Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

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Industrial Strength Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network Technology 11-5

network.data.routing.topology.(because.of.energy.constraints.as.imposed.by.the.WMSN).. e.advan-

tages

.of.single-tier.at.network.architecture.are.as.follows:

•

. Flat. homogeneous.network. conguration. of. low-power. sensor. nodes. having. low-resolution.

camera.and.scalar.sensor.

•

. Low-power.nodes.result.in.long.network.lifetime.

•

. Easy.to.manage.because.of.the.homogeneous.nature.of.nodes.

•

. Distributed.processing.

Disadvantages

.include.the.following:

•

. Low-power.consumption.nodes.have.lower.reliability.and.functionality.

•

. Not.suitable.for.a.range.of.applications.involving.scalar,.variable.resolution.multimedia.information.

•

. Also,.low-power.consumption.nodes.although.having.high.energy.eciency.have.a.high.latency.

of.detection.

11.3.2 Single-tier Clustered architecture

 e.second.sensor.cloud.(in.the.middle).represents.a.single-tier.clustered.architecture.comprising.het-

erogeneous

.sensors.(video,.audio,.scalar.sensors,.etc.).. e.clustered.architecture.has.a.central.process-

ing

.hub.that.acts.as.an.in-charge.of.all.the.data.coming.from.multiple.sensors.belonging.to.the.same.

cluster.. is.node.also.performs.computationally.intensive.multimedia.processing.on.the.gathered.data.

and.transfers.them.to.the.gateway.on.wireless.link.for.storage.or.to.sink.node.. e.advantage.of.single-

tier

.clustered.network.architecture.is

•

. Heterogeneous.sensing.elements.are.used.to.address.a.range.of.application.scenarios.

.disadvantages.include.the.following:

•

. Since.single.high-end.processing.hub.is.used.as.an.in-charge.of.the.network,.in.case.of.its.failure.

due.to.malfunction.or.power.depletion,.it.results.in.network.failure.

Internet

Single-tier flat Single-tier clustered Multitier

Storage and gateway

Video sensor

Scalar WSN mote

WMSN processing hub

High-end video sensor

Audio sensor

Audio + video sensor

Sink

FIGURE 11.4 Architecture.of.WMSN.

11-6 Industrial Communication Systems

•. Centralized.processing:. e.network.may.lose.the.reliability.in.this.regard.

•

. Powe

.depl

etion

.of.cent

ralized

.hub.is.more.as.comp

ared

.to.hete

rogeneous

.sensi

.node

. is.

resu

lts

.in.une

ven

.net

work

.pow

.bal

ance.

11.3.3 Multitier architecture

 e.right-most.sensor.cloud.represents.the.multitier.architecture..It.comprises.high-.and.low-end.video.

sens

ors,

.vide

.proc

essing

.hub,.and.scal

.sens

ors.

. e.low-

end

.vide

.sens

ors

.feed.the.gath

ered

.mult

media

.cont

ent

.to.the.cent

ral

.vide

.proc

essing

.hub.for.loca

lized

.proc

essing

.of.the.mult

imedia

.info

rma-

tion

.and.same.is.true.for.the.scal

.sens

ors

.as.well

. e.high

-end

.vide

.sens

ors

.gath

.info

rmation

.from.

the.surr

oundings

.(hig

.reso

lution)

.and.from.the.vide

.proc

essing

.hubs

.and.rela

.the.proc

essed

.data.

wire

lessly

.to.the.gate

way

.for.stora

.or.to.the.sink..In.this.case

.the.reso

urce-constrained

.scal

.sens

ors

are.resp

onsible

.for.perf

orming

.simpl

.task

.such.as.meas

uring

.scal

.physi

cal

.meas

urements

.whil

reso

urce-rich

.vide

.sens

.or.mult

imedia

.node

.are.resp

onsible

.for.comp

lex

.task

.In.this.arch

itecture,

the.stora

.and.the.data.proc

essing

.can.be.perf

ormed

.in.the.dist

ributed

.fash

ion

.at.each.die

rent

.tier

 e.mul

titier

.arc

hitecture

.oe

.con

siderable

.adv

antages

.wit

.res

pect

.to.sing

le-tier

.arc

hitecture:

•

. Sing

le-tier

.con

guration

.is.use

.whe

.pow

.ec

iency

.is.req

uired.

•

. Seco

nd-tier

.and.thi

rd-tier

.are.use

.whe

.rel

iability

.is.of.majo

.con

cern.

•

. Inte

lligent

.usag

.of.node

.at.each.tier.has.the.pote

ntial

.to.reco

ncile

.the.con

icting

.goal

.of.ener

eci

ency

.and.rel

iability

.and.ove

rcome

.the.dra

wback

.of.hom

ogeneous

.sing

le-tier

.net

works.

•

. Inte

lligent

. node. plac

ement

. can. enab

. usag

. of. high

-power

. node

. at. high

. tier

. only. when.

requ

ired

.wit

.a.wak

e-up

.mec

hanism,

.res

ulting

.in.ene

rgy

.ben

ets.

•

. Cove

rage

.of.a.regi

.with.node

.from.mult

iple

.tier

.lead

.to.avai

lability

.of.extr

.sensi

.and.com-

utation

.res

ources,

.res

ulting

.in.red

undancy

.ben

ets.

•

. Bett

.sca

lability,

.low

.cos

.and.hig

her

.fun

ctionality.

