Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

Radio Frequency Identication 8-29

RFID. Radio.frequency.identication

SAR

. Spec

ial

.ad

ministrative

.re

gion

SIM

. Sub

scriber

.id

entity

.mo

dule

TID

. Tag.id

entication

UCC

. Uni

form

.Co

uncil

UHF

. Ult

rahigh

.fr

equency

UPC

. Uni

versal

.Pr

oduct

.Co

references

. 1.. G..Schilling,.e Memoirs of a Baron,.Lightning.Source,.La.Vergne,.TN,.March.2007.

. 2.. J..Maxwe

ll,

.A.dyn

amic

.the

ory

.of.the.elec

tromagnetic

.eld,.Phi

losophical Transactions of the Royal

Society of London,

.155,.1865,.459–512.

. 3.. H..Dor

sch,

.Der er

ste computer, Konard Zuses Z1-Berlin 1936, beginn und entwicklung einer tech-

nischen revolution,

.Ber

lin,

.Ger

many:

.Mu

seum

.fu

r.Ver

kehr

.und.Te

chnik,

.1989.

. 4.. C..Mol

lenho,

.Ata

naso: Forgotten Father of the Computer,

.Ames,.IA:.Iowa.Sta

.Univ

ersity

.Pres

1988,.pp

.47–48.

. 5.. H..Ho

llerith,

.Ar

.of.com

piling

.st

atistics,

.US.Pa

tent

.395,782,.Ja

nuary

.8,.1889.

. 6.. J..Woo

dland,

.B..Sil

ver,

.and.J..Joh

anson,

.Cla

ssifying

.app

aratus

.and.meth

od,

.US.Pat

ent

.2,612,994,.

Oct

ober

.7,.1952.

. 7.. F..Pa

rry,

.Iden

tication

.ca

rd,

.IBM Te

chnical Disclosure Bulletin,

.3(6),.No

vember

.1960,.8.

. 8.. S..Mor

se,

.Imp

rovement

.in.the.mode.of.communic

ating

.infor

mation

.by.signa

.by.the.app

lication

.of.

elec

tro-magnetism,

.US.Pa

tent

.1,647,.Jun

.20,.1840.

. 9.. R..Ada

.and.J..Lan

.e

Black and White Solution, Bar Code and the IBM PC,

.Pet

erborough,

NH:.Helm

ers

.Pub

lishing,

.1987.

. 10.. Radio.regul

ations

.ITU-R.in.5.138,.5.150,.and.5.280,.Int

ernational

.Tele

communication

.Union,.p..4,.

Apr

.17,.2008.

. 11.. C..Wa

lton,

.Po

rtable

.radio.fr

equency

.emit

ting

.ident

ier,

.US.Pa

tent

.4,384,288,.Ma

.1983.

. 12.. S..La

hiri,

.RFID So

urcebook,

.Wes

tford,

.MA:.IBM.Pr

ess,

.Ja

nuary

.2006.

. 13.. W..Knight,.Malaysia.pioneers.smart.cards.with.ngerprint.data,.New Scientist,.September.21,.2001.

. 14.. ICA

O Document 9303,

.Par

.1,.Vol

.1.and.2,.6th.edi

tion,

.Int

ernational

.Civ

.Avi

ation

.Org

anization,

.200

. 15.. H..Sto

ckman,

.Com

munication

.by.mea

.of.re

ected

.pow

er,

.Pro

ceedings of the IRE,

.36(

10),

.119

6–1204,

Oct

ober

.194

. 16.. H..Ba

ldwin,

.S..Dep

.A..Ko

elle,

.an

.R..Fr

eyman,

.US.Pa

tent

.4,075,632,.Fe

bruary

.1978.

. 17.. M..L..Beig

el,

.Iden

tication

.dev

ice,

.US.Pa

tent

.4,333,072,.Jun

.1,.1982.

. 18.. EPCglob

.Regu

latory

.st

atus

.fo

.usin

.RFIF.in.th

.UHF.sp

ectrum,

.GS1,.Oc

tober

.2008.

. 19.. S..Garn

kel

.and.B..Rosen

berg,

.RFID Ap

plications, Security, and Privacy,

.Upp

.Saddle.Riv

er,

.NJ:.

Addis

.Wes

ley,

.Ju

.2005.

. 20.. E..Ber

keley,

.Gi

ant Brains or Machines that ink,

.Ne

.Yo

rk:

.Wi

ley,

.1949.

. 21.. M..Gar

dullo

.and.W..Par

.III

.Tra

nsponder

.app

aratus

.and.sys

tem,

.US.Pat

ent

.3,7

13,148,

.Jan

uary

.197

. 22.. S..Garn

kel

.and.B..Rosen

berg,

.Preface

.in.RFID Ap

plications, Security, and Privacy,

.Upp

.Saddle.

Riv

er,

.NJ:.Addi

son

.Wes

ley,

.Ju

.2005,.p..xxx.

. 23.. ST.XRA

.432-bi

.con

tactless

.mem

ory

.chi

.ST

Microelectronics,

.p..1,.Ap

ril

.2008.

9-1

9.1 Introduction

In.this.chapter,.we.give.a.detailed.introduction.of.radio.frequency.identication.(RFID).technology.and.

15.die

rent

.appl

ications

.for.die

rent

.indu

stries.

.We.intr

oduce

.RFID.tran

sponders,

.read

ers,

.midd

le-

ware,

.and.labe

ls.

.A.deta

iled

.clas

sication

.and.expl

anation

.of.each.of.thes

.comp

onents

.is.prov

ided.

 is.is,.then

.foll

owed

.by.outl

ining

.the.key.appl

ications

.of.this.tech

nology

.in.the.real.worl

.as.well.as.

indu

strial

.scen

ario.

. e.foll

owing

.appl

ications

.are.cove

red

.in.this.chapt

er:

.RFID.for.item.trac

king

.and.

trac

ing,

.for.acce

.cont

rol,

.and.for.anti

counterfeit.

. e.bene

ts

.that.can.be.achi

eved

.by.adopt

ing

.this.

tech

nology

.are.out

lined

.in.det

ail.

