det

ect

.if.a.pers

.has.col

lapsed

.on.the.oo

.by.mea

.of.

mot

ion

.and.pre

ssure

.sens

ors

.as.wel

.as.bui

lt-in

.logi

.and.set.o.an.emerg

ency

.cal

.for.hel

.“sm

artness”

.in.hom

.aut

omation

.nee

ded

.for.mod

ern

.app

lications

.suc

.as.AAL.ben

ets

.gre

atly

fro

.the.con

cepts

.pre

sented

.by.amb

ient intelligence

.(Am

.and.con

text awareness.

.Con

text-aware

dev

ices

.can.sen

.and.rea

.bas

.on.the.sta

.of.the

.env

ironment.

.Inf

ormation

.gai

ned

.inc

ludes

loc

ation,

.phy

sical

.pro

perties

.(e.

g.,

.tem

perature),

.and.inf

ormation

.on.ong

oing

.pro

cesses

.and.inf

ra-

structure,

.available.in.the.surrounding.environment.and.the.device.itself..Senses.are.applied.against.

a.rul

e-set

.tha

.is.bas

.on.the.use

r’s

.pro

le

.and.pre

ferences

.and.gen

erates

.res

ponses.

. er

efore,

.a.

con

text-aware

.dev

ice

.suc

.as.a.sma

rtphone

.may.“un

derstand”

.tha

.its.bea

rer

.has.arr

ived

.hom

.and

bas

.upo

.its.und

erstanding

.of.the.use

r’s

.loc

ation

.and.the.env

ironmental

.set

tings

.the.use

.pre

fers

.at.

the.tim

.dec

ide

.to.ill

uminate

.the.are

.and.tur

.on.the.ste

reo

.thr

ough

.com

mands

.to.the.hom

e’s

.inf

ra-

structure

.(i.

e.,

.in.thi

.cas

.the.hom

.aut

omation

.net

work).

. e.key

stone

.of.thi

.aut

omation

.app

roach

is.pro

per

.pat

tern

.rec

ognition

.of.rou

tine

.tas

ks,

.for.exa

mple,

.lea

rning

.and.pre

dicting

.use

.tas

ks.

. is.

lea

rning

.can.be.acc

omplished

.by.exp

loitation

.of.mec

hanisms

.ori

ginating

.in.art

icial

.int

elligence,

.for.

exa

mple,

.neu

ral

.net

works

.or.fuz

.con

trol.

Another

.ben

et

.of.hom

.auto

mation

.is.inc

reased

.ene

rgy eciency

.and.ene

rgy

.con

servation.

.Ene

rgy

con

sumption

.thr

oughout

.the.wor

.has.bee

.ste

adily

.inc

reasing

.ove

.the.pas

.hal

f-century,

.and.now.

has.bec

ome

.an.urg

ent

.topi

.for.man

kind

.and.thu

.pol

itics.

.Ec

iency

.of.ene

rgy

.use.is.the.pri

mary

.pur

chase

.rea

son

.beh

ind

.new.app

liances—especially

.Ene

rgy

.Star.cer

tied

.app

liances—and

.als

.beh

ind

.new.

mis

cellaneous

.ele

ctrical

.loa

ds.

.Con

servation

.of.ene

rgy

.is.a.muc

.bro

ader

.topi

.tha

.comb

ines

.mod

ern

bui

lding

.tec

hnologies

.(e.

g.,

.ins

ulation,

.ene

rgy-saving

.lig

htbulbs)

.wit

.imp

rovement

.in.the.inh

abitant’s

beh

avior

.towa

.mor

.ene

rgy-ecient

.way

.of.goi

.abo

.dai

.tas

ks.

.In.the.lat

ter

.cas

.sup

port

.fro

HAS.can.be.exp

ected.

. ro

ugh

.auto

matic

.met

ering

.(sma

rt metering)

.of.the.ene

rgy

.con

sumption

.and.

vis

ualization

.of.the.dat

.use

.bec

ome

.awa

.of.the

.con

sumption

.and.can.now.act

ively

.cha

nge

.the

beh

avior

.towa

.act

ing

.mor

.sus

tainably.

. e.fee

dback

.is.giv

.in.rea

l-time,

.and.may.be.mor

.or.les

abs

tract

.(e.

g.,

.num

erically

.dis

playing

.kil

owatt-hours

.and.cur

rency

.com

pared

.to.fee

dback

.in.the.for

.of.

dyn

amic

.co

lor

.ch

anges

.fr

.gr

een

.to.re

d),

.th

erefore

.al

ways

.ad

apting

.to.th

.us

er’s

.ne

eds.

