Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

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Ad Hoc Networks 7-13

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8-1

Radio Frequency

Identication

8.1. Prologue..............................................................................................8-2

8.2

. Bar.Co

.Sy

stem................................................................................8-3

8.3

. Mag

netic

.Str

ipes................................................................................8-4

8.4

. Sma

.Ca

rd..........................................................................................8-5

8.5

. Pro

ximity

.Ca

rd..................................................................................8-6

8.6

. HF.RF

ID..............................................................................................8-6

8.7

. Ele

ctronic

.Ca

sh..................................................................................8-7

8.8

. Per

sonal

.Id

entity................................................................................8-7

8.9

. Inn

ovation

.ve

rus

.Hi

-Tech.................................................................8-8

8.10

. Act

ive

.RF

ID........................................................................................8-8

8.11

. Wak

e-Up

.Te

chnology.......................................................................8-8

8.12

. Sem

i-Active

.RF

ID............................................................................ 8-10

8.13

. Bac

kscattering.................................................................................. 8-11

8.14

. Ini

tialization.....................................................................................8-11

8.15

. Vic

inity

.Ca

rd....................................................................................8-12

8.16

. Fre

quency

.Se

lection.........................................................................8-12

8.17

. UHF.RF

ID........................................................................................8-13

8.18

. Sup

ply

.Ch

ain

.Ma

nagement............................................................8-13

8.19

. International.Standard.................................................................... 8-14

8.20

. Pro

miscuity...................................................................................... 8-14

8.21

. Nat

ional

.Sta

ndards..........................................................................8-15

8.22

. Han

ds-Free

.Ba

.Co

.Sy

stem........................................................ 8-16

8.23

. Bar.Co

.Me

ntality......................................................................... 8-16

8.24

. Ao

rdable

.Ta

g..................................................................................8-18

8.25

. Ubi

quity

.of.RF

ID............................................................................. 8-18

8.26

. Rol

.Re

versal....................................................................................8-20

8.27

. His

torical

.De

velopment..................................................................8-20

8.28

. Pri

vacy

.In

fringement......................................................................8-20

8.29

. Rec

ent

.De

velopments......................................................................8-21

8.30

. Dua

.Au

thentication........................................................................8-22

8.31

. Tra

ce-and-Track...............................................................................8-23

8.32

. Inn

ovative

.Ap

plications..................................................................8-23

8.33

. Non

ionization

.Ra

diation................................................................8-26

8.34

. Era.of.Ar

ticial

.Pe

rception............................................................8-27

Abbreviations...............................................................................................8-28

References

.....................................................................................................8-29

Edward

Kai-NingYung

City University

of Ho

Pui-Yi Lau

City University

of Ho

Chi-Wai Leung

City University

of Ho

8-2 Industrial Communication Systems

8.1 Prologue

In.prehistorical.years,.our.ancestors.tied.knots.on.a.string.to.mark.episodes.of.importance,.so.that.these.

memorable.moments.could.be.recalled.aerward.. is.apparently.simple.maneuver.has,.in.fact,.distin-

guished

.human.beings.from.other.living.things,.as.it.was.a.preamble.of.engraved.symbols.and.written.

words,.the.icon.of.civilization..In.ancient.China,.circa.1000.BC.in.the.Shang.Dynasty,.a.series.of.smoke.

towers.on.mountain.peaks.was.used.to.transmit.messages.to.and.fro.the.imperial.court,.a.simple.yet.

eective.link.of.communications.covering.thousands.of.kilometers..It.is.the.rst.documented.telecom-

munications

.system.in.history.

.recent.history,.one.of.the.most.memorable.moments.is.the.invention.of.the.electromagnetic.

telegraph.by.Baron.Schilling.in.1832.[1].as.it.symbolized.the.genesis.of.the.era.of.electrical.telecom-

munications.

.Of. comparable. importance.is.the. postulation. of. electromagnetism. disseminated.by.