. e.fol

lowing

.app

lications

.are.exp

lained

.in.det

ail:

•

. Bagg

age

.tra

cking

•

. Libr

ary

.boo

.tra

cking

•

. Animal.tracking

•

. Hosp

ital

.equ

ipment

.tra

cking

•

. Pati

ent

.tra

cking

•

. Newb

orn

.bab

.tra

cking

•

. Trac

king

.chi

ldren

•

. Golf.bal

.tra

cking

•

. Crow

.con

trol

•

. Fami

.acc

ess

.to.bab

ies

.in.neo

natal

.car

•

. Vehi

cle

.ide

ntication

RFID Technology and Its

Industrial Applications

9.1. Introduction.......................................................................................9-1

9.2

. RFID.Arc

hitecture.............................................................................9-2

RFID.Tags. •. RFID.Readers. •. RFID.Antenna. •. RFID.Middleware

9.3. Item.Tracking.and.Tracing...............................................................9-4

Baggage.Tracking. •. Library.BookTracking. •. AnimalTracking. •. .

Hospital.Equipment.Tracking. •. PatientTracking. •. .

NewbornBabyTracking. •. Tracking.Children. •. .

GolfBallTracking. •. Crowd.Control

9.4. Access.Control...................................................................................9-8

Family.Access.to.Babies.in.Neonatal.Care. •. Vehicle.Identication

9.5. Anticounterfeiting...........................................................................9-10

Electronic.Drug.Pedigree. •. Bank.Notes. •. Secure.Passports.

andVisas. •. Automobile.Parts

9.6. Conclusion........................................................................................9-12

References

.....................................................................................................9-12

Vidyasagar Potdar

Curtin University

of Tec

hnology

Atif Sharif

Curtin University

of Tec

hnology

Elizabeth Chang

Curtin University

of Tec

hnology

9-2 Industrial Communication Systems

•. Electronic.drug.pedigree

•

. Anticounterfeit.bank.notes

•

. Secure.passports.and.visas

•

. Anticounterfeit.automobile.parts

9.2 rFID architecture

RFID.system.is.composed.of.the.following.main.elements:.tags,.readers,.antennas,.and.middleware.[EAS05,.

MS08]..A.typical.RFID.system.is.shown.in.Figure.9.1..When.the.RFID.tag.comes.in.the.range.of.the.reader,.

the.reader.activates.the.tag.to.transmit.its.unique.information.. is.information.is.propagated.to.the.RFID.

middleware,.which.appropriately.processes.the.gathered.information.and.then.updates.the.backend.database.

9.2.1 rFID tags

An.RFID.tag.is.a.microchip.attached.with.an.antenna,.which.is.attached.to.a.product.that.needs.to.be.

tracked.. e.tag.picks.up.signals.from.the.reader.and.reects.back.the.information.to.the.reader.. e.

tag.usually.contains.a.unique.serial.number,.which.may.represent.information.such.as.a.customers’.

name,.address,.etc..[RFID06]..A.detailed.classication.is.discussed.next..RFID.tags.can.be.classied.

using.three.schemes..First,.the.tags.can.be.classied.based.on.their.ability.to.perform.radio.communica-

tion:

.active,.semiactive.(semipassive),.and.passive.tags..Second,.the.tags.can.be.classied.based.on.their.

memory:.read.only,.read/write.or.write.once,.and.read.many..Finally,.the.tags.can.also.be.classied.based.

on.the.frequency.in.which.they.operate:.LF,.HF,.or.UHF.

9.2.2 rFID readers

 e.RFID.readers.send.radio.waves.to.the.RFID.tags.to.enquire.about.their.data.contents.. e.tags.then.

respond.by.sending.back.the.requested.data.. e.readers.may.have.some.processing.and.storage.capa-

bilities.

. e.reader.is.linked.via.the.RFID.middleware.with.the.backend.database.to.do.any.other.com-

putationally

.intensive.data.processing.. ere.are.two.dierent.types.of.RFID.readers.[GLOE05]..RFID.

readers.can.be.classied.using.two.dierent.schemes..First,.the.readers.can.be.classied.based.on.their.

location:.handheld.readers.and.xed.readers..Second,.the.tags.can.be.classied.based.on.the.frequency.

in.which.they.operate:.single.frequency.and.multiple.frequency.

9.2.3 rFID antenna

In.RFID,.antennas.are.classied.into.RFID.tag’s.antenna.and.RFID.reader’s.antenna.[POT07].

RFID Tag Antenna:

. is.type.of.antenna.is.the.conductive.element.that.enables.the.transmission.of.data.

between.the.tag.and.the.reader.[RFGA06]..Antennas.play.a.major.role.in.deciding.the.communication.

RFID tag

RFID

middleware

Backend

Reader

FIGURE 9.1 RFID.architecture..(From.Potdar,.V..et.al.,.Automated Data Capture Technologies: RFID,.Zhang,.Q..

(Ed.),.Hershey,.London,.U.K.,.pp..112–141,.Information.Science.Reference.)

RFID Technology and Its Industrial Applications 9-3

distance;.normally,.a.larger.antenna.oers.more.area.to.capture.electromagnetic.energy.from.the.reader.

and

.hen

ce,

.pro

vides

.a.gre

ater

.com

munication

.dis

tance.

. er

.are.sev

eral

.kin

.of.ant

ennas

.lik

.rec

angular

. pla

nar

. spi

ral

. ant

enna,

. fra

ctal

. ant

ennas,

. mic

rostrip

. pat

. ant

enna

. (mo

nopole,

. dip

ole),

. etc

Di

erent

.typ

.of.tag

.hav

.di

erent

.kin

.of.ant

ennas,

.e.g

.low.fre

quency

.and.hig

.fre

quency

.tag

usu

ally

.hav

.a.coi

led

.ant

enna

.tha

.cou

ples

.wit

.the.coi

led

.ant

enna

.of.the.rea

der

.to.for

.a.mag

netic

.el

[RF

GA06].

.UHF.tag.ant

ennas

.loo

.mor

.lik

.old.rad

.or.tel

evision

.ant

ennas

.bec

ause

.UHF.fre

quency

.is.

mor

.ele

ctric

.in.nat

ure

.[SW

EE05].