HAS

.als

.oe

.per

spectives

.to.use.ene

rgy

.mor

.ec

iently.

.On.the.one.han

.thi

.is.pos

sible

.thr

ough

con

text

.awa

reness

.(e.

g.,

.tur

.o.the.lig

hts

.in.cur

rently

.not.occ

upied

.roo

ms).

.On.the.oth

.han

.auto

mation

.sys

tems

.all

.tas

.to.be.exe

cuted

.at.tim

.whe

.the

.are.mos

.ene

rgy

.ec

ient.

.An.exa

mple

is.to.tur

.the.hea

ting

.on.as.lat

.as.pos

sible

.yet.rea

ching

.a.pre

dened

.tem

perature

.at.a.de

ned

.poi

of.tim

. is.bec

omes

.onl

.pos

sible

.wit

.the.sys

tem

.bei

.awa

.of.insi

.and.out

side

.tem

peratures,

wea

ther,

.tim

.of.the.yea

.and.bui

lding

.ine

rtia

.to.nam

.jus

.a.few

. is.inf

ormation

.is.acc

umulated

.and.

exp

loited

.by.the.auto

mation

.sys

tem

.to.pro

vide

.bet

ter

.con

trol

.whi

.gua

ranteeing

.opti

mum

.com

fort

.for.

the.use

.Oth

.ene

rgy-aware

.app

roaches

.inc

lude

.“sm

art

.the

rmostats”

.tha

.can.auto

matically

.red

uce

.the.

tem

perature

.whe

.ene

rgy

.is.exp

ensive

.to.gen

erate,

.as.wel

.as.“sm

art

.app

liances”

.tha

.wai

.unt

.ene

rgy

is.ine

xpensive

.to.sta

.ope

ration

.(e.

g.,

.a.dis

hwasher

.sta

rting

.its.pro

gram

.whe

.ene

rgy

.cos

.les

s).

Building and Home Automation 26-13

Finally,.through.the.integration.of.smart.metering.devices.in.the.system,.additional.services.such.as.

remo

.mete

.read

-out,

.dete

ction

.and.hand

ling

.of.even

.and.alar

.in.situa

tions

.invo

lving

.tamp

ering,

vand

alism,

.outa

ges

.or.leak

.and.exte

nsive

.diag

nostics,

.moni

toring,

.and.logg

ing

.func

tionality

.are.adde

to.the.app

lication

.por

tfolio

.of.hom

.auto

mation.

26.4 Outlook and Further Challenges

 e.emergence.of.BAS.is.a.nonreversible.trend.in.modern.buildings..While.in.the.past.the.main.focus.

was.put.on.the.prim

ary

.goal.of.autom

ation

.in.cert

ain

.doma

ins

.such.as.HVAC.or.ligh

ting

.appl

ications,

today

’s

.pote

ntial

.lies.in.the.tigh

ter

.inte

gration

.of.die

rent

.buil

ding

.doma

ins.

. is.requ

ires

.the.merg

.of.

func

tions

.as.well.as.tech

nologies

.and.resu

lts

.in.more.comp

lex

.syst

ems

.than.befo

re.

.Whil

.it.is.a.prim

ary

desig

.goal.to.aggr

egate

.func

tions

.into.more.valu

able

.buil

ding

.func

tions,

.the.resu

lting

.tech

nological

impl

ications

.on.how.to.use.gate

ways,

.brid

ges,

.and.open.inte

rfaces

.to.prev

iously

.prop

rietary

.syst

ems

are.mani

fold.

.More.comp

lex

.func

tions

.also.requ

ire

.a.stea

dily

.incr

easing

.numbe

.of.data.poin

.to.be.

con

gured

.and.main

tained.

.Whil

.in.the.past.a.numbe

.of.1,00

0–10,000

.data.poin

.in.a.buil

ding

.was.

comm

on,

.the.numb

.tops.100

,000

.toda

.and.kee

.gro

wing.

One

.of.the.main.issu

.in.today

’s

.work

ow

.conc

erns

.con

guration

.and.comm

issioning.

.Die

rent

tech

nologies,

.vend

ors,

.and.even.devi

ces

.of.the.same.vend

.requ

ire

.die

rent

.para

digms,

.die

rent

.work

ows,

.and.die

rent

.tools

.Conn

ecting

.10,0

.data.poin

.of.a.LonW

orks

.syst

.into.a.BACn

.BAS.can.

be.a.daun

ting

.task

.Also

.the.grow

ing

.numbe

.of.data.poin

.per.buil

ding

.pose

.new.chal

lenges

.even.

with

.a.singl

.tech

nology

.doma

in.

.Whil

.more.data.poin

.mean.bett

.cont

rol

.of.the.proc

ess,

.it.also.

requ

ires

.a.high

.plan

ning

.and.con

guration

.eor

.Autom

atisms

.in.the.proc

ess

.are.need

.alon

.with.

temp

lating

.com

mon

.tas

.in.auto

mated

.tool

.tha

.assi

.the.ins

taller.

Another

.area.of.deve

lopment

.in.BAS.is.exi

bility

.of.alre

ady

.inst

alled

.syst

ems.

.Chan

ging

.smal

.part

of.a.syst

.can.incu

.high.cost

.today

.Devi

ces

.need.to.be.reco

mmissioned,

.bind

ings

.chan

ged,

.and.

even.cabl

ing

.rest

ructured.

.For.faci

lity

.mana

gers,

.the.goal.is.to.reco

ngure

.the.oce.spac

.acco

rding

to.tenant’s.needs.while.keeping.inicted.cost.as.low.as.possible.. is.increases.the.turnover.in.renting.

out.spac

.and.redu

ces

.cost.of.unre

nted

.spac

. is.proc

ess

.shou

.be.easy.enou

.so.that.the.faci

lity

mana

ger

.hims

elf

.or.hers

elf

.can.simpl

.move.wall

.and.chan

.a.limi

ted

.set.of.con

guration

.para

meters

in.the.BAS.sow

are

.inst

ead

.of.call

ing

.in.cost

-intensive

.inst

allation

.pers

onnel

.to.reco

ngure

.the.com-

unications

.syst

ems.

. is.is.an.area.of.deve

lopment,

.whic

.need

.new.and.inno

vative

.solu

tions

.such.

as.rule

-based

.comm

issioning

.and.more.adva

nced

.self

-binding

.mech

anisms

.to.name.a.few.. e.ulti

mate

solu

tion

.is.to.prov

ide

.a.uni

.view.of.the.buil

dings

.oper

ational

.stat

.CAD.draw

ings

.of.its.stru

cture,

arch

itectural

.info

rmation,

.con

guration

.para

meters,

.and.data.mini

.optio

.from.the.BAS.data.into.

a.bui

lding

.inf

ormation

.mod

el.

One

.fact.that.is.stil

.unde

restimated

.today.is.netw

ork

.secu

rity

.in.BAS..Earl

.syst

ems

.used.dire

.I/O.

and.prop

rietary

.comm

unications.

. e.intr

oduction

.of.open.syst

ems

.and.the.move.to.IP-ba

sed

.back

bones

.open

.the.BAS.netw

ork

.to.new.leve

.of.secu

rity

.issu

.not.know

.befo

re.

.Only.now,.rst.solu

tions

are.eme

rging,

.whi

.are.not.yet.wid

ely

.acc

epted.

Moving

.from.the.buil

ding

.to.the.home.stre

sses

.the.abov

.argu

ments

.even.more

.Cons

umer

.equi

ment

.for.home.autom

ation

.need

.to.be.more.easil

.inst

alled

.and.prov

ide

.valu

able

.solu

tions

.to.the.owne

to.just

ify

.the.inve

stment.

. is.is.also.the.main.reas

.why.home.autom

ation

.has.not.take

.o.rece

ntly.

Nich

.mark

ets

.for.the.tech

nophile

.home.user.or.holi

day

.vaca

tion

.owne

.pose.the.exce

ption.

.Impr

oving

comf

ort

.and.givi

.peac

.of.mind.are.main.driv

ing

.facto

.in.that.area

.Toda

y’s

.solu

tions

.with.dial

-in

heat

ing

.pres

ets,

.air-

conditioning

.sche

duler,

.or.alar

.serv

ices

.are.just.arri

ving.

.Comp

anies

.can.gain.

bene

ts

. from. givi

. away. pric

e-reduced

. home. autom

ation

. equi

pment

. by. gene

rating

. reve

nue

. from.

adva

nced

.Web.serv

ices

.such.as.assis

ted

.ener

.savi

ngs

.or.moni

tored

.alar

.and.intr

usion

.dete

ction.

Whil

.the.mark

.in.BAS.is.most

.esta

blished,

.the.home.autom

ation

.area.stil

.has.to.be.consi

dered

bein

.in.its.inf

ancy.