James.Maxwell.in.1865.[2],.because.it.laid.a.solid.theoretical.ground.for.the.development.of.wireless.

communications..Equally.remarkable.are.the.developments.of.the.Z1,.the.rst.programmable.electro-

mechanical

.binary.machine.by.Konrad.Zuse.in.1936.[3],.and.the.ABC,.the.rst.electronic.computer,.

by.John.Atanaso.and.Cli.Berry.in.1942.[4]..Since.these.machines.enabled.electronic.automation,.

many.men.and.women.have.been.emancipated.from.mundane.repetitive.daily.chores.

.fact,.electronic.automation.was.inherited.from.an.electromechanical.one..Under.a.contract.for.the.

Census.Oce.of.the.Federal.Government.of.the.United.States,.the.punch.card.was.invented.by.Herman.

Hollerith.(Figure.8.1),.and.the.patent.was.eventually.approved.in.1884.[5]..Since.punch.cards.could.be.

counted.or.sorted.mechanically,.statistics.compilation.was.made.easier..From.another.point.of.view,.

this.invention.marked.the.beginning.of.a.new.era.of.information.processing.because.the.punch.card.is.

a.reliable.method.of.data.input.and.data.storage.

However,

.the.association.of.an.object.with.the.datum.being.input.was.only.made.possible.with.the.

advent.of.the.bull’s.eye.by.Joseph.Woodland.and.Bernard.Silver.in.1949.[6];.therefore,.it.is.credited.as.

being.the.father.of.automatic.identity..Ever.since.then.many.automatic.identication.and.data.capature.

(AIDC).schemes.have.been.developed,.such.as.the.magnetic.stripe.by.Forrest.Parry.in.1966.[7].and.the.

reective.color.stripes.by.David.Collin.in.1967.

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

Printed in U.S.A. REMINGTON RAND P- 11782 T

FIGURE 8.1 Hollerith’s.punch.card.

Radio Frequency Identication 8-3

8.2 Bar Code System

Inspired.by.the.dots.and.dashes.in.a.Morse.code.(Figure.8.2).[8],.Joe.Woodland.drew.the.rst.linear.bar.

code.of.narrow.and.wide.lines.on.sand.when.he.was.vacationing.in.Florida..Using.a.converted.movie.

projector.with.a.500.W.bulb.as.a.reader,.Joe.found.that.a.bull’s.eye.pattern.with.circular.lines.was.more.

reliable..Unlike.punch.cards,.the.circular.or.the.linear.bar.code.is.a.noncontact.method.of.data.entry,.

but.it.is.vulnerable.to.smear.and.smash..Competing.with.the.time-tested.punch.cards,.little.progress.was.

seen.until.the.light.bulb.was.replaced.by.a.helium–neon.laser.in.1969..A.linear.bar.code.of.11.digits.was.

reinvented.in.1972..Together.with.a.laser.scanner,.the.system.regained.competitiveness.and.prevailed.

eventually..Other.than.minor.augmentations,.the.revised.version.is.virtually.identical.to.the.bar.code.

used.today,.such.as.Code.128.shown.in.Figure.8.3,.because.there.has.been.no.major.change.thereaer.

.the.linear.or.the.circular.form,.bar.code.reading.is.a.slow.process.because.the.pattern.must.be.properly.

aligned.with.the.scanner.on.the.one.hand,.and.on.the.other,.it.is.read.one.by.one,.manually..Nonetheless,.

it.was.a.winner.because.printing.a.bar.code.on.a.box.costs.nothing.and.the.helium–neon.laser.scanner.was.

aordable.by.most.merchants.in.western.countries.at.that.time..Moreover,.a.bar.code.provides.a.primitive.

method.of.authentication.because.it.cannot.be.changed.once.printed.on.paper..It.was.welcomed.by.manu-

facturers,

.distributors,.retailers,.and.other.merchandise.handlers.. e.logistics.management.industry.was.

especially.enthusiastic.because.tracking-and-tracing.of.lost.cargo.was.made.easier..With.the.arrival.of.the.

low-cost.solid-state.laser.scanner.in.the.1990s,.the.dominance.of.the.bar.code.was.established.