.dis

advantages

.inc

lude

.the.fol

lowing:

•

. Speci

.con

sideration

.sho

uld

.be.put.for.int

er-tier

.and.int

ra-tier

.com

munication.

•

. Sync

hronization

.amo

.var

ious

.tie

red

.nod

.is.a.ver

.di

cult

.tas

11.4 WMSN Hardware

 e.recent.advances.in.complementary.metal-oxide-semiconductor.(CMOS).camera.technology.and.

audi

o-capturing

.devi

ces

.have.take

.WSN.to.the.next.leve

.i.e.,.WMSN

.In.this.sect

ion,

.we.will.disc

uss

some.of.the.exis

ting

.vide

.sens

.node

. e.vide

.sens

.node

.or.more.spec

ically

.WMSN.node

.are.

broa

dly

.cla

ssied

.into.thr

.di

erent

.cla

sses,

.bas

.on.the.vid

eo-sensing

.nod

e’s

.cap

ability:

. 1..Low-

resolution

.WMS

.mot

. 2.. Medi

um-resolution

.WMS

.mot

. 3..High

-resolution

.WMS

.mot

11.4.1 Low-resolution WMSN Motes

Low-resolution.WMSN.motes.comprise.CMOS.camera.and.processing.module.(also.named.CMOS.

imag

ing

.sens

or),

.thus.elim

inating

.the.need.of.seve

ral

.proc

essing

.chip

.requ

ired

.by.the.trad

itional

.char

coup

led

.devi

.(CCD

)

.tech

nology.

.Cycl

ops

.[RIGW

ES05]

.is.an.elec

tronic

.inte

rface

.betw

een

.a.CMOS.

came

.modu

.(CMO

.Agil

ent

.ADCM

-1700

.comm

.inte

rmediate

.form

.(CIF

)

.came

ra)

.and.a.wire

less

.mote.such.as.MICA

.[CM0

.or.MICA

.[CMZ

08]

.and.cont

ains

.prog

rammable

.logi

.and.memo

for.high

-speed

.data.comm

unication.

. e.MCU.cont

rols

.the.imag

er,

.con

gures

.its.para

meters,

.and.per-

orms

.loca

.proc

essing

.on.the.imag

.to.prod

uce

.an.infe

rence.

.Sinc

.imag

.capt

ure

.requ

ires

.fast

.data.

Industrial Strength Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network Technology 11-7

transfer,.a.complex.programmable.logic.device.(CPLD).is.used.to.provide.access.to.the.high-speed.

clo

ck.

.Ho

wever,

.it.ca

.be.be

tter

.ad

dressed

.by.usi

.sin

gle

.FP

GA.

Researchers

.at.Car

negie

.Mel

lon

.Uni

versity

.are.dev

eloping

.the.CMU

cam

.3.[CM

U08],

.whi

.is.an.

embe

dded

.cam

era

.end

owed

.wit

.a.CIF.Res

olution

.(35

.×.288

)

.red.gre

.blu

.(RG

.col

.sen

sor

.tha

can.loa

.ima

ges

.into.mem

ory

.at.26.fra

mes

.per.sec

ond.

. e.CMU

cam

.3.is.not.equ

ipped

.wit

.onb

oard

net

working

.cap

abilities,

.but.an.ext

ernal

.mot

.can.be.att

ached

.via.a.ser

ial

.com

munication

.cha

nnel.

CMU

cam

.3.has.so

ware

.JPE

.com

pression

.and.has.a.basi

.ima

.man

ipulation

.lib

rary,

.and.can.be.

int

erfaced

.wi

.an.80

2.15.4

.co

mpliant

.Te

losB

.mo

.[T

B08].

Another

.int

egrated

.im

aging

.mot

.wa

.pro

posed

.[D

RA06]

.tha

.com

prised

.ARM

.32.bit.CPU.clo

cked

at.48.MHz.wit

.ext

ernal

.as

.stor

age,

.802

.15.4

.com

plaint

.CC2

420

.rad

.chi

.ADC

M-1670

.(CM

.sen

sor),

.and.CIF.(lo

w-resolution

.30.×.30.pix

.opti

cal

.sen

sor).

. e.32.bit.ARM

.is.use

.in.thi

.cas

.for.rea

sons

.of.ene

rgy

.con

strain

.as.it.wou

.tak

.a.sho

rter

.tim

.to.pro

cess

.var

ious

.ima

.pro

cessing

.alg

orithms

as.co

mpared

.to.th

.tr

aditionally

.us

.8.bi

.ar

chitecture

.(A

tmel’s

.AT

mega128

.in.WS

N).

11.4.2 Medium-resolution WMSN Motes

 e.Stargate.board.[SP08],.designed.by.Intel.and.produced.by.Crossbow,.is.an.example.of.medium-

resolution

.ima

ging

.(WM

SN)

.mot

.whe

.comb

ined

.wit

.a.Log

itech

.web

cam.

. e.Star

gate

.boa

.is.a.

hig

h-performance

.pro

cessing

.pla

tform

.des

pite

.bei

.desi

gned

.for.sen

sor,

.sign

.pro

cessing,

.con

trol,

rob

otics,

.etc

.and.can.als

.be.use

.in.sen

sor

.net

work

.app

lications

.as.an.ind

ependent

.mot

.(WM

mot

.whe

.comb

ined

.wit

.web

cam).

.Star

gate

.is.bas

.on.Int

el’s

.PXA

-255

.XSc

ale

.400.MHz.RIS

.pro

cessor.

