Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

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Radio Frequency Identication 8-19

Experience.acquired.in.the.successful.deployment.of.an.RFID.for.productivity.enhancement.in.the.

manufacturing.sector.is.certainly.pertinent.in.the.service.sector,.including.those.provided.by.govern-

mental

.and.the.nongovernmental.organizations..To.this.end,.the.existing.applications.of.the.HF.RFID.

or.the.vicinity.card.in.the.service.industry.are.especially.vulnerable.for.replacement.

.use.of.a.long-range.RFID.in.e-IDs,.e-passports,.and.tickets.for.access.control.is.of.particular.

interest.because.it.would.induce.profound.changes.in.our.daily.lives..However,.many.groups.of.special.

interest.have.claimed.that.the.RFID.would.infringe.on.their.privacy;.therefore,.many.RFID.applications.

are.experiencing.undue.oppositions,.especially.in.liberal.western.countries.. is.issue.will.be.further.

examined.under.a.subsequent.heading..Even.though.many.hurdles.must.be.scaled,.it.is.foreseen.that.

many.vicinity.card.systems.will.be.replaced.by.UHF.RFID.schemes,.eventually.

Although

.a.tag.could.be.killed.at.a.point-of-sale,.it.is.advisable.to.keep.it.alive.in.a.dierent.mode..In.

fact,.keeping.its.tag.accessible.in.post-sales.interrogations.could.distinguish.the.UHF.RFID.from.other.

AIDC.schemes..However,.it.also.implies.that.every.man.or.woman.will.carry.many.tags.at.all.times,.and.

they.will.be.interrogated.numerous.times.by.equally.numerous.readers.hidden.everywhere,.everyday..

In.short,.the.ubiquity.of.the.RFID.will.create.many.opportunities.on.the.one.hand.and.equally.many.

technical.and.nontechnical.problems.on.the.other.

(a)

(b)

(c)

FIGURE 8.13 UHF.RFID.tags.

8-20 Industrial Communication Systems

8.26 role reversal

As.demonstrated.in.the.receiving.and.the.dispatching.system.of.the.armed.forces,.a.pallet.with.a.valid.

RFID.labe

.woul

.be.dire

cted

.to.the.desig

nated

.loca

tion

.whil

.one.with

out

.a.tag.woul

.be.rejec

ted.

Shou

.a.carto

.with.no.tag.be.bund

led

.on.a.pall

.with.a.vali

.labe

.it.will.also.be.stopp

.beca

use

the.numbe

.of.carto

.tags.dete

cted

.is.not.equa

.to.the.numbe

.of.carto

.on.the.decl

aration

.and.that.

con

rmed

.by.vis

ual

.ins

pection.

.sequ

ence

.repr

esents

.a.mark

.die

rence

.from.that.of.an.HF.RFID.syst

em.

. e.acce

.cont

rol

curr

ently

.adopt

.in.most.mass.tran

sit

.syst

ems

.work

.if.and.only.if.a.pass

enger

.pres

ents

.a.vali

.card.

for.exam

ination,

.a.stri

ctly

.volu

nteering

.proc

ess.

.A.UHF.RFID.read

er,

.on.the.othe

.hand

.dete

cts

.a.tag.

at.a.dist

ance

.even.when.visu

.cont

act

.is.bloc

ked

.by.an.obst

acle,

.a.proa

ctive

.sche

me.

.In.othe

.word

.the.

gate

keeper

.in.a.HF.syst

.does.noth

ing

.but.wait.passi

vely

.for.the.blac

.shee

.to.show.up,.whil

.its.UHF.

coun

terpart

.act

ively

.loo

.for.it.and.act

.acc

ordingly.

.role.reve

rsal

.has.indu

ced

.dras

tic

.chan

ges

.in.the.manu

facturing

.and.serv

ice

.indu

stries.

.In.fact

.its.

impa

.will.be.felt.in.othe

.secto

.too,.as.the.RFID.will.nd.many.gove

rnment

.and.civi

lian

.appl

ications.

Alth

ough

.the.pres

ent

.chan

.is.mere

.a.simpl

.augm

entation,

.it.make

.some.impo

ssible

.task

.feasi

ble;

whil

.som

.of.the.per

missible

.cur

rent

.pra

ctices

.wou

.be.for

bidden

.for.leg

.and.oth

.rea

sons.

8.27 Historical Development

Strictly.speaking,.“interrogation”.is.not.a.new.technique,.as.it.had.been.used.in.World.War.II.for.deter-

mining

.whet

her

.the.inco

ming

.yin

.objec

.was.a.frie

.or.a.foe..Anal

ogous

.tech

niques

.are.stil

.used.

today.to.sear

.for.the.tran

sponder

.carr

ied

.by.a.ght

.pilo

.More

over,

.clum

.8.2.MHz.1.bit.passi

elec

tronic

.arti

cle

.surv

eillance

.(EAS

)

.tags.are.stil

.foun

.in.many.bout

iques

.and.habe

rdashers

.for.dete

ring

.shop

liing.

.Surp

risingly,

.this.tech

nique

.was.laun

ched

.46.year

.ago.and.it.has.been.work

ing

.con-

inuously

.with

out

.a.brea

.an.extr

emely

.rare.phen

omenon

.in.the.histo

.of.tech

nological

.deve

lopments.

.fact

.RFID.tech

nology

.has.been.used.in.regi

stering

.dome

stic

.anim

als

.ever.since.the.1980

.Using.

soph

isticated

.pack

aging

.tech

nologies,

.a.passi

.134.

.kHz.HDX.tag.is.sque

ezed

.into.a.rice

-size

.caps

ule.

Regi

stration

.is.comp

leted

.by.impl

anting

.the.caps

ule

.bene

ath

.the.skin.of.an.anim

al.