6 1 4 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 2

FIGURE 8.3 Code.128.bar.code.

FIGURE 8.2 Morse.code.

8-4 Industrial Communication Systems

To.facilitate.a.common.platform.for.national.trade.in.the.United.States,.the.Universal.Product.Code.

(UPC).was.adopted.in.1973.[9]..On.the.other.side.of.the.Atlantic.Ocean,.the.UPC.code.was.augmented.

to.form.the.European.Article.Numbering.Scheme.(EAN-13)..It.was.accepted.by.most.European.nations.

as.a.common.standard.in.1974..By.adding.an.extra.code.to.the.European.scheme,.an.international.

standard.(EAN-14).was.born.

8.3 Magnetic Stripes

Besides.coding.a.product,.a.bar.code.is.applicable.in.marking.a.pack.of.fresh.produce.and.identifying.a.

person..Strictly.speaking,.a.bar.code.cannot.be.treated.as.an.identity.because.a.code.is.usually.assigned.

to.a.line.of.products,.not.an.individual.item..In.the.existing.format,.it.has.no.information.on.its.owner,.

not.to.mention.when.and.where.the.product.was.made..Should.bar.code.be.used.to.specify.trillions.of.

items.sold.annually.all.over.the.world.uniquely,.it.must.be.substantially.elongated..Consequently,.at.

least.one.side.of.the.box.must.be.reserved.for.accommodating.its.code.of.more.than.a.hundred.digits..In.

fact,.a.bar.code.is.hardly.adequate.to.code.6.7.billion.men.and.women.on.earth..However,.for.a.simple.

stand-alone.case,.it.is.feasible.to.assign.every.person.in.a.specic.group.an.exclusive.bar.code,.such.as.

the.boarding.pass.for.a.given.air.ight.

However,

.with.industrialization.and.urbanization.come.the.inevitable.socioeconomic.changes,.struc-

turally

.and.nonstructurally..Similar.to.New.York,.Tokyo,.Sao.Paulo,.Mumbai,.Lagos,.Mexico.City,.and.

Shanghai,.more.and.more.metropolitan.areas.of.20.million.residents.are.emerging.fast.in.the.Eastern.

and.the.Western.worlds,.in.both.the.Northern.and.the.Southern.hemispheres..For.an.eective.popula-

tion

.control.and.better.town.planning,.a.simple.yet.ecient.scheme.for.authenticating.personal.identi-

ties

.is.needed.to.screen.out.illegal.immigrants.

.is.understood.that.personal.records.are.kept.in.the.government.archive.in.both.the.written.and.

electronic.formats.. e.issue.on.hand.is.to.duplicate.an.abridged.version.and.store.it.on.a.portable.

device,.inexpensively..In.line.with.the.government.practice.of.recording.the.data.semipermanently.in.

decks.of.magnetic.tapes,.a.short.strip.of.magnetic.tape.is.cut.and.pasted.on.a.name-card.sized.paper.

or.polymer.card.. is.is.called.the.magnetic.stripe.card.because.multiple.tracks.of.record.are.found.in.

a.strip..From.the.bar.code.to.the.magnetic.stripe,.the.trade-o.is.physical.contact.due.to.swiping.the.

magnetic.tape.over.a.ferromagnetic.head.as.wear.o.is.inevitable.

Unlike

.data.shown.in.a.bar.code,.the.magnetically.stored.data.could.be.rewritten.easily..Fortunately,.

a.magnetic.stripe.has.adequate.room.for.encrypting.the.sensible.data..With.data.encryption.and.other.

security.measures,.the.magnetic.stripe.card.is.now.used.extensively.as.a.prepaid.calling.card.or.a.debit.

card..It.is.also.used.in.access.control,.such.as.a.ticket.to.a.specied.movie.at.a.given.time.or.a.bus.ride.at.

a.given.time.(Figure.8.4).