.It.has.32.MB.of.Fla

.mem

ory,

.64.MB.of.SDR

AM,

.and.an.onb

oard

.con

nector

.for.Cro

ssbow’s

MIC

.or.MIC

.mot

.as.wel

.as.PCM

CIA

.Blu

etooth

.or.IEE

.802

.11

.car

ds.

.Hen

ce,

.it.can.wor

.as.a.

wir

eless

.gat

eway

.and.as.a.com

putational

.hub.for.in-

network

.pro

cessing

.alg

orithms.

.WMS

.mot

.bas

on.Star

gate

.pla

tform

.con

sumes

.mor

.ene

rgy

.and.is.not.goo

.fro

.the.ene

rgy

.con

sumption

.poi

.of.

vie

.[MP

OM06].

.Besi

des,

.it.has.hig

.ene

rgy

.con

sumption;

.ano

ther

.dra

wback

.of.the.PXA

-255

.XSc

ale

pro

cessor

.is.tha

.it.sup

ports

.xe

d-point

.com

putations

.onl

.But.sinc

.the.vid

.app

lication

.dem

ands

oa

ting-point

.ope

rations,

.we.can.use.ec

ient

.so

ware

.imp

lementations

.nee

ded

.to.ec

iently

.per

form

mul

timedia

.pr

ocessing

.al

gorithms.

Intel

.has.als

.dev

eloped

.two.pro

totypal

.gen

erations

.of.wir

eless

.sen

sors,

.kno

.as.Imo

.and.Imo

te2.

Imo

.is.bui

.aro

und

.an.int

egrated

.wir

eless

.mic

rocontroller

.con

sisting

.of.an.8.bit.12.MHz.ARM

.pro

cessor,

.a.Blu

etooth

.rad

io,

.64.KB.RAM

.and.32.KB.FLA

.mem

ory,

.as.wel

.as.sev

eral

.I/O.opti

ons.

. e.

so

ware

.arc

hitecture

.is.bas

.on.an.ARM.por

.of.Tin

yOS.

. e.sec

ond

.gen

eration

.of.Int

.mot

.has.a.

com

mon

.cor

.to.the.nex

t-generation

.Star

gate

.2.pla

tform

.and.is.bui

.aro

und

.a.new.low

-power

.32.bit.

PXA

271

.XSc

ale

.pro

cessor

.at.320

/416/520

.MHz

.whi

.ena

bles

.per

forming

.DSP.ope

rations

.for.stor

age

or.compression,.and.an.IEEE.802.15.4.ChipCon.CC2420.radio..It.has.a.large.onboard.RAM.and.Flash.

mem

ories

.(32.MB)

.add

itional

.sup

port

.for.alt

ernate

.rad

ios,

.and.a.var

iety

.of.hig

h-speed

.I/O.to.con

nect

dig

ital

.sen

sors

.or.cam

eras.

.Its.size.is.als

.ver

.lim

ited,

.48.×.33.mm,.and.it.can.run.the.Lin

.ope

rating

sys

tem

.an

.Ja

.ap

plications.

11.4.3 High-resolution WMSN Motes

Researchers.at.BWN.laboratory.have.deployed.an.experimental.testbed.[GT08].based.on.currently-o-

the-shelf

.adv

anced

.dev

ices

.to.dem

onstrate

.the.ec

iency

.of.the

.new

.dev

eloped

.alg

orithms

.and.pro

tocols

.for.mul

timedia

.com

munications

.thr

ough

.wir

eless

.sen

sor

.net

works.

. e.tes

tbed

.inc

ludes

.thr

di

erent

.typ

.of.mul

timedia

.sen

sors

.sup

port,

.i.e

.low

-end

.ima

ging

.sen

sors,

.med

ium-quality

.web

cam-

based

.mul

timedia

.sen

sors,

.and.hig

h-end

.pan

-tilt

.cam

eras.

. e.hig

h-resolution

.WMS

.mot

.con

sist

of.pan

-tilt

.cam

eras

.ins

talled

.on.a.rob

otic

.pla

tform.

. e.obje

ctive

.is.to.dev

elop

.a.hig

h-quality

.mob

ile

pla

tform

.tha

.can.per

form

.ada

ptive

.sam

pling

.bas

.on.eve

.fea

tures

.det

ected

.by.low

-end

.mot

es.

. e.

mob

ile

.acto

.can.the

.red

irect

.hig

h-resolution

.cam

eras

.to.a.reg

ion

.of.int

erest

.whe

.eve

nts

.are.det

ected

11-8 Industrial Communication Systems

by.lower.tier.(densely.deployed.low-resolution.video.sensors)..Another.development.was.presented.in.

[WOL

02],

.a.rst.gene

ration

.smar

.came

.proto

type

.for.dete

cting

.peop

.and.anal

yzing

.thei

.move

ment

in.real.time

.For.the.impl

ementation,

.they.equi

pped

.a.stan

dard

.PC.with.addi

tional

.PCI-b

oards

.feat

uring

a.TriM

edia

.TM-1

300

.VLIW.proc

essor.

.A.Hi8.vide

.came

.is.conn

ected

.to.each.PCI.boar

.for.imag

acqu

isition.

.Now.that.we.have.outl

ined

.the.basic.WMSN.arch

itecture

.and.the.WMSN.hard

ware,

.we.

woul

.lik

.to.dis

cuss

.the.mai

.app

lications

.tha

.are.mak

ing

.WMS

.a.ver

.int

eresting

.el

.of.res

earch.