.Rec

ent

.adv

anced

.in.tec

hnology

.hav

.eve

.fac

ilitated

.the.dep

loyment

of.pri

nted

.ant

ennas

.to.ach

ieve

.simi

lar

.fun

ctionality

.lik

.the.tra

ditional

.ant

ennas.

.One.pos

sible

.way.of.

pri

nting

.ant

ennas

.is.to.use.silv

.con

ductive

.ink

.on.pla

stic

.sub

strates

.or.pap

ers

.[TE

CS05].

. e.mai

adv

antage

.of.pr

inted

.an

tennas

.is.th

.th

.ar

.ch

eap.

RFID Reader Antenna:

.Eve

.RFI

.rea

der

.is.equ

ipped

.wit

.one.or.mor

.ant

ennas.

. es

.ant

ennas

gen

erate

.the.req

uired

.ele

ctromagnetic

.el

.to.sen

.the.RFI

.tag

. er

.are.man

.di

erent

.kin

.of.

ant

ennas

.lik

.lin

early

.pol

arized,

.cir

cularly

.pol

arized,

.or.fer

rite

.sti

.ant

ennas.

.Sev

eral

.ant

ennas

.can.

con

nect

.a.sing

.rea

der

.at.the.sam

.tim

. er

.are.di

erent

.kin

.of.ant

ennas

.tha

.are.equ

ipped

.wit

standard.readers,.e.g.,.the.IP3.Intellitag.Portable.Reader.(UHF).[INTE06].comes.with.an.integrated.

cir

cular

.po

larized

.an

tennas.

. e.ad

vantage

.of.su

.an

tennas

.is.th

.it.ca

.re

.ta

.in.an

.or

ientation.

9.2.4 rFID Middleware

In.general,.the.RFID.middleware.manages.the.readers.and.extracts.electronic.product.code.(EPC).data.

fro

.the.rea

ders,

.per

forms

.tag.dat

.lt

ering,

.agg

regating,

.and.cou

nting,

.and.send

.the.dat

.to.the.ent

er-

prise

. war

ehouse

. man

agement

. sys

tems

. (WM

S),

. the. bac

kend

. dat

abase,

. and. the. inf

ormation

. exc

hange

bro

ker

.[CH

A07].

.Fig

ure

.9.1.sho

.the.rel

ationship

.bet

ween

.tag

.rea

der,

.RFI

.mid

dleware,

.and.bac

kend

dat

abase.

.An.RFI

.mid

dleware

.wor

.wit

hin

.the.org

anization,

.mov

ing

.inf

ormation

.(i.

e.,

.EPC.dat

.fro

the.RFI

.tag.to.the.int

egration

.poi

.of.hig

h-level

.sup

ply-chain

.man

agement

.sys

tems

.thr

ough

.a.seri

of.dat

.rel

ated

.serv

ices.

.Fro

.the.arc

hitectural

.per

spective,

.RFI

.mid

dleware

.has.fou

.lay

ers

.of.fun

tionality:

.rea

der

.API

.dat

.man

agement,

.secur

ity,

.and.int

egration

.man

agement.

. e.rea

der

.App

lication

Prog

ramming

.Int

erface

.(AP

.pro

vides

.upp

.lay

.the.int

erface

.int

eracting

.wit

.the.rea

der.

.Mea

nwhile,

.it.

sup

ports

.ex

ible

.int

eraction

.pat

terns

.(e.g

.asy

nchronous

.sub

scription)

.and.act

ive

.“co

ntext-ware”

.str

ategy

to.sense.the.rea

der.

. e.dat

.man

agement

.lay

.mai

nly

.dea

.wit

.lt

ering

.redu

ndant

.dat

.agg

regating

dup

licate

.dat

.and.rou

ting

.dat

.to.app

ropriate

.des

tination

.based.on.the.con

tent.

.Int

egration

.lay

.pro

vides

dat

.con

nectivity

.to.leg

acy

.dat

.sour

.and.sup

porting

.sys

tems

.at.di

erent

.int

egration

.lev

els

.and

.thu

.can.

be.fur

ther

.div

ided

.int

.thr

.sub

layers

.as.spec

ied

.in.[LE

AV05]:

.app

lication

.int

egration,

.par

tner

.int

egra-

tion,

.and.pro

cess

.int

egration.

. e.app

lication

.int

egration

.pro

vides

.vari

eties

.of.rel

iable

.con

nection

.mech

nisms

.(e.g

.mes

saging,

.ada

ptor,

.or.the.dri

ver)

.tha

.con

nect

.the.RFI

.dat

.wit

.the.exi

sting

.ent

erprise

sys

tems

.suc

.as.Ent

erprise

.Reso

urce

.Pla

nning

.(ER

P),

.or.WMS

. e.par

tner

.int

egration

.ena

bles

.the.RFI

mid

dleware

.to.sha

.the.RFI

.dat

.wit

.oth

.RFI

.sys

tems

.via.oth

.sys

tem

.com

munication

.com

po-

nents

.(e.g

.the.dat

.exc

hange

.bro

ker

.in.Fig

ure

.9.2

. e.pro

cess

.int

egration

.pro

vides

.cap

ability

.to.orc

hes-

trate

.the.RFID-enabled.business.process.. e.security.layer.obtains.input.data.from.the.data.management.

lay

.and.det

ects

.dat

.tam

pering,

.whi

.mig

.occu

.eit

her

.in.the.tag.by.wic

ked

.RFI

.rea

der

.dur

ing

.the.

tra

nsportation

.or.in.the.bac

kend

.int

ernal

.dat

abase

.by.mal

icious

.att

acks.

. e.ove

rall

.arc

hitecture

.of.RFI

mid

dleware

.and.its.rel

ated

.inf

ormation

.sys

tems

.in.an.org

anization

.are.dep

icted

.in.Fig

ure

.9.2

Backend

.dat

abase

.com

ponent

.stor

.the.com

plete

.rec

ord

.of.RFI

.ite

ms.