(a) (b)

FIGURE 8.4 (a).A.cable.car.ticket.and.(b).magnetic.stripe.card.in.Hong.Kong.

Radio Frequency Identication 8-5

8.4 Smart Card

Every.sword.has.two.blades.. e.ability.to.write.and.rewrite.implies.that.the.personal.record.of.its.bearer.

is.vulnerable.to.unauthorized.alterations..Addressing.this.issue,.a.microprocessor.chip.with.a.sizable.

memory.is.embedded.in.a.polyvinyl.chloride.(PVC).card.because.the.said.polymer.is.cheap,.durable,.and.

easy.to.assemble.at.a.relatively.low.temperature..Using.the.old-fashioned.write-once.memory,.top.secu-

rity

.could.be.obtained.because.the.data.stored.in.this.type.of.memory.cannot.be.altered..Alternatively,.

specially.designed.soware.could.be.used.to.protect.the.data.from.external.hacking..Short.of.absolute.

security,.the.latter.method.is.tamper.resistant.

The

. microprocessor-controlled. memory. could. be. used. in. conjunction. with. the. magnetic.

stripe..With.or.without.a.magnetic.stripe,.it.is.called.a.smart.card..Although.the.first.version.was.

unveiled.by.Helmut.Gröttrup.and.Jürgen.Dethloff.for.SEL.(Standard.Elektrik.Lorenz).in.1968,.the.

smart.card.remains.very.popular.4.decades.later.as.most.credit.cards.in.our.wallets.belong.to.this.

category.

With

. significant. progress. made. in. the. mass. production. of. semiconductor. devices. in. recent.

years,.the.price.of.EPROMs.(erasable.programmable.read-only.memory),.E-EPROMs.(rewritable.

EPROM),.or.flash.memories.is.dropping.very.fast..Thus,.a.memory.of.1024.kB.or.more.could.be.

found.in.many.smart.cards;.therefore,.many.new.features.are.made.possible..For.example,.a.high-

resolution

.image.of.its.bearer.could.be.included.for.authentication..One.may.also.choose.to.down-

load

.one’s.resume,.medical.record,.and.other.information,.such.as.the.name.of.the.physician.and.

the.date.of.the.last.visit.in.an.eye-catching.card.such.that.erroneous.blood.transfusion.and.the.pre-

scription

.of.allergic.medicine.could.be.reduced,.especially.when.the.bearer.is.knocked.unconscious.

after.an.accident.

.incorporating.a.proprietary.hardware.onboard,.cryptographic.smart.cards.could.be.used.in.top-

security

.transactions.by.providing.a.digital.signature..For.example,.it.is.adopted.for.interbank.fund.

transfers,.as.in.the.electronic.payment.system.(EPS).in.Hong.Kong..It.could.also.be.used.in.money.with-

drawals

.and.cash.deposits.via.an.autoteller.machine.(ATM)..With.additional.reconrmation.through.

various.biofeatures,.such.as.ngerprint.and.face.recognition,.smart.cards.could.be.used.at.border.con-

trol.

.For.example,.a.resident.in.Hong.Kong.could.clear.the.immigration.process.between.the.Hong.Kong.

Special.Administrative.Region.(SAR).and.Mainland.China.through.the.“e-way”.in.less.than.7.s.or.5.s.in.

the.upgraded.version.

.boom.in.smart.card.use.came.in.1990.aer.it.was.packaged.into.the.form.of.a.subscriber.identity.

module.(SIM).card.for.the.GSM.mobile.phone.in.Europe.(Figure.8.5)..Besides.mobile.phones,.SIM.cards.

are.extensively.used.in.video.games,.soware.licenses,.and.for.watching.premium.movies.on.a.high-

denition

.television.(HDTV).format.at.home.

(a) (b)

FIGURE 8.5 (a).SIM.card.and.(b).GSM.telephone.card.