11.5 applications of WMSNs

With.the.availability.of.audio.and.video.sensors,.the.WMSN.has.enabled.various.new.applications.that.

WSN.fail

.to.targ

et.

. e.key.appl

ications

.that.WMSN.targ

ets,

.some.of.them.are.show

.in.Figu

.11.2

are.broa

dly

.clas

sied

.into.surv

eillance,

.tra

.moni

toring,

.pers

onal

.and.heal

.care

.habi

tat

.moni

toring,

and.tar

get

.tra

cking.

11.5.1 Surveillance

Surveillance.is.dened.as.the.monitoring.of.behavior..So,.systems.surveillance.is.the.process.of.monitor-

ing

.the.beha

vior

.of.peop

le,

.objec

ts,

.or.proc

esses

.with

.syst

ems

.for.conf

ormity

.to.expe

cted

.or.desir

norm

.in.trus

ted

.syst

ems

.for.secu

rity

.or.soci

.cont

rol.

. e.impo

rtance

.of.surv

eillance

.is.incr

easing

.day.

by.day.with.the.incr

easing

.viol

ence

.and.terr

oristic

.acti

vities

.arou

.the.glob

.Trad

itional

.surv

eillance,

using.CCTV.came

ras,

.has.come.a.long.way,.but.thes

.tech

nologies

.are.limi

ted

.in.term

.of.inte

lligence.

Surv

eillance

.using.WMSN.has.adde

.adva

ntages:

.WMSN.can.prov

ide

.more.deta

.and.prec

ise

.info

rma-

tion,

.redu

cing

.the.cost.for.netw

ork

.inst

allation,

.exte

nding

.the.moni

toring

.targ

.area

.from.indo

ors

.of.

hous

.or.buil

dings

.to.the.whol

.resid

ential

.dist

ricts,

.and.easil

.adapt

ing

.upon.chan

ges

.of.util

izations,

and.beca

use

.a.larg

.numb

.of.wire

less

.came

ras

.with.cons

trained

.reso

urces

.and.low.cost

.repl

ace

.a.

few.trad

itional

.powe

rful,

.expe

nsive

.wire

.came

ras,

.a.wide

.rang

.of.the.regi

.can.be.moni

tored

.in.

more.det

ail.

Audio

.and.vide

.sens

ors

.are.used.to.moni

tor

.a.targ

eted

.plac

.buil

ding,

.or.bord

.for.surv

eillance.

 e.stre

aming

.mult

imedia

.cont

ent

.and.the.adva

nced

.signa

.proc

essing

.of.the.captu

red

.data.enab

.the.

law-

enforcement

.agen

cies

.to.keep.an.eye.on.even

ts.

.Mult

imedia

.sens

.node.coul

.infe

.and.reco

pote

ntially

.rele

vant

.acti

vities

.(the

s,

.car.acci

dents,

.tra

.viol

ations)

.in.the.form.of.snap

shot

.or.stre

and.rep

ort

.to.con

trol

.or.bas

.sta

tion.

11.5.2 traffic Monitoring

Road.trac.monitoring.is.dened.as.monitoring.the.behavior.of.vehicles.(speed,.number.of.vehicles,.

etc.

)

.on.die

rent

.lane

.of.the.road

.Toda

.road.tra

.fore

casting

.is.quit

.impo

rtant

.so.as.to.cut.shor

the.journ

.time

.Also.this.help

.in.fuel.savi

ng.

.In.the.past

.no.such.tra

.moni

toring

.syst

.exis

ted,

but.the.adve

.of.WMSN.tech

nology

.has.open

.a.new.dime

nsion

.in.road.tra

.meas

urement

.and.

fore

casting.

.WMSN.help

.redu

.trav

.time.on.road.by.inte

lligently

.rout

ing

.tra

.thro

ugh

.the.leas

congested

.area

.and.resu

lts

.in.fuel.savi

ng;

.prot

ecting

.the.envi

ronment

.by.redu

cing

.poll

ution;

.help

ing

.to.

bett

.util

ize

.the.exis

ting

.road.infr

astructure

.and.asse

.by.diu

sing

.tra

.to.alte

rnate

.rout

.some.of.

whic

.may.curr

ently

.be.expe

riencing

.very.low.tra

.ows

;

.mana

ging

.abru

.driv

ing

.beha

vior

.on.road

by.trac

king

.abru

.driv

ers,

.trac

king

.unus

ual

.driv

ing

.patt

erns,

.and.pred

icting

.pote

ntial

.drun

k-driving

acti

vity;

.trac

king

.stole

.cars.and.atte

mpted

.robb

ery

.in.real.time

.etc.;.and.prov

iding

.driv

er-assistance

tech

nology

.for.acc

ident

.pre

vention

.and.evi

dence

.gat

hering.