.It.mai

ntains

.the.det

ailed

ite

.inf

ormation

.as.wel

.as.tag.dat

.whi

.has.to.be.coh

erent

.wit

.tho

.rea

.fro

.the.RFI

.It.is.wor

not

ing

.tha

.the.bac

kend

.dat

abase

.is.one.of.the.dat

.tam

pering

.sou

rces,

.whe

.mal

icious

.att

acks

.mig

occ

.to.cha

nge

.the.nat

ure

.of.RFI

.ite

.dat

.by.cir

cumventing

.the.pro

tection

.of.org

anization

.re

wall.

 e.WMS.int

egrates

.mec

hanical

.and.hum

.act

ivities

.wit

.an.inf

ormation

.sys

tem

.to.ee

ctively

.man

age

.war

ehouse

.busi

ness

.pro

cesses

.and.dir

ect

.war

ehouse

.act

ivities.

.WMS.auto

mates

.rec

eiving,

.put

-away,

pic

king,

.and.shi

pping

.in.war

ehouses

.and.pro

mpts

.wor

kers

.to.do.inv

entory

.cyc

.cou

nts.

. e.RFI

.mid

dleware

.emp

loys

.the.int

egration

.lay

.to.all

.rea

l-time

.dat

.tra

nsfer

.towa

.WMS

. e.dat

.exc

hange

9-4 Industrial Communication Systems

broker.is.employed.in.this.architecture.to.share,.query,.and.update.the.public.data.structure.and.schema.

of.RFID.tag.data.by.exchanging.XML.document..Any.update.of.the.data.structure.will.be.reected.and.

propagate.to.all.involved.RFID.data.items.stored.in.the.backend.database..From.the.standardization.

view,.it.enables.users.to.exchange.RFID-related.data.with.trading.partners.through.the.Internet..From.

the.implementation.angle,.it.might.be.a.virtual.web.services.consumer.and.provider.running.as.peers.in.

the.distributed.logistics.network.

9.3 Item tracking and tracing

Item.tracking.and.tracing.applications.aim.to.track.the.movement.of.items.(goods.or.people).at.dierent.

points.at.dierent.times.for.a.specic.reason.[HE08],.for.example,

•

. Tracking.baggage.at.airports.for.transferring.bags.to.correct.destination

•

. Tracking.patients.in.hospitals.to.provide.correct.treatment

•

. Tracking.passports.in.the.airline.terminal.to.easily.nd.passports.in.case.they.are.lost

•

. Tracking.newborn.babies.to.distinguish.one.from.another

•

. Tracking.animals.in.farms.to.prevent.spread.of.diseases

•

. Tracking.books.in.library

•

. Tracking.golf.ball.in.the.golf.court

.advantages.of.item.tracking.and.tracing.applications.are.very.clear:.It.can.provide.you.with.

detailed.information.about.an.item’s.movement.during.its.entire.lifecycle.and.can.help.you.answer.a.

number.of.questions.that.would.assist.you.to.make.informed.decisions.in.the.future..Consider.the.sce-

nario

.of.manufacturing.consumer.goods.like.shampoo.. e.normal.process.employed.to.manufacture.

shampoo.would.be

•

. Picking.up.the.raw.materials.from.the.warehouse

•

. Moving.it.to.the.production.line

•

. Transferring.it.to.nished.goods.section

•

. Packaging

•

. Preparing.for.dispatch

Reader

Biz process

integration

Application

integration

Partner

integration

Security

Data mgmt

Reader API

RFID middleware

Data

exchange

broker

Backend

WMS

ERP

system

Reader

Tags

FIGURE 9.2 RFID.middleware.architecture..(From.Potdar,.V..et.al.,.in:.Zhang,.Q..(Ed.),.Automated Data Capture

Technologies: RFID,

.Hershey,.London,.U.K.,.pp..112–141,.Information.Science.Reference.)

RFID Technology and Its Industrial Applications 9-5

At.every.stage.during.the.manufacturing.process,.organizations.can.capture.a.lot.of.information,.but.

whe

ther

.it.is.capt

ured

.or.not.is.a.di

erent

.que

stion

.[IA

07].

.One.rea

son

.why.all.thi

.inf

ormation

.may.not.

be.ca

ptured

.wo

uld

.be.in

sucient

.hu

man

.re

sources.

.Bu

.wh

.if.on

.wa

nts

.to.kn

•

. Whe

.wa

.th

.ra

.ma

terial

.pi

cked

.fo

.a.ba

tch

.nu

mber

.“X

YZ”?

•

. Whi

.pe

rsonnel

.pi

cked

.th

.ra

.ma

terial

.fr

.th

.wa

rehouse?

•

. Wha

.ti

.wa

.it.pi

cked?

•

. Whe

.di

.it.go.to.th

.pr

oduction

.li

ne?

•

. Who.au

thorized

.th

.pr

oduction?

•

. How.lo

.di

.it.ta

.to.n

ish

.th

.ba

tch

.“X

YZ”?

•

. Who.authorized.the.packaging?

•

. Wha

.ti

.di

.th

.pa

ckaging

.be

gin

.an

.n

ish?

.trac

king

.is.not.imp

lemented,

.ans

wers

.to.thes

.ques

tions

.wou

.be.di

cult

.to.get

.How

ever,

.if.RFI

D-

enabled

.trac

king

.sol

ution

.is.dep

loyed,

.it.wou

.be.qui

.eas

.to.hav

.acc

ess

.to.thi

.inf

ormation,

.whi

.can.

pro

.to.be.ver

.use

ful

.[ZH

A06].

. us

.we.see.ite

.trac

king

.and.trac

ing

.can.pro

vide

.org

anizations

.wit

.tha

inf

ormation,

.whi

.wou

.oth

erwise

.not.be.acc

essible.

.How.the.org

anizations

.use.thi

.inf

ormation

.to.the

com

petitive

.adv

antage

.is.up.to.the

.but.RFI

.can.get.the

.the.req

uired

.dat

.tha

.can.be.tur

ned

.to.the

adv

antage.

.We,.now

.dis

cuss

.few.ite

.trac

king

.and.trac

ing

.app

lications

.dep

loyed

.in.di

erent

.ind

ustries.

9.3.1 Baggage tracking

 e.increasing.growth.in.the.number.of.air.passengers.and.the.resulting.increase.in.checked.baggage.

are.str

aining

.the.wor

ld’s

.bag

gage-handling

.inf

rastructure,

.as.evi

denced

.by.majo

.inc

reases

.in.rep

orts

of.mis

handled

.bag

gage

.acr

oss

.the.glo

.[BA

G08].