8-6 Industrial Communication Systems

8.5 Proximity Card

Since.a.smart.card.draws.current.via.direct.contact,.it.is.not.contactless..With.the.unprecedented.success.

of.cell

ular

.phon

es,

.the.spoi

.publ

.want

.that.ever

.elec

tronic

.devi

.be.wire

less.

.As.the.use.of.smar

card

.for.dail

.tran

sactions

.is.ever.incr

easing,

.more.and.more.peop

.are.anno

yed

.by.the.need.to.look.

for.an.appr

opriate

.one.out.of.nume

rous

.card

.in.a.wall

.or.a.purs

.pull.it.out,.and.inse

.it.into.a.read

for.eve

.busi

ness

.dea

Addressing

.publ

.dema

nd,

.curr

ent

.loop

.are.adde

.in.both.read

.and.smar

.card

.such.that.powe

coul

.be.draw

.from.the.read

.by.alig

ning

.the.coil

.in.seri

.with

out

.physi

cal

.cont

act,

.as.if.it.were.a.

mutu

.indu

ctor.

.Via.ener

.store

.in.a.capa

citor,

.the.buil

t-in

.micr

oprocessor

.of.a.smar

.card.coul

feed.back.signa

.thro

ugh

.the.mutu

.indu

ctor.

.Unli

.the.50.Hz.powe

.supp

.at.home.(60.Hz.in.Nort

Amer

ica),

.the.freq

uency

.used.is.125.kHz.for.a.stro

nger

.coup

ling.

.Due.to.the.lack.of.spac

.the.numbe

.of.

coil

.in.a.smar

.card.is.very.smal

.thus

.the.eec

tiveness

.of.this.indu

ctive

.coup

ling

.is.very.weak.and.the.

coil.sepa

ration

.is.corr

espondingly

.smal

.in.mill

imeters.

.Ree

cting

.that.a.cont

actless

.smar

.card.must.be.

very.clos

.to.a.read

er,

.it.is.call

.a.prox

imity

.card

.Othe

.than.the.redu

ction

.in.wear.o,.the.mill

imeter

sepa

ration

.does.not.brin

.us.signi

cant

.chan

ges

.beca

use

.the.card.must.be.pull

.out.of.our.wall

.for.

ever

.tran

saction.

.Havi

.said.that

.the.prox

imity

.card.nds.exte

nsive

.appl

ications

.in.hote

ls,

.gaso

line

stat

ions,

.dry.cle

aners,

.and.toys.(Fi

gure

.8.6

8.6 HF rFID

Based.on.fundamental.electromagnetic.theories,.the.coupling.coecient.of.a.mutual.inductor.could.

be.enha

nced

.via.a.freq

uency

.incr

ease.

.Howe

ver,

.it.cann

.be.incr

eased

.inde

nitely

.beca

use

.a.high

coup

ling

.is.obta

ined

.at.the.expe

nse

.of.high

.ener

.dissi

pation.

.In.fact

.the.freq

uency

.cann

.be.chos

arbi

trarily

.as.it.must.fall.with

.one.of.the.(ind

ustrial,

.scie

ntic,

.and.medi

cal)

.ISM.freq

uency

.band

.[10]

the.spec

trum

.open.for.publ

.use.with

out

.lice

nse.

.Inci

dentally,

.the.freq

uency

.adopt

.for.enha

ncing

.the.

perf

ormance

.of.a.prox

imity

.card.is.13.5

.MHz,.one.of.the.freq

uencies

.used.in.radi

.broa

dcast

.in.the.

high

-frequency

.band

. us,.it.is.call

.a.radi

.freq

uency

.iden

tication

.card.with.the.acro

nym

.HF.RFID

 e.name.is.actu

ally

.attr

ibutable

.to.Char

les

.Walto

.who.is.perh

aps

.the.rst.pers

.who.led.a.US.pate

using.a.“ra

dio

.fre

quency”

.and.an.“id

entier”

.in.198

.[11

Another

.gain.obta

ined

.from.using.a.high

.freq

uency

.is.size.redu

ction

.beca

use

.it.make

.plac

ing

.a.

ferr

imagnetic

.disk.insid

.the.prim

ary

.coil.econ

omically

.feasi

ble.

.With.the.magn

etic

.coup

ling,

.the.rang

of.ope

ration

.cou

.be.inc

reased

.mor

.tha

.ten

fold

.to.200.mm.

FIGURE 8.6 HF.RFID.pair.for.toys.

Radio Frequency Identication 8-7

8.7 Electronic Cash

At.13.56.MHz,.most.materials.encountered.in.our.daily.lives.are.RF.lucent.[12]..In.other.words,.an.

RF.wave.coul

.pass.thro

ugh

.the.mate

rial

.with

out

.exce

ssive

.atte

nuation.

.Simp

.put,.a.lady.need.not.

turn.her.purs

.insi

.out.to.sear

.for.her.RFID.card

;

.inst

ead,

.she.coul

.gain.acce

.by.plac

ing

.her.

purs

.on.top.of.a.read

er.

. is.is.not.a.triv

ial

.gain.beca

use

.it.prot

ects

.the.bear

.from.expo

sing

.valu

able

item

.in.a.publ

.area

.Extr

.expe

diency

.coul

.be.obse

rved

.by.hidi

.the.RF.devi

.insi

.a.watc

.or.

a.pend

ant.

.Prob

ably

.due.to.this.reas

on,

.the.HF.RFID.has.been.exte

nsively

.used.in.mass.publ

.tran

port

.syst

ems

.unde

.vari

ous

.bran

.name

.such.as.Octo

pus

.in.Hong.Kong.(Fig

ure

.8.7).and.Comp

ass

in.San.Dieg

Besides

.gain

.in.eci

ent

.pass

enger

.entr

.and.bett

.inve

ntory

.cont

rol,

.the.comp

any

.invo

lved

.coul

use.less.manp

ower

.in.retr

ieving

.and.coun

ting

.mill

ions

.of.coin

.coll

ected

.dail

.and.ther

efore

.the.sub-

equent

.savi

.in.bank.char

ge.

.No.wond

.Octop

.was.adopt

.by.conv

enient

.store

.supe

.mark

ets,

and.fast.food.outl

ets

.as.cash.paym

ent.

.It.is.also.used.for.atte

ndance

.chec

.in.scho

ols,

.entr

.to.priv

ate

prop

erties,

.fee.pay

ment

.in.pub

lic

.gar

ages,

.and.cir

culation

.con

trol

.in.lib

raries.

.adde

.conv

enience

.coul

.be.obta

ined

.by.auth

orizing

.one’

.bank.to.tran

sfer

.a.nit

.sum.to.the.

Octop

.acco

unt

.autom

atically,

.when

ever

.the.latt

.bala

nce

.is.belo

.a.pres

cribed

.thre

shold.

.In.shor

Octop

.is.trea

ted

.as.elec

tronic

.cash.(kno

.as.the.elec

tronic

.purs

.in.Euro

pe).

.With.an.Octop

.card

we.need.not.carr

.any.coin

.pape

.bill

.sta.IDs,.gara

.keys

.and.othe

.misc

ellaneous

.card

.on.our.

way.to.sch

ool,

.to.wor

.or.whe

.sho

pping,

.din

ing,

.and.for.oth

.act

ivities.

8.8 Personal Identity

Aer.years.of.successful.operation,.even.government.bureaucrats.were.convinced..Parking.meters.were.

rst.modi

ed

.to.accep

.Octo

pus,

.and.now.it.can.be.used.to.pay.misce

llaneous

.fees

.incl

uding

.nes

.To.

be.fair

.some.gove

rnments

.are.very.proa

ctive.

.For.exam

ple,

.a.smar

.driv

.lice

nse

.syst

.was.adop

ted

.in.

Arge

ntina

.as.earl

.as.1995

.Comm

encing

.in.2001

.22.mill

ion

.Mala

ysians

.are.now.bene

ted

.by.the.extr

feat

ures

.incl

uded

.in.MyKa

.[13]

.the.rst.smar

.nati

onal

.iden

tity

.card.in.the.worl

.For.bett

.auth

entica-

tion,

.an.elect

ronic

.sign

ature

.has.been.added.in.the.nati

onal

.iden

tity

.card

.in.Spai

.and.Belg

ium

.in.2009

.demo

nstrated

.in.Mala

ysia,

.the.bene

ts

.prov

ided

.by.the.RFID

-ID

.card.are.welc

ome

.by.the.user

and.the.issu

er.

.Unfo

rtunately,

.it.is.only.appl

icable

.with

.the.nati

onal

.boun

dary.

. e.prer

equisite

for.roam

ing

.acro

.this.man-

made

.dema

rcation

.line.is.an.inte

rnational

.stan

dard,

.simi

lar

.to.EAN-

ment

ioned

.prev

iously.

.Aer.year

.of.endl

ess

.dome

stic

.argu

ments

.and.inte

rnational

.nego

tiations,

.the.

said.stan

dard

.was.nal

.read

.for.depl

oyment

.in.2006.and.it.is.mana

ged

.by.the.Inte

rnational

.Civi

FIGURE 8.7 Smart.card,.the.Octopus.card.in.Hong.Kong.

8-8 Industrial Communication Systems

Aviation.Organization.[14]..Using.the.ISO.14443.RFID.air.interface,.e-passports.were.adopted.in.the.

same.year.in.many.coun

tries,

.incl

uding

.Japa

.Germ

any,

.Norwa

.Pola

nd,

.Irel

and,

.and.Paki

stan.

Inf

act,

.the.e-pa

ssport

.was.rst.used.in.Mala

ysia

.in.1998

.but.it.was.mean

.for.inte

rnal

.cons

umption

only

.In.addi

tion

.to.a.digi

tal

.pict

ure

.of.its.bear

.for.auth

entication,

.one’

.trac

.reco

.of.entr

ies

.and.

exit

.from.Mala

ysia

.is.also.regi

stered.

8.9 Innovation verus Hi-tech

Surprisingly,.the.apparently.trivial.range.enhancement.in.the.proximity.card.provides.us.an.unforeseen.

conv

enience.

. e.hand

s-free

.RFID.prof

oundly

.aect

.our.dail

.live

.and.indu

ced

.undu

.chan

ges

.in.our.

habi

ts.

.Equa

lly

.surp

rising

.is.the.way.how.RFID.was.deve

loped.

.From.a.feas

ibility

.stud

.to.prod

uct

.deve

opment,

.to.syst

.desi

gn,

.to.an.in.situ.eld.test

.and.the.nal.depl

oyment,

.no.expe

nsive

.new.hi-t

ech

equi

pment

.was.needed

.It.is.simp

.an.inge

nious

.appl

ication

.of.the.exis

ting

.techn

ologies

.and.uses.of.the.

direc

t-o-the-shelf

.comp

onents

.and.mate

rials.

.Techn

ologically,

.hand

s-free

.RFID.is.mere

.a.step.forw

ard,

den

itely

.not.a.majo

.revo

lution,

.but.socio

logically,

.it.is.unqu

estionably

.a.para

mount

.brea

kthrough.

. is.

expl

ains

.why.deve

loping

.coun

tries

.such.as.Arge

ntina

.and.Mala

ysia

.coul

.clai

.some.rst

.in.the.worl

.In.

shor

.RFID.deve

lopment

.exem

plies

.that.“inn

ovative

.techn

ology

.is.not.neces

sarily

.hi-t

ech.”

8.10 active rFID

Greed.is.an.intrinsic.trait.of.human.beings,.yet.it.is.also.the.primary.motive.force.for.developments.in.our.

civi

lization.

.Furt

hermore,

.succ

ess

.bree

.dema

nd;

.thus

.our.frus

tration

.is.unde

rstandable.