Managing

.road.tra

.cong

estion

.has.beco

.a.major.issu

.for.many.coun

tries,

.espe

cially

.in.citi

like.Lond

.and.New.York.[ALG

05];

.henc

.stro

.infr

astructure

.inve

stments

.shou

.be.made.to.pro-

ide.real-time.trac.status.for.intelligent.trac.routing.[ALG05,DCIT08,KCITS08]..Some.countries.

have.impl

emented

.peak

-hour

.cong

estion

.tax,.e.g.,.Lond

on,

.or.othe

.are.prov

iding

.free.publ

.tran

sport,

Industrial Strength Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network Technology 11-9

e.g.,.Transperth.CAT.service..WMSN.identies.trac.patterns;.chain.eects;.and.scenarios.in.volume,.

cap

acity,

.and.rat

.of.cha

nge

.in.net

works

.of.roa

.tha

.wil

.lea

.to.hea

.con

gestion

.or.tra

c

.jam

Sen

sors

.cou

.als

.det

ect

.vio

lations

.and.tra

nsmit

.vid

.str

eams

.to.law

-enforcement

.age

ncies

.to.ide

ntify

the.vio

lator,

.or.bu

.ima

ges

.and.str

eams

.in.cas

.of.acc

idents

.for.sub

sequent

.acc

ident

.sce

.ana

lysis.

 e.sign

icance

.of.WMS

.is.two

fold:

.Fir

st,

.it.is.cos

t-eective

.as.it.eli

minates

.the.nee

.to.hav

.a.ded

cated

.wir

.inf

rastructure

.for.com

munication

.wit

.the.tra

c

.con

trol

.cen

ter

.and

.sec

ond,

.its.dep

loy-

ment

.is.hig

hly

.ex

ible,

.i.e

.the.wir

eless

.mot

.can.be.easi

.rec

ongured

.for.dep

loying

.at.a.new.loc

ation.

11.5.3 Personal and Health Care

Health.care.is.the.prevention,.treatment,.and.management.of.illness.and.the.preservation.of.mental.and.

phy

sical

.wel

l-being

.thr

ough

.the.serv

ices

.oe

red

.by.the.medi

cal,

.nur

sing,

.and.all

ied

.hea

lth

.pro

fessions.

Acco

rding

.to.Wor

.Hea

lth

.Org

anization

.hea

lth

.car

.emb

races

.all.the.goo

.and.serv

ices

.des

igned

.to.pro

mote

.hea

lth,

.inc

luding

.“pr

eventive,

.cur

ative,

.and.pal

liative

.int

erventions,

.whe

ther

.dir

ected

.to.ind

ividuals

or.to.pop

ulations.”

. e.org

anized

.pro

vision

.of.suc

.serv

ices

.may.con

stitute

.a.hea

lth-care

.sys

tem.

Multimedia

.sen

sor

.net

works

.can.als

.be.use

.in.eld

erly

.per

sonal

.and.hea

lth

.car

.WMS

.is.use

to.ide

ntify

.the.cau

ses

.of.ill

nesses

.tha

.ae

.the.eld

erly

.(e.

g.,

.dem

entia

.[R0

5]).

.Net

works

.of.wea

rable

.or.

vid

.and.aud

.sen

sors

.can.inf

.eme

rgency

.situ

ations

.and.imm

ediately

.con

nect

.eld

erly

.pat

ients

.wit

rem

ote

.assi

stance

.ser

vices

.or.wit

.rel

atives.

.WMS

.wit

.tel

emedicine

.sen

sors

.can.be.use

.in.mon

itor-

ing

.pat

ients

.par

ameters

.suc

.as.bod

.tem

perature,

.blo

.pre

ssure,

.pul

.oxi

metry,

.ele

ctrocardiogram,

and.br

eathing

.ac

tivity

.re

motely

.[H

K03].

11.5.4 Habitat Monitoring

An.explicitly.spatial.denition.of.habitat:. e.physical.and.biological.environment.used.by.an.indi-

vidual,

.a.pop

ulation,

.a.spe

cies,

.or.per

haps

.a.gro

.of.spe

cies.

.Hab

itat-monitoring

.sch

emes

.eva

luate

.the.

con

servation

.sta

tus

.of.hab

itats

.or.hab

itat

.typ

.by.est

imating

.the.fol

lowing

.set

.of.hab

itat

.att

ributes:

ext

ent,

.bio

tic

.com

position,

.bio

logical

.str

ucture,

.and.phy

sical

.str

ucture.

.Hab

itat-monitoring

.sch

emes

can.be.cla

ssied

.into.tho

.wit

.and.tho

.wit

hout

.a.spa

tial

.asp

ect.

.Bot

.can.mon

itor

.one

.few

.mos

.or.

all.sp

ecic

.ha

bitat

.ty

pes

.wi

thin

.a.co

untry,

.re

gion,

.or.la

ndscape.

Several

.pro

jects

.on.hab

itat

.mon

itoring

.tha

.use.aco

ustic

.and.vid

.fee

.are.bei

.env

isaged,

.in.whi

inf

ormation

.has.to.be.con

veyed

.in.a.tim

e-critical

.fas

hion.

.For.exa

mple,

.Int

.Res

earch

.Lab

oratory

.at.

Ber

keley

. ini

tiated

. a. col

laborative

. pro

ject

. wit

. the. Col

lege

. of. the. Atl

antic

. in. Bar. Har

bor

. and. the.

Uni

versity

.of.Cal

ifornia

.at.Ber

keley

.to.dep

loy

.wir

eless

.sen

sor

.net

works

.on.Gre

.Duc

.Isl

and,

.Mai

ne.

.go

.wa

.to.es

tablish

.a.ha

bitat-monitoring

.ki

.fo

.re

searchers

.wo

rldwide.

11.5.5 target tracking

Tracking.concerns.setting.up.a.track.on.other.objects.momentarily.viewed.from.the.observer’s.own.loca-

tion.