.In.Eur

ope,

.the.Ass

ociation

.of.Eur

opean

.Air

lines

rep

orted

.tha

.the.inc

idence

.of.mis

handled

.bag

.has.inc

reased

.14.

6%—representing

.an.add

itional

1.2.mil

lion

.bag

.rep

orted

.mis

sing

.on.arr

ival.

.In.the.Uni

ted

.Stat

es,

.bag

gage

.com

plaints

.hav

.bee

.on.

the.ris

.sinc

.200

.[BR

07].

. e.U.S

.Dep

artment

.of.Tra

nsportation

.has.rep

orted

.an.inc

rease

.fro

.3.8

mis

handled

.bag

.per.100

.enp

laned

.pas

sengers

.in.200

.to.6.7

.in.200

6—an

.ee

ctive

.75%.inc

rease

.ove

a.4.yea

.per

iod,

.rep

resenting

.an.add

itional

.2.3.mil

lion

.mis

handled

.bag

.eac

.yea

. e.exi

sting

.bar

code

.sys

tems

.are.use

.for.bag

gage

.tra

cking,

.how

ever,

.usin

.bar

code

.rea

ding

.sys

tem

.up.to.85%

–90%

[RB

C07,BR07,PM09]

.rea

.rat

.is.pos

sible.

.Als

.opti

cal

.rea

.rat

.are.ver

.dep

endent

.on.lin

.of.sigh

thu

.it.is.ne

cessary

.to.ma

.su

.th

.ba

.co

.ha

.to.be.se

.by.an.au

tomated

.de

vice.

.pro

blem

.can.be.sol

ved

.by.emp

loying

.RFI

.tec

hnology,

.pro

vides

.99%.rea

.rat

.and.is.not.con

strained

.by.sigh

.lin

es,

.for.thi

.pur

pose

.pas

senger

.and.bag

gage

.rec

onciliation

.sys

tem

.has.bee

.desi

gned

tha

.emp

loys

.non

programmable,

.pas

sive

.tra

nsponder,

.RFI

.tag

.att

ached

.to.che

cked

.bag

gage,

.whi

ena

bles

.con

tinuity

.of.rec

onciliation

.thr

ough

.any.numb

.of.int

ra-air

.tra

nsfer

.poi

nts

.unt

.the.des

tina-

tion

.of.the.air.tra

vel

.is.rea

ched.

.And.if.any.sep

aration

.bet

ween

.bag

gage

.and.the.pas

senger

.occ

urs,

.the.

res

ult

.wou

.be.an.ala

.not

ication

.to.the.air

line.

. e.pas

senger’s

.and.bag

gage

.enr

ollment

.occ

.upo

pay

ment

.for.tra

vel,

.alt

hough

.che

cked

.bag

gage

.enr

ollment

.can.occ

.var

iously

.out

side

.the.air

port

.bui

ld-

ing

.(cu

rbside),

.at.the.tic

ket

.cou

nter,

.at.the.dep

arture

.gat

.on.boa

.the.air

plane,

.etc

. e.int

erface

.to.the.

airline.carrier’s.computer.reservation.system.to.obtain.passenger.and.schedule.data.permits.continuous.

tra

cking

.of.pas

sengers

.and.bag

gage

.for.the.rec

onciliation

.pro

cess.

.RFI

.has.num

erous

.adv

antages

.ove

tra

ditional

.ba

rcode

.sy

stems,

.an

.th

.ar

•

. Red

uction

.in.ta

gging

.er

rors

•

. Dec

rease

.in.th

.nu

mber

.of.le



.be

hind/short-shipped

.ba

ggage

•

. Dra

stic

.re

duction

.in.lo

.di

screpancies

•

. Tim

ely

.ar

rival

.an

.de

parture

.of.th

.ve

ssel

.av

oiding

.ai

rport

.co

ngestions

•

. Imp

roved

.tu

.ar

ound

.ti

.of.in

terline

.tr

ansfers

•

. Avo

.ba

ggage

.da

mages

.an

.mi

splace

.of.it

ems

.fr

.th

.ba

•

. Tag

.ar

.se

lf-adhesive

.an

.ea

.to.in

stall

.on.tot

.an

.do.no

.in

terfere

.wi

.x-

ray

.in

spections

9-6 Industrial Communication Systems

9.3.2 Library Book tracking

Institutional.(academic).libraries.and.public.libraries.face.growing.challenges.in.managing.the.assets.of.

the

.col

lection

.and.mai

ntaining

.or.imp

roving

.ser

vice

.lev

els

.to.pat

rons.

.Ove

.the.pas

.20.yea

rs,

.lib

rar-

ies

.hav

.gro

.the

.ser

vices

.to.the

.pat

rons

.fro

.simp

.oe

ring

.boo

.and.per

iodicals

.to.now.add

ing

.mul

timedia

.ite

.suc

.as.vid

eos,

.CDs

.and.DVD

.Add.to.thi

.the.fac

.tha

.man

.lib

raries

.pro

vide

pat

rons

.com

puters

.to.acc

ess

.the.Int

ernet

.as.ano

ther

.sou

rce

.for.inf

ormation.

. ro

ughout

.thi

.gro

wth

.in.

mat

erial

.res

ources

.oe

red

.by.lib

raries,

.the

.are.als

.gro

wing

.con

cerns

.on.the.sec

urity

.of.the.col

lection

ass

ets

.and.mai

ntaining

.(or.imp

roving)

.ser

vice

.lev

els

.to.the.pat

rons

.[GA

O09].

. ro

ughout

.thi

.tim

man

.mun

icipalities

.and.ins

titutions

.who.man

age

.our.lib

rary

.sys

tems

.hav

.sou

ght

.way

.to.red

uce

.ope

ating

.bud

gets

.(cu

.sta

)

.to.os

.the.gro

wing

.cap

ital

.cos

.of.the.mul

timedia

.res

ources

.and.com

puter

har

dware.