.Toda

.we.are.no.

long

.cont

ented

.with.the.limit

.rang

.oer

.by.HF.RFID

.Accu

stomed

.to.the.free

dom

.prov

ided

.by.the.

teth

er-less

.mobi

.phon

.we.are.conv

inced

.that.RFID.shou

.reac

.beyo

.mete

.and,.hope

fully,

.kilo

meters.

.the.stre

ngth

.of.a.trav

eling

.elec

tromagnetic

.wave.is.inve

rsely

.prop

ortional

.to.dist

ance-square,

.the.

wave.inci

dent

.on.a.tag.due.to.a.tenf

old

.rang

.exte

nsion

.is.subje

.to.an.addi

tional

.60.dB.atte

nuation.

Henc

.a.sizab

.ener

.sour

.is.need

.in.a.tag.to.gene

rate

.a.resp

onse

.of.60.dB.stro

nger

.beca

use

.the.

retu

rning

.wav

.wil

.att

enuate

.cor

respondingly.

For

.eci

ent

.wave.rece

ption

.and.radi

ation,

.half

-wave

.reso

nant

.ante

nnas

.with.a.gain.of.over.6.dB.are.

pref

erred

.at.both.ends.of.the.comm

unications

.link

. e.trad

.o.is.an.anis

otropic

.rece

ption.

. us,.cir-

ularly

.pola

rized

.ante

nnas

.are.used.in.sett

ing

.up.the.read

er-tag

.link

age.

.For.tags.with.a.limi

ted

.surf

ace

area

.two.ort

hogonal

.sho

.dip

oles

.cou

.be.use

.ins

tead.

With

.a.wave

length

.of.22.m,.a.half

-wave

.13.5

.MHz.RFID.tag.coul

.be.exce

ssively

.bulk

.to.carr

arou

nd.

.Henc

.a.high

.ISM.freq

uency

.must.be.chos

.for.maki

.acti

.RFID

.For.a.long

-range

.oper

tion

.in.kilo

meters,

.two.freq

uencies

.at.the.lowe

.end.of.the.ultr

ahigh

.freq

uency

.band

.315.and.433.MHz,.

are.pref

erred

.beca

use

.the.resu

ltant

.wave

.coul

.bett

.circ

umvent

.a.meta

llic

.obst

acle

.of.the.size.of.an.

autom

obile.

.As.a.resu

lt,

.an.acti

.433.MHz.RFID.syst

.has.been.adopt

.by.the.logi

stics

.indu

stry

.for.

loca

ting

.cont

ainers

.in.inte

rnational

.trad

.and.for.mana

ging

.truc

.move

ments

.near.a.cont

ainer

.port.or.

airp

ort.

.Simi

lar

.syst

ems

.are.bein

.used.by.tran

sport

.auth

orities

.for.moni

toring

.thei

.eet

.of.buse

.For.

easy.reference,.it.is.called.active.RFID.

8.11 Wake-Up technology

Since.the.power.needed.for.driving.a.vehicle-based.RFID.device.could.be.drawn.from.the.vehicle,.energy.

eci

ency

.is.not.a.major.issu

.of.conc

ern.

.Powe

.cons

umption

.is,.howe

ver,

.a.major.one.in.a.hand

held

devi

ce,

.such.as.a.smar

.brac

elet

.used.in.keep

ing

.a.deta

inee

.unde

.hous

.arre

.insid

.a.desig

nated

.plac

Given

.that.an.acti

.RFID.tag.has.been.regi

stered

.in.a.give

.sett

ing,

.signi

cant

.powe

.coul

.be.con-

erved

.by.inst

ructing

.the.tag.to.list

.for.signa

.from.the.near

.inte

rrogators

.as.usua

.but.to.do.noth

ing

.unle

.its.numb

.is.call

ed,

.the.so-c

alled

.list

.befo

.talk.(LBT

)

.mode

.In.case

.when.the.pers

invo

lved

.can.only.move.slow

ly,

.such.as.an.elde

rly

.pati

ent

.in.a.sana

torium,

.addi

tional

.ener

.coul

.be.