.Tar

get

.tra

cking

.con

cerns

.a.pro

cess

.sta

rting

.wit

.det

ermining

.the.cur

rent

.and.pas

.loc

ations

.and.

oth

.sta

tus

.of.pro

perty

.in.tra

nsit.

.Tra

cking

.and.tra

cing

.is.the.com

pletion

.of.thi

.pro

cess

.wit

.uni

formly

bui

lding

.a.tr

ack

.of.su

.pr

operty

.th

.ar

.fo

rwarded

.to,.pr

ocessed

.fo

.ap

plied

.in

.or.di

sposed

.of.us

age.

WMSN

.can.also.be.used.in.tar

get-tracking

.app

lication,

.whe

.aco

ustic

.senso

.are.ado

pted

.to.loc

alize

the.tar

get.

.Eac

.senso

.nod

.can.acq

uire

.aco

ustic

.sig

nals

.fro

.the.tar

get.

.Var

ious

.ec

ient

.alg

orithms

.are.

used.to.per

form

.rob

ust

.tar

get-position

.for

ecasting

.dur

ing

.tar

get

.tra

cking.

. en.senso

.nod

.aro

und

.the.

tar

get

.are.awa

kened

.acco

rding

.to.the.for

ecasted

.tar

get

.pos

ition.

.Wit

.com

mittee

.deci

sion

.of.senso

.nod

es,

tar

get

.loc

alization

.is.per

formed

.in.a.dis

tributed

.man

ner

.and.the.unc

ertainty

.of.det

ection

.is.redu

ced.

 ese

.WMS

.app

lications

.are.ver

.use

ful

.and.int

eresting;

.how

ever,

.the

.bri

.wit

.the

.a.lot.of.

cha

llenges

.tha

.nee

.to.be.con

sidered

.whe

.dev

eloping

.any.new.WMS

.mot

.or.dep

loying

.a.WMS

net

work.

. e

.te

chnical

.ch

allenges

.ar

.di

scussed

.in.th

.fo

llowing

.se

ction.

11-10 Industrial Communication Systems

11.6 WMSNs’ technical Challenges

WMSN.is.a.cross-disciplinary.research.area.that.involves.communication,.signal.processing,.embedded.

comp

uting,

.and.cont

rol

.theo

ry.

.Sinc

.most.of.the.info

rmation

.in.WMSN

.is.rela

ted

.to.mult

imedia,

.ther

are.a.numb

.of.fac

tors

.tha

.in

uence

.the.desi

.of.WMS

.and.are.des

cribed

.in.thi

.sec

tion.

11.6.1 WMSN application-Specic QoS requirement

WMSNs.must.support.application-specic.QoS.requirements..WMSNs.are.designed.to.address.a.range.

of.appl

ications

.from.simpl

.data.tran

sfer

.as.in.case.of.scal

.netw

orks

.to.mult

imedia

.comm

unication.

 e.mult

imedia

.info

rmation

.may.be.a.snap

shot

.of.an.even

.or.a.stre

aming

.mult

imedia

.cont

ent.

. e.

stre

aming

.mult

imedia

.cont

ent

.comm

unication

.requ

ires

.high.band

width

.and.is.dela

.sens

itive.

.Also

the.stre

aming

.mult

imedia

.info

rmation

.is.gene

rated

.over.long

.time.peri

ods,

.as.oppo

sed

.to.snap

shot

mult

imedia

.info

rmation

.that.cont

ains

.even

t-triggered

.obse

rvations

.obta

ined

.over.a. shor

.peri

.of.

time

.and.is.to.be.conv

eyed

.reli

ably.

.So.the.high

-level

.WMSN.mult

imedia

.algo

rithms

.and.unde

rlying

WMSN.hard

ware

.shou

.have.stro

.link

age

.so.as.to.supp

ort

.appl

ication-specic

.QoS.requ

irements,

keep

ing

.in.view.the.dela

.ener

.cons

umption,

.reli

ability,

.and.netw

ork

.life

time

.cons

traints

.of.WMSN

11.6.2 Scalable and Flexible architectures and Protocols

to Support Heterogeneous

appli

cations

 e.WMSN.design.should.be.exible.enough.for.the.network.expansion.and.support.various.indepen-

dent

.and.hete

rogeneous

.appl

ications.

.So.whil

.desig

ning

.WMSN

.it.is.of.key.impo

rtance

.that.the.unde

lying

.WMSN

-embedded

.desig

.and.proto

col

.suit

.must.supp

ort

.the.hete

rogeneous

.appl

ications

.up.to.

thei

.requ

ired

.QoS.spec

ications

.whil

.ensu

ring

.the.reli

ability,

.priv

acy,

.dela

.and.ener

.cons

traints

as.wel

11.6.3 High Bandwidth

Existing.WSN.architecture.that.supports.scalar.data.communication.requires.less.bandwidth.as.com-

pared

.to.WMSN.arch

itecture,

.wher

.the.data.is.vide

.stre

.by.natu

.requ

iring

.larg

.band

width

.and.is.

high

.dela

.sensi

tive.

.In.WMSN

.hop-b

y-hop

.rout

ing

.natu

re,

.the.node.not.only.send

.its.own.mult

ime-

dia

.info

rmation

.(eit

her

.snap

shot

.of.an.even

.or.stre

aming

.mult

imedia

.cont

ents)

.but.also.the.mult

imedia

and.scal

.data.info

rmation

.from.the.chil

.node

.as.well

.So.the.pare

.node.must.have.larg

.thro

ughput

to.supp

ort

.the.larg

.band

width

.requ

irement

.of.mult

imedia

.info

rmation.

. e.exis

ting

.WSN.node

.that.

supp

ort

.802.

15.4

.stan

dard

.(MIC

Az,

.Telo

sB,

.etc.

)

.have.maxi

mum

.capa

bility

.of.250.kbps

.but.in.the.case.

of.WMSN.appl

ication,

.we.may.requ

ire

.a.band

width

.orde

.of.magn

itude

.high

.than.this.ultr

a-wideband

(UWB

.or.impu

lse

.radi

.tech

nologies

.are.consi

dered

.as.prom

ising

.comm

unication

.tech

nologies

.to.pro-

ide

.hig

.ban

dwidth

.cap

acity

.to.exi

sting

.WMS

.app

lications.

11.6.4 Localized Processing and Data Fusion

In.WMSN,.each.node.gathers.information.(multimedia.by.nature).from.surroundings.and.from.child.

node

.(hop

-by-hop

.netw

ork

.topol

ogy).

.Most.of.the.data.are.unpr

ocessed

.or.raw.in.natu

.[GGC

01],

.car-

ying

.too.much.redu

ndant

.info

rmation,

.whic

.requ

ires

.high.band

width.

.So.the.conc

ept

.of.in-n

etwork

or.loca

lized

.proc

essing

.was.intr

oduced

.to.over

come

.the.eec

.of.raw.data.tran

smission.

.In.case.of.in-

twork

.proc

essing,

.the.gath

ered

.info

rmation

.is.proc

essed

.loca

lly

.at.the.node.side.prio

.to.tran

smission

to.the.pare

.node

.e.g.,.data.of.the.same.even

.take

.by.mult

iple

.vide

.sens

ors

.may.need.to.be.lte

red

to.redu

.the.repe

ated

.info

rmation;

.in.vide

.secu

rity

.appl

ication,

.the.info

rmation

.from.the.inte

rest-

ing

.scen

.can.be.comp

ressed

.to.a.simpl

.scal

.valu

.and.so.on..Howe

ver,

.the.trad

itional

.vide

o/audio

Industrial Strength Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network Technology 11-11

coding.techniques.generally.use.predictive.encoding,.which.requires.complex.encoders,.powerful.pro-

cessing

.alg

orithms

.tha

.con

sume

.lar

.pow

.and.are.not.sui

table

.for.ene

rgy-limited

.WMS

.nod

es.

.So.

an.eo

.to.dev

elop

.dis

tributed

.sou

rce

.cod

ing

.tha

.emp

loys

.simp

.enc

oder

.is.dis

cussed

.in.[GA

RM05].

Per

forming

.the.loc

alized

.or.in-

network

.pro

cessing

.tec

hniques

.sub

stantially

.res

ults

.in.the.red

uction

.of.

the.ban

dwidth

.con

sumed.

.Whi

.usin

.the

.alg

orithms,

.it.sho

uld

.be.kept.in.min

.tha

.WMS

.has.

mor

.str

ict

.ene

rgy

.con

straints

.as.com

pared

.to.WSN

.so.the.in-

network

.pro

cessing

.alg

orithms

.sho

uld

be.en

ergy

.e

cient.

11.6.5 Energy-Efficient Design

Power.consumption.is.of.greater.concern.than.in.traditional.sensor.networks.as.multimedia.applica-

tions

.pro

duce

.hig

.vol

umes

.of.dat

.whi

.req

uire

.hig

.tra

nsmission

.rat

.and.ext

ensive

.pro

cessing.

 is.cha

llenge

.cla

ims

.for.ene

rgy

.awa

reness

.at.all.the.lay

ers

.of.the.pro

tocol

.sta

ck,

.in.ord

.to.max

imize

the.ne

twork

.li

fetime,

.pr

oviding

.th

.re

quired

.Qo

.pr

ovisions.

11.6.6 reliability and Fault tolerance

In.WMSN,.the.reliability.and.fault-tolerance.behavior.of.node.is.of.critical.importance..A.number.of.

sen

sor

.nod

.in.a.WMS

.may.fai

.or.bre

akdown

.due.to.the.dep

letion

.of.bat

tery

.pow

er,

.phy

sical

.dam

age,

.or.bec

ause

.of.the.ext

reme

.int

erference

.cau

sed

.by.the.har

.env

ironments

.in.whi

.the

.ope

rate.

 e.fai

lure

.of.the

.sen

sor

.nod

.sho

uld

.not.hav

.an.ee

.on.the.ove

rall

.fun

ctioning

.and.rel

iability

.of.

the.WMS

.Mor

.imp

ortantly,

.the.mul

timedia

.sen

sor

.nod

.ope

rating

.und

.str

ict

.ene

rgy

.con

straints

hav

.lim

ited

.ene

rgy

.bud

get

.ded

icated

.to.tes

ting

.and.fau

.tole

rance.

.Mor

eover,

.the.sec

urity

.and.pri

vacy

.con

cerns

.oe

.pre

vent

.ext

ensive

.tes

ting

.pro

cedures.

.Fau

.tole

rance

.is.the.abi

lity

.to.mai

ntain

.the.

fun

ctionalities

.of.the.WMS

.wit

hout

.any.disr

uption

.cau

sed

.by.sen

sor

.nod

.mal

functions.

.Pro

tocols

and.alg

orithms

.nee

.to.be.dev

eloped

.to.dea

.wit

.the.lev

.of.fau

.tole

rance

.req

uired

.by.the.WMS

Ns.

 e.lev

.of.fau

.tole

rance

.wil

.dep

end

.on.the.spe

cic

.app

lication

.sce

nario.

.For.exa

mple,

.a.WMS

dep

loyed

.for.hom

.auto

mation

.is.mos

.lik

ely

.to.hav

.a.low.fau

lt-tolerance

.req

uirement

.sinc

.the.cha

nce

of.sen

sor

.nod

.bei

.easi

.dam

aged

.or.int

erfered

.by.har

.env

ironmental

.con

ditions

.is.ext

remely

low

.Alt

ernatively,

.a.WMS

.dep

loyed

.in.a.bat

tleeld

.for.sur

veillance

.wou

.req

uire

.a.ver

.hig

.fau

lt-

tolerance

.lev

.bec

ause

.the.sen

sed

.dat

.are.cru

cial

.and.the.sen

sor

.nod

.hav

.a.hig

her

.pro

bability

.of.

bei

.da

maged

.by.th

.ho

stile

.co

nditions.

11.6.7 Multimedia Coverage

Video.camera.is.generally.used.as.a.video.sensor.in.WMSN.node;.it.has.large.sensing.radii.and.is.sensi-

tive

.to.the.dir

ection

.of.acq

uisition.

. e.cov

erage

.rad

.of.the.vid

.sen

sor

.de

.the.ee

ctive

.cov

erage

of.the.WMS

.nod

.and.the

.col

lective

.con

tribution

.de

nes

.the.ee

ctive

.cov

erage

.of.the.WMS

. e.

ec

iency

.of.a.WMS

.hea

vily

.dep

ends

.on.the.cor

rect

.ori

entation

.[YH

SG06]

.(i.

e.,

.vie

.of.its.ind

ividual

sen

sory

.uni

.in.the.el

.[NW

08].

.Ec

ient

.ene

rgy-aware

.alg

orithms

.to.det

ermine

.nod

e’s

.mul

timedia

cov

erage

.and.nd.the.sen

sor

.ori

entation

.tha

.min

imizes

.the.neg

ative

.ee

.of.occ

lusions

.and.ove

rlapping

reg

ions

.in.the.sen

sing

.el

.are.gen

erally

.req

uired.

. is.ena

bles

.mul

timedia

.sen

sor

.nod

.to.com

pute

the

.di

rectional

.co

verage

.le

ading

.to.an.e

cient

.an

.se

lf-congurable

.se

nsor

.or

ientation

.ca

lculation.

11.6.8 Integration with IP and Various Other Wireless technologies

Integrating.the.wireless.sensor.network.to.the.existing.IP.or.other.wireless.technologies.is.today’s.hot.

topi

.of.res

earch.

.It.is.of.fun

damental

.imp

ortance

.for.the.com

mercial

.dev

elopment

.of.sen

sor

.net

works

to.pro

vide

.ser

vices

.tha

.all

.que

rying

.the.sen

sor

.net

work

.fro

.any

where

.so.as.to.ret

rieve

.the.desi

red

inf

ormation.

.So.IP.pro

tocol

.sui

.is.to.be.inc

orporated

.in.the.exi

sting

.sen

sor’s

.com

munication

.pro

tocol

11-12 Industrial Communication Systems

stack..Also.large-scale.sensor.network.may.be.created.by.interconnecting.the.local.islands.of.the.sensors.

thro

ugh

.othe

.wire

less

.tech

nologies

.with

out

.sacr

icing

.the.oper

ational

.eci

encies

.with

.each.indi

vidual

.tec

hnology

.[AM

C07,BFNPV07].

11.7 Conclusion

In.this.chapter,.we.discussed.in.general.about.WMSN..A.basic.introduction.to.the.WMSN.technol-

ogy

.was.prov

ided

.by.disc

ussing

.WMSN.arch

itecture

.and.the.asso

ciated

.hard

ware,

.whic

.incl

uded

.low-

-high

.reso

lution

.WMSN.mote

.used.in.depl

oying

.any.WMSN.netw

ork.

.A.deta

iled

.expl

anation

.was.

prov

ided

.on.die

rent

.WMSN.arch

itectures

.and.thei

.asso

ciated

.adva

ntages

.and.disa

dvantages,

.whic

can.be.used.by.any.netw

ork

.desig

ned

.when.desig

ning

.or.depl

oying

.a.WMSN.for.any.give

.appl

ication

like.surv

eillance,

.tra

.moni

toring,

.pers

onal

.and.heal

.care

.habi

tat

.moni

toring,

.and.targ

.trac

king.

Adet

ailed

.desc

ription

.was.then.prov

ided

.on.the.tech

nical

.chal

lenges

.asso

ciated

.with.WMSN.and.how.

thes

.coul

.be.miti

gated

.by.arri

ving

.at.reas

onable

.trad

e-os

.in.desig

. e.next.chapt

.will.focu

.on.

WMSN.comm

unication

.proto

col

.stac

.whic

.incl

udes

.the.foll

owing

.laye

rs:

.appl

ication

.laye

.tran

sport

laye

.net

work

.lay

er,

.MAC.lay

er,

.and.phy

sical

.lay

er.

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