.For.the.con

cerns

.tha

.lib

rary

.man

agers

.fac

.eac

.day

.RFI

.tec

hnology

.bri

ngs

.sol

utions

.tha

mag

netic

.str

ipe

.or.bar

code

.tec

hnology

.simp

.can

not

.del

iver

.so.ee

ctively.

. e.RFI

.tag.is.assi

gned

.and.

att

ached

.to.the.ass

.in.simi

lar

.way

.dep

ending

.on.the.mat

erial,

.pap

er,

.pla

stics,

.etc

. e.adv

antages

.of.

RFI

.ta

.ov

.ba

rcode

.or.ma

gnetic

.st

ripe

.ar

.as.fo

llows:

•

. Fas

ter

.sc

anning

.of.th

.da

.sto

red

.on.th

.RF

.ta

•

. Sim

ple

.an

.ea

.wa

.fo

.pa

trons

.to.se

lf-checking

.fo

.ma

terial

.lo

ans

.an

.re

turns

•

. Sup

erior

.de

tection

.ra

tes

•

. Sig

nicantly

.re

duce

.th

.nu

mber

.of.fa

lse

.al

arms

.at.th

.ex

.se

nsors

.(u

.to.75

.le

ss)

•

. Hig

h-speed

.in

ventory—reducing

.ti

.to.st

a

.fo

.“s

helf-reading”

.an

.ot

her

.in

ventory

.ac

tivities

•

. Auto

mated

.ret

urn

.of.mat

erials

.tha

.spe

eds

.up.sor

ting

.of.mat

erials

.and.res

helving

.for.the.nex

pat

ron

.to.ac

cess

•

. A.lo

nger

.li

fecycle

.th

.a.ba

rcode

9.3.3 animal tracking

Animal.shipment.from.one.country.to.another.country.is.a.major.cause.of.disease.transmission.. e.

numb

.of.cas

.due.to.thi

.dis

ease

.spr

ead

.kee

.on.gro

wing

.in.var

ious

.par

.of.the.wor

ld.

.To.lim

thi

.dis

ease

.spr

ead,

.som

.sor

.of.ide

ntication

.or.rec

ord

.mec

hanism

.is.gen

erally

.req

uired.

. is.gro

ing

.numb

.of.cou

ntries

.exp

orting

.ani

mals

.to.oth

.cou

ntries

.has.led.to.the.est

ablishment

.of.rec

ord

kee

ping

.sta

ndards

.tha

.use.RFI

.as.the.mai

.ide

ntication

.[LI

V09].

. e.cou

ntries

.lik

.the.Uni

ted

Stat

es,

.Can

ada,

.Aus

tralia,

.etc

.hav

.alr

eady

.bee

.usin

.som

.RFI

.sup

ported

.Int

ernational

.Stan

dards

Org

anization

.rec

ord

.kee

ping

.sta

ndards

.lik

.117

84/5

.and.142

23-1.

. is.tec

hnology

.ado

ption

.led.oth

cou

ntries

.tha

.wis

.to.exp

ort

.ani

mal

.to.the

.cou

ntries

.to.hav

.pro

per

.tra

cking

.and.tra

cing

.rec

ords,

whi

.man

date

.the.use.of.RFI

.RFI

.car

ries

.a.uni

que

.inf

ormation

.cod

.for.eac

.ani

mal

.spe

cies

.tha

cou

.be.use

.to.acc

ess

.the.dat

abase,

.whi

.stor

.ver

.vit

.inf

ormation

.rel

ated

.to.tha

.ani

mal,

.whi

inc

ludes

.it

.bl

ood

.gr

oup,

.da

.re

lated

.to.it

.bi

rth,

.in

oculations,

.an

.mu

.mo

re.

9.3.4 Hospital Equipment tracking

RFID.also.has.a.signicant.importance.in.modern.health.care..Every.year.health-care.facilities.invest.

lar

.amo

unt

.of.cap

ital

.in.upg

rading

.and.mai

ntaining

.exp

ensive

.med

icinal

.equ

ipment

.for.dia

gnostics,

tre

atment,

.and.mon

itoring

.of.pat

ients

.[HE

A09].

.In.man

.cas

es,

.it.is.evi

dent

.tha

.the.med

ical

.equ

ipment

is.mis

takenly

.mis

placed,

.thu

.cau

sing

.ser

ious

.pro

blems

.in.tim

.of.eme

rgency.

. is.in.tur

.led.to.the.

fol

lowing

.un

desirable

.sc

enarios:

•

. Unw

anted

.tim

.was

tage

.in.equ

ipment

.su

rng

.by.med

ical

.sta

,

.so.a.nu

mber

.of.pat

ient’s

.ar

.bei

ign

ored

.by.th

eir

.ab

sence

.an

.th

.al

.ha

.to.wa

.fo

.lo

ng.

•

. An.ins

titution

.acq

uires

.add

itional

.equ

ipment

.to.com

pensate

.for.con

stantly

.mis

placed

.equ

ipment.

•

. In.cri

tical

.sce

narios,

.esp

ecially

.whe

.the.pat

ient

.is.bei

.ope

rated,

.it.wou

.be.a.big.com

promise

whe

.a.me

dical

.de

vice

.in.un

traceable.

RFID Technology and Its Industrial Applications 9-7

Again,.in.this.case,.RFID.technology.resolves.the.above-mentioned.problem..Tagging.each.medicinal.

equ

ipment

.hel

.in.kee

ping

.an.upd

ated

.rec

ord

.of.equ

ipment.

.RFI

.rea

der

.is.gen

erally

.use

.for.rea

ding

the.RFI

.tag

.and.for.rea

l-time

.equ

ipment

.tra

cking,

.the.fac

ility

.sho

uld

.hav

.an.RFI

.rea

der

.net

work.

In.thi

.way

.any.dev

ice

.can.be.loc

ated

.whe

.nee

ded.

. e.sta



.can.kno

.whe

.in.the.fac

ility

.a.cer

tain

pie

.of.equ

ipment

.is.loc

ated,

.whe

.the

.rea

lly

.nee

.to.hav

.it.. e.res

ult

.is.les

.tim

.was

ted,

.bet

ter

uti

lization

.of.exi

sting

.ass

ets,

.and.imp

rovement

.of.pat

ient

.car

.How

ever,

.car

.sho

uld

.be.tak

.whe

imp

lementing

.an.RFI

.zon

.in.hos

pitals

.so.tha

.it.doe

.not.int

erfere

.wit

.oth

.med

ical

.equ

ipments

ope

rating

.in.sim

ilar

.fr

equencies.