.Simi

larly,

.by.atta

ch-

ing

.a.larg

.125.kHz.FDX.tran

sponder

.on.the.back.of.an.enda

ngered

.wild

life

.spec

ies,

.its.move

ment

.in.

the.natu

ral

.habi

tat

.coul

.be.trac

ked

.via.a.low-

orbit

.sate

llite.

.Simi

lar

.RFID.tech

nology

.has.been.used.by.

farm

ers

.who.have.expe

rienced

.dic

ulties

.in.coun

ting

.thei

.catt

.wand

ering

.in.a.mamm

oth

.rang

.in.

Cana

da.

. e.latt

.tags.are.also.used.in.ship

ping

.anim

als

.for.slau

ghter

.and.othe

.busin

ess

.tran

sactions.

.fact

.the.true.ance

stor

.of.the.mode

.passi

.RFID.with.memo

.was.inve

nted

.by.Mari

.Card

ullo

in.1971.and.a.U.S..pate

.was.appr

oved

.in.1973.[21]

. e.idea.was.soun

.but.the.tech

nologies

.at.that.

time.were.not.read

.Iron

ically,

.the.need

.tech

nologies

.were.read

.aer.the.expi

.of.Card

ullo’s

.pate

nt.

8.28 Privacy Infringement

Aer.years.of.passionate.debates,.erce.quarrels,.and.occasional.ghts.in.parliamentary.chambers.and.

at.info

rmal

.gath

erings

.on.the.prob

able

.priv

acy

.infr

ingement,

.most.peop

.in.libe

ral

.coun

tries

.have.

nal

.acce

pted

.that.the.curr

ent

.tren

.of.RFID.deve

lopments

.cann

.be.stopp

ed.

. e.clai

med

.priv

acy

infr

ingement

.may.be.vali

.but.it.is.not.due.to.the.use.of.HF.RFID.tech

nologies

.in.maki

.a.reli

able

.and.a.

vers

atile

.iden

tity

.card.or.pass

port.

.Toda

.the.heat

.deba

.has.been.reop

ened

.as.a.resu

.of.the.plan

ned

upgr

ading

.of.the.HF.RFI

.to.the.UHF.RFI

.pro

bably

.due.to.rol

.rev

ersal.

Claims

.of.priv

acy

.infr

ingement

.are.a.comp

lete

.fall

acy

.beca

use

.we.have.alre

ady

.deli

berately

.chos

to.info

.the.serv

ice

.prov

ider

.of.our.exac

.loca

tions

.by.turn

ing

.on.our.mobi

.phon

es.

. e.netw

ork

oper

ator

.need

.to.keep.trac

.of.our.move

ment,

.othe

rwise

.we.coul

.not.rece

ive

.any.inco

ming

.call

.Using.

the.late

.tech

nologies,

.our.loca

tions

.coul

.be.accu

rately

.asse

ssed

.to.with

.a.few.mete

rs.

.For.accu

rate

bill

ing,

.the.oper

ator

.has.a.comp

lete

.reco

.of.our.loca

tions

.in.mont

hs.

.It.is.total

.illo

gical

.to.clai

.that.

Radio Frequency Identication 8-21

a.private.company.could.be.trusted.to.protect.our.personal.records.from.illegal.use,.when.we.cannot.

entr

ust

.the.gove

rnment

.with.it..It.is.also.argu

.that.a.mobi

.phon

.is.die

rent

.beca

use

.we.coul

.retu

to.anon

ymity

.by.turn

ing

.our.mobi

.phon

.o..Simi

larly,

.we.need.to.carr

.our.e-ID.if.and.only.if.we.

want.to.ente

.some.cont

rolled

.area

.othe

rwise

.it.coul

.be.safe

.kept.at.home

.Aer.entr

.we.coul

.keep.

our.pri

vacy

.by.hid

ing

.the.e-I

.in.a.met

allic

.bag

.suc

.as.a.bag.for.pot

ato

.chi

ps.

Concern

.abou

.the.loss.of.priv

acy

.goes.hand

-in-hand

.with.the.deve

lopment

.of.the.AIDC.from.the.

issu

ance

.of.the.rst.EPC.bar.code

.Toda

.a.pers

onal

.trai

.coul

.be.trac

ked

.via.one’

.use.of.the.cred

.card

the.vici

nity

.card

.the.prep

aid

.card

.the.elec

tronic

.key,.the.elec

tronic

.tick

et,

.the.mobil

.phon

.the.iPod

the.iPho

ne,

.the.xed

-line

.or.the.wire

less

.netw

ork

.conn

ection,

.the.e-ID

.and.the.e-pa

ssport.

. e.RFID.is.

simp

.anot

her

.vari

ation

.of.the.same.them

. e.asso

ciation

.of.a.prod

uct

.brou

ght

.with.a.buye

.may.leav

a.fain

.trac

.of.the.wher

eabouts

.of.the.pers

.invo

lved,

.but.it.is.cert

ainly

.not.a.reli

able

.one..Howe

ver,

.it.

may.be.the.last.cue.for.loca

ting

.a.miss

ing

.pers

.for.resc

ue.

.From.the.tech

nical

.poin

.of.view

.the.assu

red

bene

ts

.obtai

ned

.from.havi

.a.long

-range

.hand

s-free

.ID.outw

eigh

.the.pote

ntial

.loss.of.priv

acy

.in.abso

lute

.term

.[22]

.At.leas

.it.is.a.view.of.an.old-

fashioned

.Asia

.livi

.in.a.cons

ervative

.Asia

.coun

try.

8.29 recent Developments

At.the.present.stage.of.development,.there.exist.many.compatible.and.incompatible.protocols.in.the.

mark

et.

.To.bett

.unde

rstand

.the.subs

equent

.disc

ussions,

.the.ISO.1800

0-6C,

.an.air.inte

rface

.for.RFID.

at.860

–960

.MHz,.is.use

.as.an.ill

ustration.

.usua

.the.memo

.of.an.RFID.tag.is.divi

ded

.into.many.eld

.In.addi

tion

.to.the.8.bit.head

.and.

the.36.bit.seri

.numbe

.room

.have.been.rese

rved

.for.the.comp

any

.(28.bit).and.the.objec

.clas

.of.the.

tag.(24.bit)

.With.the.ever

-increasing

.popu

larity

.of.the.RFID

.the.memo

.has.been.expa

nded

.from.64.

to.96.bit.as.illu

strated

.in.Tabl

.8.3..For.the.EPCg

lobal

.Clas

.1.Gene

ration

.2.(Gen.2).tag,.a.32.bit.erro

corr

ection

.was.aug

mented

.to.the.96.bit.sta

ndard

.and.a.kil

.com

mand

.was.add

ed.

.memo

.of.Gen.2.was.late

.amen

ded

.to.256.bit.[23]

. e.extr

.spac

.of.128.bit.is.unde

ned,

.a.room.

rese

rved

.for.any.nati

.to.den

.spec

ial

.comm

ands

.to.be.used.with

.its.juri

sdiction

.for.cate

ring

.to.its.

spec

ic

.nee

.due.to.its.uni

que

.cul

tural

.her

itage,

.rel

igious

.bac

kground,

.and.lev

.of.ind

ustrialization.

Nowadays,

.the.tren

.of.deve

lopment

.is.to.furt

her

.expa

.the.memo

.whil

.keep

ing

.the.Gen.2.data.

stru

cture

.inta

ct.

.Toge

ther

.with.a.48.bit.over

head,

.a.304.bit.EPC.bank.is.crea

ted.

.It.is.very.like

.that.the.

EPC.bank.woul

.be.used.as.a.comm

.plat

form

.for.mult

isystem

.and.mult

istandard

.oper

ations.

.In.addi

tion

.to.the.seri

.numbe

.in.Gen.2,.a.bank.of.64.bit.is.adde

.on.top.of.the.EPC.bank.for.a.uniq

.iden

tication

.of.the.tag.(TID

)

.acco

rding

.to.the.ISO.1596

.reco

mmendations.

.To.dist

inguish

.this.TID.from.

the.ID.foun

.in.the.EPC.bank

.they.are.call

.ISO-

TID

.and.EPC-

TID,

.resp

ectively.

.To.addr

ess

.dive

rse

nati

onal

.need

.an.extr

.64.bit.is.incl

uded

.for.stora

.of.four.pass

words

.for.acce

ssing

.spec

ial

.comm

ands

and.the.“ki

ll”

.com

mands

.as.sho

.in.Tab

.8.4

Compared

.with.the.32.bit.EPC-TID.in.the.36.bit.serial.number,.42.bit.in.the.TID.bank.are.reserved.

for.the.ISO-

TID.

.Henc

.the.maxi

mum

.numbe

.of.iden

tications

.has.been.incr

eased

.from.4.29

.×.10

.to.

4.39

.×.10

..Assuming.that.one.trillion.tags.will.be.consumed.annually,.the.ISO-TID.alone.could.last.

for.seve

ral

.year

.Howe

ver,

.if.it.is.used.in.conj

unction

.with.the.EPC-

TID,

.the.tag.coul

.be.used.almo

inde

nitely.

.“kil

l”

.comm

and

.in.Gen.2.is.a.note

worthy

.new.feat

ure

.that.warr

ants

.in-d

epth

.disc

ussion.

. is.

comm

and

.enab

les

.any.oper

ator

.to.disa

ble

.any.tag.perm

anently.

.It.was.perh

aps

.crea

ted

.for.less

ening

.our.

worr

.on.the.loss.of.priv

acy

.as.it.diss

ociates

.a.prod

uct

.from.its.new.owne

.In.doin

.so,.it.coul

.also.

reli

eve

.the.pro

jected

.tra

c

.con

gestion

.due.to.the.simu

ltaneous

.arr

ival

.of.man

.tag

TABLE 8.3 e.96.bit.EPC.Bank

Header

8.Bit

Manager.Number

28.Bit

Object.Class

24.Bit

Serial.Number

36.Bit

.0 0.1.F.B.A.3 2.E.F.9.7.0 7.3.4.5.A.3.5.1.B.E

8-22 Industrial Communication Systems

It.is.denitely.an.overkill.as.it.would.make. tags.vulnerable.to.intentional.sabotage..Preferably,.

a.“kil

l”

.comm

and

.shou

.be.used.to.down

grade

.the.mode.of.oper

ation

.to.the.“kil

led”

.leve

.In.the.

modi

ed

.init

ialization

.proc

ess,

.the.read

.woul

.be.aler

ted

.that.“kil

led”

.tags.are.foun

.in.the.near.

vici

nity.

.In.case.of.fail

.init

ialization,

.a.“kil

led”

.tag.will.go.to.slee

.wake.up.aer.a.rela

tively

.long.

peri

od,

.go.back.to.slee

.agai

.unle

.a.broa

dcast

.from.the.inte

rrogator

.is.hear

.anno

uncing

.that.all.

tags.oper

ating

.in.the.rst.mode.have.been.clea

red.

. en.all.rema

ining

.tags.will.comp

ete

.for.conn

ec-

tion

.on.equa

.grou

nd.

8.30 Dual authentication

Since.sophisticated.equipment.is.needed.to.modify.the.data.stored.in.the.protected.area,.it.is.beyond.the.

reac

.of.most.make

.of.coun

terfeit

.prod

ucts.

.Henc

.both.the.EPC-

TID

.and.the.ISO-

TID

.are.rela

tively

safe.from.alte

ration.

.Unfo

rtunately,

.the.tag.on.a.bran

.name.prod

uct

.coul

.be.remo

ved

.and.past

.on.a.

coun

terfeit

.one..To.this.end,.it.is.prop

osed

.to.regi

ster

.a.sale

.tran

saction

.with.the.manu

facturer

.via.

a.real

-time

.comm

unications

.chan

nel.

.Once.con

rmed,

.the.tag.coul

.be.kill

.by.the.reta

iler

.by.chec

ing

.one.of.the.unde

ned

.bits.in.the.EPC.bank

.By.erasi

.one.of.the.kill.pass

words,

.the.kill

ing

.proc

ess

cann

.be.reve

rsed.

.As.a.resu

.of.this.dual

-authentication

.proc

ess,

.a.prod

uct

.with.a.“kil

led”

.tag.coul

only.be.sol

.as.a.sec

ond

.han

ded

.ite

.proc

ess

.is.simi

lar

.to.the.regi

stration

.of.a.new.car.with.the.gove

rnment

.and.the.subse

quent

.sale.of.

a.used.car..More

over,

.the.regi

stration

.ensu

res

.that.a.second.hand.prod

uct

.coul

.only.be.sold.by.the.regi

tered

.owne

.In.othe

.word

.by.lin

.a.comp

laint

.of.an.item.lost.in.burg

lary

.with.the.poli

ce,

.the.chan

of.recov

ering

.it.from.a.pawn

shop

.coul

.be.incr

eased.

.In.theo

ry,

.a.stol

.valua

ble

.coul

.also.be.detec

ted

via.a.matr

.of.inte

rrogators

.inst

alled

.at.the.majo

.meet

ing

.poin

ts,

.such.as.shop

ping

.cent

ers,

.subw

.sta-

ions,

.and.airp

orts.

.In.prac

tice,

.it.is.not.feas

ible

.becau

.extr

emely

.fast.inte

rrogators

.woul

.be.requ

ired

.to.

hand

.the.larg

.data

base

.of.stol

.good

.in.a.metr

opolitan

.area.at.the.real.time.mode

.not.to.ment

ion

.the.

manp

ower

.needed

. e.data

base

.in.a.smal

.town.may.be.mana

geable,

.but.unfo

rtunately

.the.latt

er’s

.budg

is.also.very.smal

.for.inst

alling

.a.netw

ork

.of.inte

rrogators.

.None

theless,

.as.the.tag.of.auth

entication

.is.sold.

with.the.prod

uct,

.its.prese

nce

.or.absen

.woul

.prov

ide

.a.law.enfo

rcement

.oce

.an.almi

ghty

.lega

.tool.in.

iden

tifying

.and.con

scating

.a.coun

terfeit

.prod

uct.

Information

.obtained.from.the.manufacturer.is.not.necessarily.limited.to.the.1-bit.conrmation..

Pharmaceutical

companies

and

processed

food

producers

could

return

the

date

expiry

and

other

rele

vant

.info

rmation

.with.the.con

rmation.

.At.the.disc

retion

.of.the.buye

.proc

essed

.food.coul

.stil

be.sold.shor

tly

.aer.expi

ry,

.but.both.part

ies

.of.conc

ern

.must.be.info

rmed.

.With.the.real

-time

.dual

authentication

.ass

urance,

.con

sumers

.in.Chi

.wil

.reg

ain

.con

dence

.in.buy

ing

.bra

nd-named

.liq

uor.

TABLE 8.4 e.432.bit.ST.XRAG.2.Memory.Structure

User TID EPC Reserved

Bank

.11 Ba

.10 Ban

.01 Ban

.00

128

.Bit

.Bit 176.Bit 64.Bit

.to.7F

.to.3F

.to.0F

.to.1F

.to.9F

.to.AF

.to.1F

.to.3F

User.(128.bit)

TID

.(64.bit)

C16

.(16.bit)

PC.+.AFI/NSI.(16.bit)

EPC.(128.bit)

RFU

.(16.bit)

ill

.pas

sword

.(16.bit)

ccess

.pas

sword

.(16.bit)

Radio Frequency Identication 8-23

8.31 trace-and-track

Fully.convinced.of.the.potential.gains.oered.by.the.RFID,.a.smart.R&D.system.has.been.installed.

in.Walm

art

.for.more.eci

ent

.inve

ntory

.contr

.and.bett

.mark

.intel

ligence.

.Sinc

.line

-of-sight

is.not.requ

ired

.for.tag.dete

ction,

.misp

laced

.pall

ets

.and.cart

ons

.coul

.be.foun

.via.a.netw

ork

.of.sta-

ionary

.inter

rogators

.and.supp

lemented

.by.hand

held

.read

ers.

.Sign

icant

.savi

.coul

.be.achi

eved

by.loca

ting

.an.over

stocked

.item.in.one.ware

house

.for.repl

enishing

.the.unde

rstocked

.cond

ition

.in.

anot

her

.store

.In.conj

unction

.with.terr

estrial

.and.sate

llite

.comm

unications

.link

.an.accu

rate

.real

-time

trac

e-and-track

.of.merc

handise

.thro

ughout

.the.worl

.coul

.be.cond

ucted

.for.upco

ming

.prom

tional

.acti

vities.

Recall

.that.info

rmation

.obta

ined

.from.the.manu

facturer

.is.more.than.a.simpl

.con

rmation,

.the.

reve

rse

.is.also.vali

.Depe

ndent

.on.the.objec

.clas

.of.a.tag,.the.IP.addr

ess

.of.the.read

.and.the.ID.

numbe

.of.the.oper

ator

.coul

.be.sent.to.the.manu

facturer

.with.the.TID..Toge

ther

.with.the.date.and.the.

time.of.tran

saction,

.thes

.ID.numbe

.coul

.be.store

.in.the.data

base

.of.the.give

.tag.. is.prop

osal

.is.

welc

ome

.in.Chin

.wher

.care

less

.cont

amination

.and.deli

berate

.pois

oning

.in.proc

essed

.food.is.a.major.

issu

.of.conc

ern.

.Base

.on.the.info

rmation

.prov

ided

.by.the.manu

facturer,

.the.orig

.of.erro

.coul

.be.

loca

ted

.and.clea

red.

.More

over,

.as.the.hand

lers’

.iden

tities

.in.all.node

.of.the.logi

stics

.chai

.have.been.

reco

rded,

.the.pers

.resp

onsible

.for.the.erro

.coul

.be.iden

tied.

. e.abil

ity

.to.trac

.is.a.powe

rful

tool.in.dete

rring

.a.frus

trated

.empl

oyee

.or.any.othe

.pers

.from.comm

itting

.this.type.of.crim

inal

.act..

Fina

lly,

.but.not.the.leas

.it.must.be.emph

asized

.that.this.appa

rently

.tedi

ous

.dual

-authentication

.proc

ess

is.cost

less

.beca

use

.send

ing

.a.1-bit.con

rmation

.take

.as.much.time.as.send

ing

.it.with.othe

.ID.numbe

because.the.overheads.needed.to.set.up.a.communication.channel.involves.the.sending.of.thousands.of.

bits.to.and.fro.bet

ween

.bot

.end

.of.the.lin

8.32 Innovative applications

 rough.examples.cited.in.the.previous.headings,.the.intrinsic.characteristics.of.the.UHF.RFID.have.

been.demo

nstrated.

.Its.pote

ntials

.have.also.been.expl

ored

.via.some.prop

ositions.

.Prob

ably

.due.to.the.

bar.code.ment

ality,

.deve

lopments

.of.RFID.tech

nologies

.have.outp

aced

.conc

eptions

.of.inge

niously

.new.

RFID.app

lications,

.not.to.men

tion

.sys

tem

.dep

loyments.

Although

.the.RFID.is.trea

ted

.as.a.wire

less

.bar.code.in.Walm

art’s

.inve

ntory

.syst

em,

.subs

tantial

.valu

have.been.adde

.to.just

ify

.the.nit

.cost.of.RFID.tags

.Cert

ainly,

.depl

oyment

.of.an.RFID.inve

ntory

.sys-

.in.a.haza

rdous

.envi

ronment

.is.just

ied.

.For.the.clos

ely

.pack

.tank

.of.ina

mmable

.gas.in.an.open.

spac

.or.a.ware

house,

.a.real

-time

.chec

.of.tags.via.a.netw

ork

.of.inte

rrogators

.on.lamp.post

.or.moun

ted

on.the.ceil

ing

.is.den

itely

.pref

erred

.to.the.clos

.up.read

ing

.of.vici

nity

.card

.one-b

y-one

.by.an.oper

ator

using.a.hand

held

.devi

ce.

. e.extr

.expe

nditure

.is.just

ied

.in.some.high

-prole

.even

ts,

.such.as.the.New.

York.Mara

thon

.and.the.Tour.de.Fran

.wher

.thou

sands

.of.part

icipants

.must.be.coun

ted

.in.no.time

Due.to.rol

.rev

ersal,

.the.RFI

.sys

tem

.cou

.als

.be.use

.to.det

ect

.che

ating,

.an.inv

aluable

.val

.add

ed.

.prev

iously

.ment

ioned,

.HF.RFID.syst

ems

.are.vuln

erable

.for.repl

acement.

.One.of.the.like

.casu

al-

ties

.is.the.inve

ntory

.syst

.for.libr

aries.

. e.prin

cipal

.reas

.for.this.chan

.is.the.adopt

ion

.of.the.UHF.

RFID.by.the.logi

stics

.indu

stry.

.It.is.fore

seen

.that.ever

.new.book.will.have.a.UHF.RFID.tag.embed

ded

in.an.invi

sible

.loca

tion

.befo

.ship

ment;

.ther

efore,

.signi

cant

.manp

ower

.coul

.be.save

.from.atta

ching

an.HF.RFID.tag.(Fig

ure

.8.14

)

.on.a.new.book.manu

ally,

.the.most.time

-consuming

.and.expe

nsive

.pro-

ess

.in.the.depl

oyment

.of.a.smar

.libr

ary

.syst

em.

.Besid

.the.mult

ibook

.self

-service

.chec

.out.and.the.

mult

ibook

.easy

-return

.syst

ems

.(Fig

ure

.8.15

.libr

ary

.util

ization

.coul

.be.enha

nced

.thro

ugh

.the.smar

book.sorting.machine.(Figure.8.16).and.the.smart.bookshelves.equipped.with.multiple.antennas.for.a.

real

-time

.inve

ntory

.chec

.For.exam

ple,

.the.libr

ary

.of.the.City.Univ

ersity

.of.Hong.Kong.was.orig

inally

desig

ned

.for.10,0

.stud

ents,

.but.it.now.serv

.more.than.20,0

.stud

ents

.with.more.than.a.mill

ion

volu

mes.

.Henc

.one.half.of.the.book

.are.store

.o.camp

us.

.For.acce

.to.thes

.book

.a.stud

ent

.has.

to.brow

.thro

ugh

.the.Web.and.orde

.it.as.if.it.were.an.inte

rlibrary

.loan

.Usua

lly,

.the.book.will.be.

8-24 Industrial Communication Systems

available.for.collection.in.less.than.24.h..Instead.of.getting.it.from.a.library.assistant,.a.student.has.to.

bro

wse

.thr

ough

.the.Web.aga

.and.the

.fet

.it.fro

.one.of.the.sma

.boo

kshelves.

.Mor

eover,

.bet

ter

boo

.uti

lization

.cou

.be.obt

ained

.by.con

verting

.the.car

.for.tem

porarily

.hol

ding

.boo

.put.bac

by.stu

dents

.ae

.rea

ding

.it.in.the.lib

rary.

.Usu

ally,

.it.tak

.day

.bef

ore

.the

.boo

.are.ret

urned

.to.the.

desi

gnated

.loc

ations

.by.a.lib

rary

.assi

stant.

.With.sma

.car

.(Fi

gure

.8.1

7),

.the

.boo

.cou

.be.loc

ated

ele

ctronically

.dur

ing

.the.bla

ckout

.per

iod.

.For.bet

ter

.cos

.ee

ctiveness,

.it.is.not.adv

isable

.to.con

vert

.all.

boo

kshelves

.in.a.lib

rary

.into.sma

.one

.bec

ause

.an.occ

asional

.inv

entory

.cou

.be.con

ducted

.by.ope

ra-

tors

.usi

.ha

ndheld

.re

aders.

Since

.man

.tag

.cou

.be.rea

.at.the.sam

.tim

.the.RFI

.is.ide

.for.cas

.whe

.simu

ltaneous

.tag.

mat

ching

.is.pre

ferred.

.Tod

ay,

.the.iss

.of.mos

.con

cern

.is.the.dis

pensing

.of.med

icine.

.In.fac

.the.pro

cess

.cou

.be.mad

.auto

matic

.pro

vided

.tha

.pil

.in.sta

ndard

.size

.are.del

ivered

.in.tap

.as.if.the

.wer

ele

ctronic

.com

ponents.

.Sim

ilar

.to.the.pla

cement

.of.ele

ctronic

.com

ponents

.onto.a.PCB.boa

rd,

.di

er-

ent

.pil

.for.a.giv

.pat

ient

.are.ord

erly

.tra

nsferred

.into.ano

ther

.tap

.in.acc

ordance

.wit

.the.pat

tern

.of.

FIGURE 8.15 Multibook.self-check.out.machine.for.the.library.of.the.City.University.of.Hong.Kong.

FIGURE 8.14 HF.RFID.tag.for.libraries.

Radio Frequency Identication 8-25

daily.consumption.for.the.entire.hospital.stay..A.tag.is.then.attached.at.the.end.of.the.tape.(Figure.8.18)..

Err

oneous

.dis

pensing

.cou

.be.pre

vented

.by.mat

ching

.the.pat

ient’s

.ID.and.tha

.of.the.tap

.simu

ltane-

ously.

.Usin

.the.sam

.sys

tem,

.in.the.pre

scription

.of.all

egoric

.med

icine,

.ove

.or.und

erdosage

.cou

.als

be.avo

ided

.by.com

paring

.the.pat

ient’s

.med

ical

.his

tory

.and.the.med

icine

.to.be.dis

pensed.

. is.lif

esaving

sys

tem

.wil

.be.wel

comed

.by.the.Hos

pital

.Aut

hority

.in.Hon

.Kon

.at.any.cos

.bec

ause

.the.pra

ctically

fre

.pub

lic

.med

ical

.ser

vices

.in.Hon

.Kon

.has.bee

.gro

ssly

.ove

rloaded

.dur

ing

.the.wor

.glo

bal

.eco

nomic

.rec

ession

.tri

ggered

.by.the.CDO.(co

llateralized

.deb

.obl

igation)

.and.the.CDS.(cr

edit

.def

ault

.swa

deb

acles

.on.Wa

.Str

eet.

.a.cer

tain

.ext

ent,

.the.exi

sting

.RFI

.tec

hnology

.res

embles

.a.lar

.man

-made

.lak

.of.the.size.of.Lak

Sup

erior.

.Bet

ter

.lak

.uti

lization

.doe

.not.dep

end

.on.the.dev

elopment

.of.big

ger

.mac

hines

.for.enl

arging

the.lak

.Ins

tead,

.the.com

munity

.cou

.fee

.the.imp

act

.of.a.new.lak

.bet

ter,

.if.man

.pie

.wer

.bui

.at.

str

ategically

.se

lected

.lo

cations

.usi

.co

nventional

.te

chnologies,

.an

.if.ne

cessary,

.su

pplemented

.by.ne

one

.Sim

ply

.put

.aux

iliary

.fac

ilities

.wit

.and.wit

hout

.aux

iliary

.tec

hnologies

.are.nee

ded

.to.str

engthen

the.imp

act

.of.the.RFI

.in.our.dai

.liv

es.

. e.situ

ation

.is.simi

lar

.to.the.ear

lier

.day

.of.the.Int

ernet;

FIGURE 8.16 RFID-enabled.book.sorting.machine.

FIGURE 8.17 RFID-enabled.book.return.bin.

8-26 Industrial Communication Systems

therefore.the.RFID.versions.of.Cisco.and.Yahoo.are.desperately.needed..In.fact,.technology.alone.cannot.

make.the.Internet.great.. e.joint.force.of.novel.technologies.and.time-honored.ones.has.facilitated.a.

platform.on.the.one.hand,.and.on.the.other,.the.collective.wisdom.of.innovative.semitechnical.applica-

tions

.and.ingenious.nontechnical.usages.has.contributed.equally,.if.not.more,.in.building.the.almighty.

global.system..In.other.words,.an.RFID.styled.e-Bay,.Facebook,.and.MySpace.are.also.needed.

8.33 Nonionization radiation

In.the.evolution.of.the.AIDC.from.Hollerith’s.punch.card.to.the.UHF.RFID,.a.new.scheme.was.invented.

because.the.existing.one.might.have.lost.its.competitiveness.due.to.the.emergence.of.a.challenging.new.

technique..Sometimes,.a.system.might.have.reached.its.capacity.or.capability,.yet.further.expansion.was.

ruled.out.for.spectral.reasons.and.other.physical.constraints..From.time.to.time,.the.deployment.of.a.

new.system.was.objected.to.by.various.activist.groups.on.grounds.of.environmental.protection,.poten-

tial

.cultural.conicts,.and.other.socioeconomic.issues,.such.as.loss.of.privacy.

Today,

.however,.one.of.the.issues.of.great.concern.is.nonionizing.electromagnetic.radiation..So.far,.

there.is.no.solid.scientic.evidence.proving.that.illumination.of.the.electromagnetic.eld.is.hazardous.

to.our.health..However,.there.is.no.proof.showing.that.it.is.harmless..On.this.life.and.death.issue,.we.

must.be.very.cautious.

Unlike

.burning.or.poisoning,.there.exists.no.proven.case.indicating.that.prolonged.exposure.to.a.

strong.electromagnetic.eld.is.fatal..Statistical.analyses.with.questionable.inductions.and.inconclusive.

remarks.are.available..Hence,.it.is.very.dicult.to.determine.the.critical.eld.strength.and.the.thresh-

old

.duration..Based.on.disputable.studies,.admissible.limits.on.eld.strengths.have.been.promulgated.

by.many.national.authorities..Nonetheless,.it.is.better.to.be.conservative.than.aggressive.on.this.issue,.

especially.when.the.aggregated.eld.intensity.due.to.a.large.number.of.interrogators.is.dicult.to.esti-

mate

.in.advance.

For

.convenience,.an.RFID.reader.is.usually.hidden.beneath.the.counter.with.its.antenna.pointing.

upward,.so.that.the.head.of.a.tag.carrier.is.subject.to.a.strong.nonionization.radiation..Moreover,.the.

900.MHz.electromagnetic.eld.and.its.harmonics.will.interfere.with.the.operations.of.many.wireless.

communications.systems,.especially.cellular.phones.working.at.900.and.1800.MHz..What.is.more,.as.a.

proactive.device,.an.RFID.interrogator.is.turned.on.all.the.time.even.when.no.tag.is.found.within.its.turf.

for.a.long.time..For.a.person.working.inside.the.same.oce,.it.is.an.absolutely.unnecessary.exposure,.

1. Oscillococcinum

2. Paracetamol

1. Oscillococcinum

2. Paracetamol

1. Oscillococcinum

2. Paracetamol

1. Oscillococcinum

2. Paracetamol

1. Oscillococcinum

2. Paracetamol

1. Paracetamol

TUE

Mon

WED

Breakfast

Name: Chan Tai Man

HKID: Z123456(1)

Date: 15/6/2009

Time: 15:28:34

Lunch

Dinner

FIGURE 8.18 Illustration.of.the.RFID-medicine.dispensary.tape.

Radio Frequency Identication 8-27

irrespective.of.whether.the.eld.exposure.is.harmful.or.not..To.this.end,.it.is.highly.recommended.that.

the.high

-gain

.ante

nna

.be.turn

.upsid

.down.and.a.shee

.of.ferr

ite

.or.some.othe

.eld

-absorbent

.mate

rial

.be.plac

.on.the.spot.wher

.the.tag.is.supp

osed

.to.be.read.to.abso

.the.exce

ssive

.elec

tromagnetic

ener

.(Fig

ure

.8.19

.In.case.of.a.turn

stile

.for.acce

.cont

rol,

.the.ferr

ite

.shee

.coul

.be.hung.on.the.othe

side.of.the.inte

rrogator.

.In.addi

tion,

.a.moti

.dete

ctor

.coul

.be.used.to.turn.on.the.inte

rrogator,

.espe

cially

.at.nig

ht.

.the.UHF.RFID.oper

ates

.at.one.of.the.ISM.freq

uencies,

.its.uses.in.hosp

itals

.must.be.care

fully

.moni

tored

.beca

use

.an.impe

rfectly

.shie

lded

.inte

rrogator

.coul

.inte

rfere

.with.the.norm

.oper

ation

.of.soph

is-

ticated

.medi

cal

.appa

ratuses.

.Due.to.the.unpr

edictable

.cons

equences

.of.elec

tromagnetic

.inte

rference,

.a.

pati

ent

.with.a.pace

maker

.shou

.neve

.come.clos

.to.an.RFID.read

er.

.In.othe

.word

.a.vici

nity

.card.is.

pref

erred

.to.an.UHF.RFID.in.disp

ensing

.medi

cine

.in.ward

.beca

use

.its.rang

.is.limi

ted

.to.a.mete

.and.

the.freq

uency

.of.oper

ation

.is.much.lowe

.than.thos

.used.in.medi

cal

.equi

pment.

. e.UHF.RFID.lose

agai

.in.the.long

-range

.moni

toring

.syst

.for.kind

ergarten

.chil

dren

.beca

use

.most.pare

nts

.woul

.not.

allo

.thei

.kids.to.be.expo

sed

.to.a.stro

.elec

tromagnetic

.eld

.In.this.conn

ection,

.an.acti

.RFID.oper

ating

.in.tail

or-made

.proto

cols

.will.prev

ail

.beca

use

.the.radi

ation

.powe

.can.be.scal

.down.to.mill

iwatts.

8.34 Era of articial Perception

Technically,.the.RFID.is.simply.another.enhancement.of.the.bar.code.system.developed.in.1949.. e.

modi

cation

.may.be.mino

.its.impa

.on.our.dail

.live

.is.trem

endous.

.Inst

ead

.of.wait

ing

.passi

vely

.for.

a.tag.to.pres

ent

.itse

.one.by.one.for.reco

gnition,

.the.UHF.RFID.die

.from.othe

.AIDC.sche

mes

.in.its.

proa

ctive

.sear

.for.all.tags.with

.its.rang

.of.cove

rage.

.Via.a.tiny.tag.embed

ded

.in.ever

.prod

uct,

.or.a.

smal

.caps

ule

.impl

anted

.in.an.anim

al,

.or.a.card.carr

ied

.by.a.pers

on,

.an.inte

rrogator

.dete

cts

.ever

ything

at.a.dis

tance

.eve

.whe

.it.is.blo

cked

.by.obs

tacles.

.role.reve

rsal

.is.not.just.new.in.the.AIDC

;

.it.is.also.revo

lutionary

.in.a.comp

uter.

.Toda

.a.com-

uter

.may.feel.the.eec

.due.to.vari

ous

.stim

ulants,

.such.as.ligh

.soun

.smel

.temp

erature,

.humi

ity,

.and.pres

sure

.via.appr

opriate

.tran

sducers.

. ese.inpu

.coul

.then.be.used.to.adju

.the.ambi

ent

cond

itions,

.to.resp

ond

.to.the.immi

nent

.coll

ision,

.to.ne-

tune

.the.pred

etermined

.path.of.moti

on,

.and.

for.othe

.pass

ive

.reac

tions.

.Howe

ver,

.a.comp

uter

.is.not.equi

pped

.to.look.for.the.sour

ces

.of.stim

ulants

FIGURE 8.19 A.multibook.check.out.system.with.an.accordion.helical.antenna.camouaged.as.a.decorative.

ligh

ting

.that.poi

nts

.dow

nward

.to.the.fer

rite

.she

.hid

den

.unde

.the.des

8-28 Industrial Communication Systems

preemptively,.denitely.not.to.uncover.the.camouaged.ones,.and.to.detect.the.hidden.ones..In.other.

wor

ds,

.the.RFI

.pro

vides

.a.com

puter

.wit

.a.tor

.lig

.for.a.bet

ter

.und

erstanding

.of.its.env

ironment

in.a.tot

ally

.dar

.con

dition.

. e.RFI

.is.mor

.tha

.an.eye

.Unl

ike

.the.hum

.eye.tha

.see

.onl

.a.

one

-and-only-one

.wel

l-lit

.obj

ect

.wit

hin

.the.lin

.of.sig

.in.one.dir

ection

.at.a.giv

.tim

.the.eye

sight

emp

owered

.by.the.RFI

.is.an.omn

idirectional

.one.tha

.sim

ultaneously

.loc

.man

.exp

osed

.or.hid

den

.obj

ects

.in.a.noi

.env

ironment

.wit

hout

.a.thi

.par

.ill

umination

.or.oth

.sup

ports.

.Mor

eover,

the.det

ected

.obj

ects

.cou

.be.rea

dily

.ide

ntied

.and.app

ropriate

.act

ions

.tak

.ins

tantly.

.Wit

.aux

il-

iary

.sup

ports,

.the.sup

erhuman

.eye.cou

.dis

tinguish

.fri

ends

.fro

.foe

.at.a.dis

tance

.wel

.bey

ond

.the.

rad

.hor

izon.

Armed

.wit

.a.nea

rly

.alm

ighty

.sen

sor,

.man

.hum

.and.com

puter

.err

ors

.cou

.be.red

uced.

.Besi

des

mil

itary

.and.gov

ernment

.use

.the.RFI

.nd

.imm

ediate

.app

lications

.in.the.man

ufacturing

.and.ser

vice

sec

tors.

. e.RFI

.is.de

nitely

.the.dri

ver

.for.tec

hnical

.and.non

technical

.dev

elopments

.in.the.com

ing

dec

ades.

.It.wi

.le

.us.to.an

other

.ho

rizon,

.te

chnologically

.an

.so

cioeconomically.

.con

clusion,

.we.are.loo

king

.for

ward

.to.an.era

of articial perception

.in.whi

.an.imp

lausible

ope

ration

.toda

.cou

.be.mad

.fea

sible

.and.a.mar

ginal

.sys

tem

.cou

.be.con

verted

.into.an.eco

nomically

via

ble

.one

.We.are.eag

.to.be.ben

eted

.by.the.num

erous

.ing

eniously

.bui

.new.sys

tems

.to.enh

ance

.our.

qua

lity

.of.li

.in.a.wo

rld

.of.su

stainable

.gr

owth

.th

.is.be

yond

.ou

.im

agination

.tod

ay.

abbreviations

AIDC. Automatic.identication.and.data.capture

ASIC

. App

lication

.sp

ecic

.in

tegrated

.ci

rcuit

ATM

. Auto.te

ller

.ma

chine

CDMA

. Cod

.di

vision

.mu

ltiple

.ac

cess

EAN

. Eur

opean

.ar

ticle

.nu

mbering

.sc

heme

EAS

. Ele

ctronic

.ar

ticle

.su

rveillance

EIRP

. Ee

ctive

.is

otropic

.ra

diation

.po

wer

EMC

. Ele

ctromagnetic

.co

mpatibility

ENIAC

. Ele

ctronic

.Nu

merical

.In

tegrator

.an

.Co

mputer

EPC

. Ele

ctronic

.pr

oduct

.co

EEPROM

. Ele

ctronic

.er

asable

.pr

ogrammable

.re

.on

.me

mory

EPS

. Ele

ctronic

.pa

yment

.sy

stem

FCC

. Fed

eral

.Co

mmission

.of.Co

mmunications

FDX

. Fre

quency

.di

vision

.mu

ltiplexing

FHSS

. Fre

quency

.ho

pping

.sp

read

.sp

ectrum

GPRS

. Gen

eral

.pu

blic

.ra

dio

.se

rvice

GPS

. Glo

bal

.po

sitioning

.sy

stem

GSM

. Gro

upe

.sp

écial

.mo

bile

HDTV

. Hig

.de

nition

.te

levision

HDX

. Hopping.duration.multiplexing

. Hig

.fr

equency

ICAO

. Int

ernational

.Ci

vil

.Av

iation

.Or

ganization

IMSO

. Int

ernational

.Mo

bile

.Sa

tellite

.Or

ganization

. Int

ernet

.pr

otocol

ISM

. Ind

ustrial,

.sc

ientic

.an

.me

dical

ISO

. Int

ernational

.Or

ganization

.fo

.Sta

ndardization

LBT

. Lis

ten

.be

fore

.ta

PVC

. Pol

yvinyl

.ch

loride

. Rad

.fr

equency

RFIC

. Rad

.fr

equency

.in

tegrated

.ci

rcuit