9.3.5 Patient tracking

Patient. tracking.is.quite. a.big. issue. nowadays. in. hospitals. and. health-care. facilities.. Presently,.the.

pat

ient’s

.rec

ord

.man

agement

.is.eit

her

.don

.man

ually

.or.ele

ctronically

.in.var

ious

.par

.of.the.wor

ld.

.But.

to.tra

.the.med

ical

.rec

ords

.of.an.ind

ividual

.pat

ient,

.esp

ecially

.dur

ing

.int

ercountry

.or.int

racountry

tra

vel,

.nee

.som

.qui

cker

.tra

cking

.way

.to.man

age

.the.inf

ormation

.muc

.mor

.ec

iently

.[HE

A09].

As.we.hav

.see

.tha

.RFI

.did.its.bes

.in.med

icinal

.equ

ipment

.tra

cking,

.it.can.als

.be.use

.for.pat

ient

tra

cking

.in.hos

pital.

. e.sys

tem

.can.be.desi

gned

.to.tra

.hos

pital

.ass

ets,

.cur

.exc

ess

.exp

enditures,

inc

rease

.saf

ety,

.and.ens

ure

.sec

urity

.and.acc

ess

.con

trol

.by.pla

cing

.sma

.RFI

.dev

ices,

.or.“RF

.tag

s”

on.peo

ple

.and.obje

cts.

.In.hos

pitals,

.eme

rgency

.med

ical

.ser

vices

.nd.di

culty

.in.tra

cking

.the.pat

ients,

esp

ecially

.dur

ing

.the.tim

.of.res

ponding

.to.eme

rgencies.

. er

.mus

.be.som

.sys

tem

.tha

.ena

bles

.the.

eme

rgency

.uni

.to.ec

iently

.tra

.the.pat

ients

.and.med

icinal

.ass

ets

.in.ord

.to.ful

.ben

et

.the.pat

ients.

As.the.ins

titution

.is.res

ponsible

.for.pat

ient’s

.hea

lth,

.som

etimes

.pat

ients

.are.fou

.mis

sing

.fro

.the

bed

.and.med

ical

.sta



.nd.it.di

cult

.in.loc

ating

.the

.In.the

.sea

rch,

.the

.spe

.muc

.tim

.and

.in.

the.pro

cess,

.the.pat

ient

.may.som

etimes

.eve

.mis

.his.or.her.med

icinal

.dos

.RFI

.mak

.tra

cking

.and.

nd

ing

.pat

ients

.easi

er.

.Adm

inistering

.bed

side

.car

.is.saf

er,

.fas

ter,

.bec

ause

.of.rea

l-time

.and.acc

urate

ide

ntication

.an

.ve

rication

.of.pa

tient.

•

. RFI

D-embedded

.bra

celets

.can.be.rea

.thr

ough

.bed.lin

ens,

.so.pat

ients

.do.not.hav

.to.be.dis

turbed

whe

.sl

eeping.

•

. RFI

D-embedded

.bra

celets

.com

municates

.wit

.the.rea

der

.net

work

.so.thi

.equ

ipment

.hel

.in.

pat

ient’s

.tr

acking

.an

.en

sures

.pa

tients

.do.no

.st

ray

.be

yond

.a.pr

edetermined

.pe

rimeter.

•

. RFI

.bra

celets

.con

tains

.the.pat

ient’s

.sec

ret

.ID,.whi

.is.lin

ked

.to.the.dat

abase

.for.get

ting

.the.

com

plete

.pa

tient’s

.re

cord.

9.3.6 Newborn Baby tracking

Another.area.where.RFID.possibly.show.its.miracle.is.its.use.in.maternity.ward..Maternity.ward.is.a.

pla

.of.hap

piness

.whe

.the.new

born

.bab

ies

.are.wel

comed.

.Not.onl

.the.fam

ilies

.but.als

.sta



.memb

ers

are.cel

ebrating

.the.arr

ival

.of.the.new

born

.[HE

A09,DA03].

.But

.if.the.mat

ernity

.war

.is.han

dling

.man

cas

.at.one.tim

.the.pos

sible

.mix

-up

.of.mot

her

.and.new

born

.mig

.hap

pen

.acc

idently;

.the.wro

.bab

bei

.sen

.to.the.wro

.mot

her

.for.the.cru

cial

.ear

.bon

ding

.per

iod,

.bre

ast-feeding,

.etc

.In.thi

.situ

ation

.as.wel

.RFI

.tec

hnology

.can.pla

.a.vit

.rol

.in.kee

ping

.rec

ord

.of.mot

her

.and.her.new

born.

.To.

the.mot

her,

.an.RFI

.tag

.wit

.a.uni

que

.ID,.is.att

ached

.dur

ing

.adm

ission

.and.thi

.ID.wil

.be.use

.for.

tra

cking

.all.the.pro

cesses

.rel

evant

.to.tha

.lab

or.

.And

.onc

.the.chi

.is.bor

.an.ank

.RFI

.tag.(un

ique

ID.ref

erenced

.to.chi

ld’s

.mot

her)

.is.att

ached

.so.as.to.ide

ntify

.the.chi

ld’s

.mot

her.

. us

.in.thi

.way

.RFI

pre

vents

.th

.ch

ild

.an

.mo

ther

.mi

x-up

.in.a.sim

ple

.ma

nner.

9.3.7 tracking Children

Fear.of.children.abduction.is.a.serious.issue.nowadays.and.is.the.biggest.threat.to.parents.as.well..To.track.

abd

ucted

.chi

ldren,

.the.onl

.way.is.a.pho

.cal

.fro

.the.abd

uctors.

.A.fas

hion

.desi

gner

.in.Cal

ifornia

.has.

9-8 Industrial Communication Systems

launched.a.sleepwear.for.small.children.that.contain.RFID.tags.(which.when.passed.from.the.reading.

devi

.alar

ms),

.prov

iding

.some.peac

.of.mind.to.pare

nts,

.who.migh

.fear.that.thei

.youn

.ones.may.be.

abdu

cted

.whi

.the

.are.asl

eep

.[CL

O05].

9.3.8 Golf Ball tracking

RFID.can.also.help.in.tracing.golf.balls..When.a.player.plays.a.shot.o.the.fairway.into.the.unknown.

plac

.and.if.no.RFID.tag.is.embe

dded,

.this.may.resu

.in.time.wast

ing

.in.sur

.the.ball.or.poss

ibly

the.ball.gets.lost

.Impo

rtantly,

.when.mult

iple

.play

ers

.are.play

ing

.in.the.same.area.this.poss

ibly

.resu

lts

in.ball.mix-

.if.all.or.some.are.usin

.the.same.bran

.[GBT

04].

. is.situ

ation

.can.be.prev

ented

.by.

tagg

ing

.the.ball.with.an.RFID.tag.with.a.uniq

.ID..Not.only.does.it.save.mone

.but.also.spee

.up.

the.game

. e.read

er,

.a.hand

held

.devi

.with.an.LCD.scre

.and.a.puls

ing

.audi

.tone

.is.gene

rally

used.to.pinp

oint

.the.righ

.ball.when.the.ball.is.in.its.eec

tive

.rang

.(rou

ghly

.10–3

.m)..It.woul

.not.be.

long.befo

.a.new.golf.will.come.embe

dded

.with.an.RFID.read

.to.dete

.RFID

-embedded

.golf.ball

9.3.9 Crowd Control

A.visitor.control.and.tracking.system.for.a.venue.having.various.access.points.and.multiple.destina-

tion

.poin

.incl

ude

.a.moni

toring

.syst

.that.trac

.loca

tion

.and.move

ment

.of.visito

.to.the.venu

.In.

acco

rdance

.with.the.inve

ntion,

.a.moni

toring

.syst

.trac

.a.loca

tion

.and.move

ment

.of.indi

viduals

.or.

crow

.in.the.venu

.and.work

.in.combi

nation

.with.a.dist

ributed

.netw

ork

.of.scre

ening

.unit

.or.kios

to.prov

ide

.eec

tive

.crow

.cont

rol

.and.moni

toring.

.In.one.embod

iment,

.the.moni

toring

.syst

.empl

oys

RFID.tags.or.devi

ces,

.whic

.are.dist

ributed

.at.kios

.to.visito

.ente

ring

.the.venu

.A.plur

ality

.of.RFID.

read

ers

.or.rece

ivers

.is.arra

nged

.abou

.the.venu

.and.func

tion

.to.scan.for.the.RFID.devi

ces.

.A.cent

ral

cont

rol,

.oper

atively

.conn

ected

.to.each.of.the.RFID.rece

ivers,

.trac

.loca

tion

.and.move

ment

.of.each.of.

the.RFID.devi

ces

.to.dete

rmine

.a.visito

r-associated

.metr

.for.each.of.the.plur

ality

.of.dest

ination

.poin

[VCC

07].

.In.anot

her

.embod

iment,

.the.visito

r-associated

.metr

.is.simpl

.esta

blished

.by.visu

.crow

moni

toring

.[ESM

06].

.For.exam

ple,

.RFID.will.help.cont

rol

.crow

.trou

ble

.at.the.Worl

.Cup,.says.FIFA

More.than.3.5.mill

ion

.tick

ets

.will.be.sold.with.an.embed

ded

.RFID.chip.cont

aining

.iden

tication

.info

mation,

.to.be.chec

ked

.agai

nst

.a.data

base

.as.fans.pass.thro

ugh

.entr

ance

.gate

.at.all.12.stad

iums,

.in.June

It.is.the.rst.Worl

.Cup.tourn

ament

.to.use.RFID.tech

nology

.to.iden

tify

.card

holders.

.But,.if.one.seni

FIFA.oci

.has.his.way,.the.amou

.of.pers

onal

.info

rmation

.requ

ired

.of.fans.all.of.whic

.is.quic

kly

iden

tiable

.wit

.the.hel

.of.RFI

.wil

.be.kept.to.a.min

imum

.at.fut

ure

.eve

nts.

9.4 access Control

Access.control.is.another.area.that.needs.key.attention.so.as.to.avoid.the.risks.of.terrorism.and.the..

In.the.past.manu

al,

.proc

edure

.was.used.for.acce

ssing

.the.buil

ding

.prem

ises,

.such.act.of.asse

ssing

.the.

buil

ding

.had.incr

eased

.the.chan

ces

.of.the.and.terr

orism

.[AC0

7].

. e.eci

ent

.acce

.cont

rol

.syst

.is.

gene

rally

.dem

anded

.by.man

.civ

.and.mil

itary

.org

anizations,

.bec

ause

.of.man

.rea

sons,

.whi

.inc

lude

•

. Enha

nced

.sec

urity

.to.lim

.acc

ess

.to.res

tricted

.are

•

. Trac

king

.emp

loyee

.act

ivity

•

. Eci

ent

.and.sec

ure

.ent

.and.exi

•

. Impr

ove

.los

.pre

vention

.vari

ous

.solu

tions

.were.prop

osed

.like.barc

ode,

.magn

etic

.stri

pes,

.and.prox

imity

.read

ers,

.all.rely.

on.the.user.to.eith

.make.cont

act

.or.plac

.the.badg

.very.clos

.to.the.read

er.

.Also

.for.exam

ple,

.the.bar-

ode

.sche

.has.anot

her

.prob

lem

.of.read

ing

.once.at.a.time.in.addi

tion

.to.the.line.of.sigh

.issu

.To.addr

ess

the.abov

.list

.issu

.and.the.draw

backs

.of.the.prop

osed

.acce

.cont

rol

.sche

mes

.like.barc

ode,

.etc.,.

rese

archers

.prop

osed

.RFID.acce

.cont

rol

.syst

em,

.whic

.can.prov

ide

.an.easy.and.eci

ent

.solu

tion.

Using.RFI

.for.acc

ess

.con

trol

.has.the.fol

lowing

.adv

antages: