Wilamowski B.M., Irwin J.D. The Industrial Electronics Handbook. Second Edition: Industrial Communication Systems

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Radio Frequency Identication 8-9

saved.by.directing.the.tag.to.sleep.for.an.extended.period,.wake.up.momentarily,.listen.to.the.broad-

cast,

.and.go.bac

.to.sle

.unl

ess

.it.is.sum

moned.

.Onc

.wok

.up,.a.rea

der-tag

.lin

kage

.is.est

ablished

.via.

ene

rgy

.sto

red

.in.the.bat

tery.

.A.fas

.res

ponse

.is.obse

rved

.beca

use

.the

.is.no.need.to.accu

mulate

.ene

rgy

fro

.the.inc

oming

.wav

.Usin

.pag

.tec

hnology,

.a.tag.wit

.one.CR2

025

.bat

tery

.cou

.run.for.mon

ths

wit

hout

.bat

tery

.rep

lacement,

.suc

.as.the.RFI

.sys

tem

.for.a.tour

ist

.gro

.(Fi

gure

.8.8

)

.and.the.RFI

.tag.

for.mou

ntain

.hik

ers

.wit

.GPS.and.GPR

.cap

abilities

.(Fi

gure

.8.9

.bot

.of.whi

.are.pro

totype

.sys

tems

dev

eloped

.at.th

.Ci

.Un

iversity

.of.Ho

.Ko

ng.

Sometimes,

.wak

ing

.up.per

iodically

.rem

ains

.unn

ecessary

.bec

ause

.the

.is.no.rea

der

.in.the.vic

inity.

 is.sce

nario

.is.oe

.fou

.in.a.veh

icle-based

.RFI

.tag

.suc

.as.the.toll

-payment

.lab

.on.the.win

shield

.gla

ss.

.Add

ressing

.thi

.sce

nario,

.an.app

lication-specic

.int

egrated

.cir

cuit

.(AS

IC)

.has.bee

.tai

lor-

made

.to.wak

.up.und

.the.ill

umination

.of.a.str

ong

.ele

ctromagnetic

.el

.Sur

prisingly,

.mos

.ASI

ava

ilable

.in.the.mar

ket

.use.a.low.fre

quency

.125.kHz.sign

.in.the.wak

e-up

.pro

cess,

.and.the.sen

sitivity

ran

ges

.fro

.100.μV

rms

.to.1.mV

rms

..Other.than.the.wake-up.mechanism,.the.instruction.set.is.similar.to.

tha

.of.a.pa

ger-tag;

.th

erefore,

.an.eq

ually

.fa

.re

sponse

.is.ob

served.

FIGURE 8.8 Active.RFID.reader.to.be.inserted.in.a.PDA.for.the.tourism.industry.

FIGURE 8.9 RFID.locator.for.mountain.hikers.with.GPS.and.GPRS.capabilities.

8-10 Industrial Communication Systems

8.12 Semi-active rFID

A.wake-up.chip.is.a.passive.device.that.wakes.up.under.a.strong.incident.eld,.yet.the.responses.of.a.tag.

are.pow

ered

.by.a.bat

tery.

.Hen

ce,

.it.is.cal

led

.a.sem

i-active

.RFI

.or.a.sem

i-passive

.RFI

Dependent

.on.appl

ications,

.an.inci

dent

.elec

tromagnetic

.wave.as.stro

.as.4.W.EIRP.(ee

ctive

.iso-

ropic

.radi

ation

.powe

.coul

.be.used. to. acti

vate

.a.wake

-up

.modu

.mete

.away.from.the.sour

ce.

Comp

ared

.with.the.mill

iwatt

.wave.gene

rated

.by.an.acti

.RFID.read

er,

.it.is.a.stro

.radi

ation.

.At.the.

UHF.band

.the.radi

ation

.is.a.low-

energy

.noni

onizing

.one.whos

.eec

.or.lack.of.eec

.on.our.heal

is.a.heat

.cont

roversy

.in.many.indu

strialized

.nati

ons.

.In.orde

.to.exci

.a.stro

.eld.on.the.one.hand.

and.to.prot

ect

.our.heal

.on.the.othe

.high

-gain

.dire

ctional

.ante

nnas

.are.need

ed.

.Due.to.physi

cal

.con-

trains,

.a.dire

ctional

.ante

nna

.cann

.be.inst

alled

.in.a.tag..As.the.last.reso

rt,

.a.reso

nant

.half

-wavelength

ante

nna

.is.used

.Henc

.semi

-active

.RFID.syst

ems

.are.usua

lly

.oper

ated

.at.one.of.the.micr

owave

.ISM.

freq

uencies;

.tha

.is,.at.245

.or.580

.MHz.

.an.eci

ent

.link

age,

.a.user.is.requ

ired

.to.poin

.the.tag.towar

.the.read

er.

.Howe

ver,

.the.orie

ntation

of.the.dipo

.ante

nna

.in.a.tag.may.not.alig

.with.the.pola

rity

.of.the.ante

nna

.in.a.read

er.

.Henc

.circ

larly

.pola

rized

.ante

nnas

.are.pref

erred

.in.the.read

.and.the.tag..To.this.end,.a.patc

.ante

nna

.is.pref

erred

in.a.tag.beca

use

.it.is.a.low.pro

.and.the.cost.of.prod

uction

.is.low..At.2450.MHz,.the.leng

.of.a.patc

ante

nna

.with

out

.a.diel

ectric

.subs

trate

.is.60.mm.. e.leng

.coul

.be.redu

ced

.to.20.mm.by.prin

ting

.the.

patc

.ante

nna

.on.alum

inum

.diox

ide

.(ε

.=.10).or.any.substrate.with.a.high.dielectric.constant..With.

or.with

out

.a.dens

.subs

trate,

.a.60.mm.tag.is.smal

.enou

.to.serv

.as.a.hand

held

.mobi

.unit.in.most.

appl

ications.

.a.trav

eling

.plan

.wave

.wave.prop

agation

.is.vuln

erable

.to.many.obst

acles

.beca

use

.it.is.not.

supp

osed

.to.circ

umvent

.an.RF-o

paque

.obje

.whos

.size.is.as.larg

.as.its.wave

length,

.and.in.this.

case

.122.mm.or.52.mm..Cons

equently,

.the.effe

ctiveness

.of.a.micr

owave

.RFID.is.rest

ricted

.to.the.

ligh

t-of-sight

.tags

.addi

tion

.to.the.abov

.bloc

kage,

.micr

owave

.RFID.is.subje

.to.high

.loss

es.

.Besid

.a.high.rate.

of.atte

nuation

.in.mois

.air,.some.of.the.RF-l

ucent

.mate

rials

.at.HF.and.UHF.band

.woul

.beco

.RF.

abso

rbent

.at.micr

owave

.freq

uencies.

. e.nota

ble

.exam

ples

.are.dry.wood

.wet.wood

.wate

.and.some.

liqu

ids.

.In.gene

ral,

.micr

owave

.RFID.is.desig

ned

.to.oper

ate

.with

.a.smal

.cell

.a.term

inology

.used.in.

cell

ular

.pho

nes.

One

.of.the.exce

ptions

.is.tra

.cont

rol

.on.a.high

way

.beca

use

.the.line

-of-sight

.requ

irement

.is.not.

an.issu

.of.conc

ern

.ther

.Henc

.a.semi

-active

.micr

owave

.RFID.is.oen.used.in.toll.paym

ents,

.such.

as.the.Autoto

.syst

.in.Hong.Kong.(Fig

ure

.8.10

.It.is.also.used.in.elec

tronic

.road.pric

ing

.sche

mes,

such.as.407.ETR.in.Tor

onto.

.Pow

ered

.by.a.CR2

025

.but

ton

.bat

tery,

.an.Auto

toll

.tag.cou

.run.for.sev

eral

FIGURE 8.10 Semi-active.RFID.tag,.Autotoll.system.for.tari.payment.in.Hong.Kong.

Radio Frequency Identication 8-11

years.without.battery.replacement..In.other.words,.no.battery.replacement.is.needed.before.the.car.is.

repl

aced

.by.a.new.one..Comp

ared

.with.the.most.ener

gy-ecient

.acti

.RFID

.it.has.extr

emely

.long.life.

expe

ctancy.

8.13 Backscattering

Although.semi-active.RFID.is.very.versatile.and.reliable,.it.nds.limited.utilizations.because.its.tag.is.

expe

nsive

.in.abso

lute

.and.rela

tive

.term

.Of.cour

se,

.the.nit

.life.span.and.the.bulk

iness

.of.its.tag.are.

also.fac

tors

.of.con

cern.

Based

.on.the.succ

essful

.deve

lopment

.of.the.passi

.HF.RFID

.atte

mpts

.to.deve

lop

.a.long

-range

.sys-

.with.inex

pensive,

.low.pro

le,

.and.passi

.tags.have.been.repo

rted.

.Howe

ver,

.litt

.or.marg

inal

succ

ess

.was.obse

rved.

. e.culp

rit

.is.xat

ion,

.as.engi

neers

.have.been.fasc

inated

.and.capti

vated

.by.the.

adva

nces

.deve

loped

.for.mobi

.comm

unications;

.few.have.trie

.to.solv

.the.prob

lem

.intu

itively

.from.

the.basi

.pri

nciples.

.this.end,.atte

ntion

.is.focu

sed

.on.the.ante

nna

.in.a.passi

.tag..Illu

minated

.by.an.inci

dent

.wave

.cur-

ent

.is.indu

ced

.on.the.ante

nna.

.As.an.ante

nna,

.curr

ent

.is.draw

.from.its.feed

.and.as.a.resu

lt,

.a.signi

-

cant

.dip.is.foun

.in.the.curr

ent

.dist

ribution

.ther

.Ener

.is.draw

.by.the.tag.for.inte

rnal

.cons

umption,

but.it.repr

esents

.only.a.smal

.port

ion

.of.the.inci

dent

.ener

gy.

.At.equi

librium,

.the.rema

ining

.port

ion

.of.

ener

.is.“los

t”

.thro

ugh

.the.seco

ndary

.radi

ation,

.the.so-c

alled

.scat

tered

.eld

.As.the.scat

tered

.elec

tro-

magnetic

.wave.coul

.be.dete

rmined

.by.trea

ting

.the.curr

ent

.indu

ced

.on.an.ante

nna

.as.an.impr

essed

sour

ce,

.the.radi

ation

.patt

ern

.is.depe

ndent

.on.the.curr

ent

.dist

ribution.

.Foll

owing

.a.reci

procal

.path

.part.

of.the.back

scattered

.wave.will.reac

.the.read

.and.part.of.the.ener

.carr

ied

.by.the.back

scattered

.wave.

pick

.up.by.the.rea

der.

.case.the.feed.is.shor

ted,

.the.tag.ante

nna

.woul

.beha

.as.a.dumm

.meta

llic

.scat

terer

.with.the.

dip.at.the.orig

inal

.feed.havi

.disa

ppeared.

.As.the.back

scattered

.eld.pick

.up.by.the.read

.will.

honestly.reect.this.phenomenal.change,.a.message.is.sent..Simply.put,.by.opening.and.shorting.the.

ante

nna

.feed.in.acco

rdance

.with.the.data.stre

.to.be.sent

.the.back

scattered

.eld.is.digi

tally

.modu

lated.

.In.fact

.the.modu

lation

.tech

nique

.used.is.more.comp

lex

.than.the.simp

.open

-and-short,

.but.

it.is.beyo

.the.scop

.of.this.chap

ter.

.Alth

ough

.the.curr

ents

.on.the.read

.ante

nna

.due.to.the.back

scattered

.eld

.in.both.case

.are.very.weak

.a.radi

o-frequency

.circ

uit

.with.high.sens

itivity

.is.able.to.

die

rentiate

.the.subt

.chan

ges.

.In.doin

.so,.the.digi

tally

.modu

lated

.sign

.is.demo

dulated

.and.the.

data.stre

.reco

vered.

.is.obvi

ous

.that.the.ante

nna

.curr

ent

.gene

rated

.by.an.ener

.stora

.devi

.in.a.passi

.tag.is.much.

weak

.than.the.curr

ent

.indu

ced

.by.an.inco

ming

.wave

.It.then.foll

ows

.that.the.back

scattered

.eld.pick

up.by.the.read

.is.stro

nger

.than.that.due.to.ener

.accu

mulation

.by.seve

ral

.orde

rs.

.Henc

.the.rang

.of.

cove

rage

.prov

ided

.by.back

scattering

.is.long

.than.that.of.the.trad

itional

.tech

niques.

.More

over,

.a.fast.

resp

onse

.is.seen.as.the.ener

.need

.to.turn.the.ante

nna

.feed.on-a

nd-o

.is.much.less.than.that.of.set-

ing

.up.a.con

ventional

.wir

eless

.com

munications

.cha

nnel.

Backscattering

.comm

unications

.is.not.a.new.conc

ept.

. e.pion

eering

.stud

.cond

ucted

.by.Harr

Stockm

.had.been.summ

arized

.in.his.clas

sical

.pape

.titl

.“Com

munication

.by.mean

.of.ree

cted

powe

r”

.in.a.Proc

eedings

.of.IRE.in.1948.[15]

.It.was.over

looked

.for.a.quar

ter

.of.a.cent

ury

.unti

.Steve

Depp.and.his.coll

eagues

.demo

nstrated

.at.the.Los.Alam

.Nati

onal

.Labo

ratory

.in.1973.[16].that.ree

tive

.pow

.is.dep

loyable.

8.14 Initialization

To.a.certain.extent,.the.technique.adopted.in.setting.up.a.link.of.communications.in.a.passive.RFID.

syst

.is.simil

.to.the.LBT.proc

ess

.used.in.semi

-active

.RFID.syst

ems.

.Aer.suc

ient

.ener

.has.been.

accu

mulated

.in.a.passi

.tag,.a.shor

.mess

age

.is.broa

dcast

.to.aler

.the.read

er.

.In.the.case.when.many.

tags.are.foun

.in.the.near.vici

nity

.at.a.give

.time

.all.tags.woul

.be.woke

.up.simul

taneously

.and.all.

8-12 Industrial Communication Systems

initializations.would.fail..Every.tag.will.then.wait.for.a.randomly.determined.duration.in.accordance.

with.the.pred

etermined

.anti

collision

.sche

.befo

.tryi

.agai

. e.most.comm

.stan

dard

.used.in.

the.air.int

erface

.at.860

–960

.MHz.is.ISO

/IEC

.180

.Par

.6.

8.15 Vicinity Card

In.layman’s.terminology,.a.communications.link.in.backscattering.is.established.by.modifying.the.envi-

ronment

.for.wave.scat

tering.

.A.long

.rang

.resu

lts

.beca

use

.the.curr

ent

.resp

onsible

.for.the.back

scat-

tered

.wave.is.as.stro

.as.the.curr

ent

.indu

ced

.by.the.inci

dent

.wave

.In.prin

ciple,

.a.simil

.tech

nique

coul

.be.used.to.exte

.the.rang

.of.cove

rage

.due.to.indu

ctive

.coup

ling.

.Using.ener

.draw

.from.

indu

ctive

.coup

ling,

.the.micr

oprocessor

.in.a.passi

.HF.RFID.tag.coul

.be.inst

ructed

.to.load.or.shor

the.seco

ndary

.coil.in.acco

rdance

.with.the.data.stre

ams

.to.be.sent.[17]

.As.a.resu

.of.the.physi

cal

.chan

in.the.seco

ndary

.indu

ctor,

.the.coup

ling

.coe

cient

.is.aec

ted

.corr

espondingly.

.It.then.foll

ows

.that.the.

driv

ing

.sour

.of.the.prim

ary

.coil.woul

.dete

.a.smal

.yet.appr

ehensible

.chan

.in.the.inpu

.impe

ance,

.and.as.a.res

ult,

.a.com

munications

.lin

.is.est

ablished.

.Bas

.on.the.ISO.156

.sta

ndard,

.the.ee

tive

.rang

.of.a.HD.RFID.coul

.be.exte

nded

.beyo

.1.mete

.To.dist

inguish

.it.from.the.conv

entional

.HF.

RFID

.it.is.cal

led

.a.vic

inity

.car

Although

.mutu

.indu

ctors

.are.used.in.both.case

.migr

ation

.from.HF.RFID.to.vicin

ity

.card.is.not.

simp

le.

.Of.cour

se,

.the.comp

uter

.netw

ork

.and.the.asso

ciated

.sow

are

.coul

.be.reus

.with.mino

.modi

ca-

tions,

.but.the.reade

.and.tags.must.be.repl

aced.

. us,.exis

ting

.user

.of.HF.RFID.syst

ems

.will.be.conf

ronted

with.the.dile

mma

.on.choo

sing

.betw

een

.a.fami

liar

.HF.syst

.or.a.vers

atile

.one.at.a.die

rent

.freq

uency.

8.16 Frequency Selection

Since.backscattering.is.frequency.independent,.the.next.step.in.the.design.of.a.long-range.passive.

RFID.syst

.is.the.sele

ction

.of.a.freq

uency

.for.oper

ation.

.It.is.a.tall.orde

.for.the.spec

trum

.regu

lator

beca

use

.ndi

.a.vaca

.freq

uency

.slot.in.the.one-

and-only-one

.spec

trum

.for.an.appr

oved

.wire

less

usag

.requ

ires

.a.comp

rehensive

.know

ledge

.of.the.tech

nology

.itse

lf,

.the.tren

.of.deve

lopment,

.and.an.

appr

eciation

.of.the.urge

.soci

oeconomic

.need

.on.the.one.hand

.and.on.the.othe

.a.regu

lator

.need

to.comm

and

.an.exce

llent

.poli

tical

.skil

.in.bala

ncing

.the.tech

nical

.and.soci

oeconomic

.fact

ors

.subt

with.litt

.disc

retionary

.leve

rage.

While

.soci

oeconomic

.issu

.will.be.disc

ussed

.late

.the.easie

.one.is.rst.addr

essed.

.Tech

nically,

.the.

issu

.of.conc

ern

.are.rang

.of.cove

rage,

.physi

cal

.cons

traints,

.scop

.of.appl

ication,

.spee

.of.data.tran

mission,

.elec

tromagnetic

.comp

atibility,

.envi

ronmental

.frie

ndliness,

.inte

rsystem

.and.intr

asystem

.inte

ferences,

.pro

duct

.saf

ety,

.and.cos

.of.pro

duction.

For

.long-r

ange

.oper

ations,

.an.eci

ent

.ante

nna

.is.need

.in.a. tag.. Henc

.micr

owave

.RFID.is.

pref

erred

.as.room.is.avai

lable

.for.acco

mmodating

.the.30.mm.half

-wave

.ante

nna

.on.the.cove

ring

.box.

of.most.prod

ucts.

.Havi

.said.that

.UHF.RFID.is.a.stro

.alte

rnative

.beca

use

.its.ante

nna

.coul

.be.

shor

tened

.to.less.than.30.mm.by.slow

-wave

.tech

niques,

.and.furt

her

.shri

nkage

.coul

.be.achi

eved

.by.

fabr

icating

.the.patc

.ante

nna

.on.a.dens

.subs

trate.

.None

theless,

.it.is.a.choi

.betw

een

.a.UHF.and.

a.micr

owave.

.the.scop

.of.appl

ications,

.UHF.prev

ails

.beca

use

.dry.wood

.an.RF-l

ucent

.mate

rial

.at.ultr

ahigh

.fre-

uencies,

.woul

.beco

.RF.abso

rbent

.at.micr

owave

.freq

uencies.

. is.chan

.has.a.stee

.cons

equence

.as.

wood.is.one.of.the.key.materials.used.in.making.pallets.for.the.logistics.industry..Moreover,.UHF.wins.

agai

.on.cost

-eectiveness

.beca

use

.the.tech

nologies

.used.in.maki

.radi

.freq

uency–integrated

.circ

uits

(RFI

.are.mor

.mat

ure;

.the

refore,

.a.900.MHz.die.is.muc

.che

aper

.tha

.its.cou

nterpart

.at.245

.MHz.

ost

.impo

rtant

.of.all,.UHF.has.a.clea

.edge.on.inte

rsystem

.elec

tromagnetic

.inte

rference.

.As.a.resu

of.the.migr

ation

.of.mobi

.phon

.subs

cribers

.to.the.2¾.gene

ration

.at.1800.MHz.and.the.thir

.gene

ration

at.2000.MHz,.a.rela

tively

.clea

.envi

ronment

.is.foun

.in.the.UHF.band.as.some.of.the.slot

.allo

cated

.for.

the.seco

.gene

ration

.at.900.MHz.have.been.unde

rutilized

.for.a.long.time

.On.the.othe

.hand

.tra

Radio Frequency Identication 8-13

congestions.are.oen.seen.in.the.microwave.ISM.frequency.because.2450.MHz.is.currently.used.in.

micr

owave

.oven

.acti

.RFID

.wire

less

.loca

.area.netw

orks,

.and.vari

ous

.wire

less

.inte

rconnect

.gadg

ets.

 e.sele

ction

.of.5800.MHz.is.not.advi

sable

.beca

use

.the.rele

vant

.tech

nologies

.for.mass.prod

uction

.of.

low-

cost

.tag

.are.far.fro

.mat

ure.

.summ

ary,

.regu

lators

.of.the.major.trad

ing

.bloc

.of.nati

ons

.have.reac

hed

.a.cons

ensus

.in.assig

ning

some.of.the.ISM.slo

.in.the.ult

rahigh

.fre

quency

.ban

.for.the.lic

ense-free

.pas

sive

.RFI

8.17 UHF rFID

Using.the.method.of.backscattering,.a.long-range.passive.RFID.system.with.a.low-cost.compact.tag.

coul

.be.desig

ned.

.Sinc

.it.is.oper

ating

.at.one.of.the.empty.UHF.freq

uency

.slot

.in.the.ISM.band

.it.is.

call

.the.UHF.RFI

.or.simp

.the.RFI

Recall

.that.one.of.the.major.objec

tives

.in.deve

loping

.the.RFID.is.to.repl

ace

.the.exis

ting

.bar.code.

with.a.long

-range,

.hand

s-free,

.rewr

itable,

.tamp

.resis

tant,

.immu

.of.elec

tromagnetic

.inte

rference,

eci

ent,

.and.vers

atile

.one,.yet.the.adva

ntages

.of.the.bar.code

.such.as.low-

cost,

.low-

prole,

.long

-life,

smal

lness,

.and.robu

stness

.are.kept.inta

ct.

.To.be.hone

st,

.no.elec

tronic

.devi

.coul

.be.chea

per

.than.the.

bar.code

.Simi

larly,

.no.wire

less

.devi

.coul

.be.immu

nized

.from.elec

tromagnetic

.inte

rference

.but.its.

vuln

erability

.(EMI

/EMC)

.coul

.be.asse

ssed

.for.comp

arison.

.Henc

.it.is.a.choi

.betw

een

.the.vici

nity

card.and.the.UHF.RFI

.as.bot

.hav

.met.mos

.req

uirements,

.app

arently.

Since

.the.micr

oelectronic

.tech

nologies

.used. in.maki

.HF.comp

onents

.are. more. matu

.than.

that.of.the.UHF.ones

.chip

.for.vici

nity

.card

.are.less.expe

nsive.

.As.the.HF.band.is.less.util

ized,

.the.

vici

nity

.card.is.subje

.to.less.inte

rsystem

.inte

rference.

.More

over,

.due.to.its.prin

ciple

.of.oper

ation,

.the.

rang

.of.cove

rage

.of.the.vici

nity

.card.is.very.smal

.and.ther

efore

.it.is.not.vuln

erable

.to.intr

asystem

inte

rference.

.In.othe

.word

.on.the.EMI/

EMC,

.the.vici

nity

.card.wins

.Howe

ver,

.due.to.its.limi

ted

rang

.of.cove

rage,

.the.vici

nity

.card.is.reje

cted

.beca

use

.it.does.not.sati

sfy

.the.requ

irement

.on.a.long

range

.oper

ation.

For

.vari

ous

.tech

nical,

.econ

omical,

.medi

cal,

.and.poli

tical

.reas

ons,

.most.of.the.acti

.and.passi

.RFID.

syst

ems

.ment

ioned

.unde

.the.prec

eding

.head

ings

.will.not.be.repl

aced

.by.the.UHF.RFID.in.the.fore

see-

able

.future..However,.the.importance.of.these.RFID.technologies.will.fade.with.the.gradual.eminence.

of.the.UHF.RFID

.Henc

.atte

ntion

.will.be.focu

sed

.on.the.UHF.RFID.here

aer,

.unle

.stat

.othe

rwise.

8.18 Supply Chain Management

As.a.bar.code.replacement,.an.RFID.tag.is.embedded.in.every.pallet.or.product.for.shipment..Due.to.

glob

alization,

.the.ship

ment

.may.have.to.trav

.thou

sands

.of.kilo

meters

.on.land

.on.sea,.and.in.air..At.a.

nati

onal

.bord

er,

.it.has.to.endu

.the.long.wait

ing

.line.for.custo

.cont

rol,

.quar

antine

.chec

.and.othe

insp

ections.

. en,.the.carg

.are.store

.in.one.of.the.ware

houses

.of.the.dist

ributor

.befo

.they.are.sent.

to.the.poin

t-of-sale.

.It.is.a.journ

.of.mont

.that.invo

lves

.tens.of.hand

lers

.spea

king

.die

rent

.lang

uages

and.dia

lects.

Equipped

.with.an.acti

.RFID.tag,.signi

cant

.savi

.in.wait

ing

.time.insid

.and.outsi

.a.cont

ainer

port.or.an.airp

ort

.coul

.be.achi

eved

.by.disp

atching

.the.cont

ainer

.truc

.via.a.WiFi.wire

less

.loca

.area.

netw

ork

.to.move.in.an.orde

rly

.fash

ion.

.Assis

ted

.by.the.same.acti

.RFID.syst

em,

.the.load

ing

.and.the.

unlo

ading

.of.the.cont

ainers

.coul

.be.carr

ied

.out.more.eci

ently.

.On.the.othe

.hand

.clea

rance

.of.cus-

.cont

rol

.and.othe

.pape

.work.coul

.be.spee

ded

.up.for.merc

handise

.equi

pped

.with.a.passi

.RFID.

tag.. e.passi

.RFID.syst

.is.also.appl

icable

.in.acce

lerating

.inve

ntory

.cont

rol

.at.vari

ous

.ware

houses

and.the.eve

ntual

.ret

ail

.out

let.

Unfortunately,

.a.container.port.or.an.airport.is.only.one.of.the.bottlenecks.along.a.1000-km.

jour

ney.

.Inst

ead

.of.wait

ing

.help

lessly

.at.the.rece

iving

.end,.a.reta

iler

.woul

.like.to.know.the.loca

tion

of.the.merc

handise

.sele

cted

.for.the.upco

ming

.sale

.prom

otion.

.In.fact

.the.said.carg

.coul

.be.sitti

8-14 Industrial Communication Systems

idly.in.stock.or.traveling..For.the.former.case,.the.network.of.readers.in.a.warehouse.could.be.used.to.

loca

.the.misp

laced

.item.thro

ugh

.its.RFID.tag..For.a.carg

.on.its.way,.a.glob

.trac

e-and-track

.coul

be.cond

ucted

.via.GPRS.(gen

eral

.publ

.radi

.serv

ice)

.prov

ided

.by.most.terr

estrial

.mobi

.phon

.net-

orks

.beca

use

.the.posit

ion

.of.a.truc

.coul

.be.extr

acted

.from.the.GPS.(glo

bal

.posit

ioning

.syst

em)

.map..

Simi

larly,

.the.GPS.read

ing

.of.a.vess

.coul

.be.sent.back.thro

ugh

.Inma

rsat,

.a.sate

llite

.comm

unications

syst

.oper

ated

.by.the.Inte

rnational

.Mobi

.Sate

llite

.Orga

nization.

.Othe

.than.the.GPS.syst

em,

.with.or.

with

out

.a.loca

.map.on.ever

.truc

.a.real.time.glob

.trac

k-and-trace

.coul

.be.cond

ucted

.thro

ugh

.the.

exis

ting

.com

munications

.net

work

.wit

.no.aux

iliary

.equ

ipment.

Simply

.put,.the.supp

lementary

.capi

tal

.inve

stment

.need

.for.depl

oying

.the.RFID.in.the.supp

.chai

mana

gement

.is.rela

tively

.smal

.comp

ared

.with.the.total.cost.spen

.in.equi

pping

.ever

.prod

uct

.with.an.

RFID.tag..Neve

rtheless,

.it.is.a.wort

hwhile

.inve

stment

.beca

use

.the.tang

ible

.gain

.will.surp

ass

.the.cost.

of.a.bill

ion

.tags

.not.to.ment

ion

.the.inta

ngible

.ones

.Henc

.the.indu

stry

.of.logi

stics

.mana

gement

.has.

reac

hed

.a.cons

ensus

.in.equi

pping

.ever

.prod

uct

.with.a.RFID.tag.of.a.uniq

.ID.numbe

.when.the.pric

of.a.tag.is.righ

.Bari

.unfo

reseeable

.poli

tical

.and.econ

omical

.obst

acles,

.this.fant

asy

.will.beco

.a.

real

ity

.in.the.nea

.fut

ure.

8.19 International Standard

Unlike.the.bar.code.or.the.HF.RFID,.there.is.no.common.platform.for.a.UHF.RFID.tag.to.roam.seam-

lessly

.acro

.a.man-

made

.poli

tical

.boun

dary.

. e.outs

tanding

.issu

.to.be.solv

.are,.howe

ver,

.more.

poli

tical

.tha

.tec

hnical.

.the.past

.the.nati

onal

.stan

dard

.wher

.a.tech

nology

.was.inve

nted

.coul

.easil

.be.stea

mrollered

.as.

the.de.facto.inte

rnational

.stan

dard

.as.illu

strated

.in.bar.code.deve

lopment.

.Howe

ver,

.in.the.fast.chan

ing

.worl

.of.elec

tronics,

.chan

ges

.are.not.just.foun

.in.tech

nologies,

.they.are.also.obse

rved

.in.plac

wher

.the.tec

hnologies

.wer

.rs

.dev

eloped.

.As.a.res

ult,

.rev

olutionary

.cha

nges

.are.not

.on.the.map.of.

tech

nology

.thre

.deca

des

.aer.prom

ulgation

.of.the.univ

ersal

.prod

uct

.code

.(UPC

.Toda

.ther

.are.at.

leas

.thre

.inte

rnational

.stan

dards

.for.cons

umer

.elec

tronics

.as.exem

plied

.by.CDMA.2000

.W-CD

MA,

and.TD-S

CDMA

.in.the.thir

.gene

ration

.mobi

.phon

.Anal

ogous

.conf

usions

.are.also.seen.in.high

denition

.tel

evisions.

.RFID.die

.from.the.abov

.exam

ples.

.Aer.all,.the.RFID.tag.is.not.a.prod

uct,

.but.an.elec

tronic

.comp

onent

.in.ever

.elec

tronic

.or.none

lectronic

.prod

uct.

.In.comp

eting

.with.the.bar.code

the.RFID.tag.must.be.made.cost.eec

tively.

.Iron

ically,

.the.prod

uction

.of.this.tiny.and.inex

pensive

tag.invo

lves

.a.supe

.clea

.ambi

ance

.and.an.extr

emely

.stab

.envi

ronment

.for.the.grow

.of.a.larg

sili

con–germanium

.ingo

.a.stat

e-of-the-art

.foun

dry

.for.the.fabr

ication

.of.a.micr

oelectronic

.disk

and.soph

isticated

.equi

pment

.for.pack

aging

.a.die.into.a.tag..Furt

hermore,

.an.eec

tive

.engi

neering

mana

gement

.team.and.chea

.skil

led

.labo

.are.requ

ired

.for.embe

dding

.a.tag.into.ever

.prod

uct

.for.

ship

ment.

.Very.like

ly,

.thes

.proc

esses

.are.carr

ied

.out.in.die

rent

.coun

tries.

.As.a.resu

lt,

.no.nati

could.claim.a.monopolistic.control.of.all.RFID.technologies..Finally,.but.not.the.least,.as.the.RFID.

has.been.dest

ined

.to.play.a.key.role.in.the.vert

ically

.inte

grated

.indu

stry

.of.supp

.chai

.mana

gement

comp

rising

.raw.mate

rial

.supp

liers,

.comp

onent

.make

rs,

.prod

uct

.manu

facturers,

.tari



.cont

rollers,

ship

ping

.comp

anies,

.ware

houses,

.dist

ributors,

.and.reta

ilers

.in.die

rent

.coun

tries,

.an.inte

rnational

stan

dard

.is.not.desi

rable,

.but.mand

atory.

8.20 Promiscuity

Even.though.printing.a.bar.code.on.paper.is.costless,.the.overall.turnover.of.the.related.markets.on.

hard

ware,

.sow

are,

.comp

uter

.netw

ork,

.and.bar.code.mana

gement

.is.more.than.a.bill

ion

.US.doll

ars.

Simi

larly,

.the.expe

nditure

.cons

umed

.in.the.fabr

ication

.of.RFID.tags

.the.prod

uction

.of.RFID.equi

ment,

.the.deve

lopment

.of.spec

ic

.sow

are,

.and.the.mana

gement

.of.the.rele

vant

.netw

ork

.repr

esents

.only.

part.of.the.total.reve

nue

.gene

rated

.by.the.RFID

.Toge

ther

.with.indu

stries,

.due.to.the.pred

ictable

.and.

Radio Frequency Identication 8-15

the.unpredictable.applications.of.RFID.technologies.in.auent.nations.as.well.as.in.the.emerging.ones,.

the.annu

.turn

over

.of.all.RFID

-related

.indu

stries

.will.be.meas

ured

.in.hund

reds

.of.bill

ion

.doll

ars,

.and.

even

tually

.in.tri

llion

.dol

lars.

.is.why.ever

.nati

.wants.to.play.a.domi

nant

.role.in.dra

ing

.an.inter

national

.stan

dard

.that.

may.allow.the.dra

.to.keep.one’

.stre

ngths

.intac

.yet.sacr

ice

.noth

ing.

.In.all.fair

ness,

.most.nati

ons

have.soli

.grou

nds

.for.stan

ding

.rm.beca

use

.they.have.diss

imilar

.soci

opolitical

.stru

ctures,

.uneq

ual

leve

.of.indu

strialization,

.dist

inct

.soci

oeconomic

.prob

lems

.to.be.solv

ed,

.and.ther

efore

.diff

erent

expe

ctations

.from.the.RFID

Short

.of.a.uniq

.stan

dard

.for.all.nati

ons,

.poli

tical

.enti

ties

.of.simil

.soci

oeconomic

.back

grounds

and.of.comp

arable

.leve

.of.indu

strialization

.will.sett

.for.a.mult

inational

.stan

dard,

.so.that.the.econ

omy

.of.scal

.will.rema

.appl

icable

.in.keep

ing

.the.unit.cost.of.the.spec

ial

.equi

pment

.and.the.tag.at.a.low.

leve

.As.depi

cted

.in.the.thir

.gene

ration

.mobi

.phon

.thre

.to.four.stan

dards

.are.expe

cted.

.Inst

ead

.of.

full.comp

liance,

.prom

iscuity

.or.mult

isystem

.and.mult

istandard

.oper

ations

.will.be.supp

orted.

.In.othe

word

.the.mult

inational

.stan

dards

.will.shar

.some.comm

.feat

ures,

.such.as.comp

atible

.air.inte

rface,

simil

.init

ialization

.proc

edures,

.acce

ssible

.iden

tication

.numbe

.and.pref

erably,

.the.abil

ity

.to.writ

.in.

some.com

mon

.are

as.

8.21 National Standards

While.regulatory.authorities.from.various.trading.blocks.of.nations.are.working.hard.in.draing.a.

mult

inational

.stan

dard

.that.is.acce

ptable

.to.all.part

ies

.conc

erned;

.some.of.the.nati

onal

.stan

dards

.are.

rst.exa

mined.

Subsequent

.to.the.imme

nse

.succ

ess

.of.mobi

.phon

es,

.many.wire

.syst

ems

.are.bein

.conv

erted

.to.

wire

less,

.incl

uding

.loca

.area.netw

orks

.and.the.last.mile.syst

.in.the.plai

.old.tele

phone

.netw

ork.

.In.

addi

tion

.to.the.conv

ersion

.of.the.exis

ting

.syst

ems,

.many.new.wire

less

.gadg

ets

.at.the.cons

umer

.leve

.have.

been.laun

ched

.unde

.the.aegi

.of.vari

ous

.wire

less

.inte

rconnect

.form

ats

.such.as.WiFi,.WiMax

.ZigB

ee,

Blue

tooth,

.and.ultr

.wide

band.

.Due.to.the.prol

iferation

.of.wire

less

.devi

ces,

.the.powe

.rati

.of.any.

prop

osal

.mus

.be.rig

orously

.scr

utinized.

Probably

.due.to.its.proje

cted

.role.in.the.logi

stics

.indu

stry,

.the.RFID.has.been.favo

rably

.trea

ted

.by.

many.regu

lators.

.For.exam

ple,

.the.perm

issible

.outp

.powe

.in.the.Unit

.State

.is.4.W.EIRP

.With.spe-

ial

.appr

oval

.from.the.Fede

ral

.Comm

ission

.of.Comm

unications

.(FCC

.the.rati

.coul

.be.incr

eased

.to.

20.W..Unde

.the.norm

.cond

ition

.with

out

.lice

nse,

.the.eec

tive

.rang

.is.8.m.and.the.rate.of.read

ing

.is.

200.tags.per.seco

nd,

.prov

ided

.that.the.tags.are.movi

.at.a.spee

.of.less.than.3.m/s..Comp

ared

.with.the.

HF.RFI

.sign

icant

.imp

rovements

.are.obs

erved.

Although

.it.is.the.righ

.of.a.sove

reign

.coun

try

.to.dra.a.nati

onal

.RFID.stan

dard,

.more.and.more.

coun

tries

. are. conv

inced

. of. the. adva

ntages

. in. adopt

ing

. one.of. the. mult

inational

. stan

dards.

. Toda

ther

.are.two.major.mult

inational

.stan

dards

.led.by.the.Euro

pean

.Unio

.and.the.Unit

.State

.as.list

in.Tabl

.8.1..Unfo

rtunately,

.ther

.is.none.in.Asia.wher

.most.prod

ucts

.are.made

.For.easy.refe

rence,

national.standards.in.selected.countries.are.listed.in.Table.8.2.[18].

TABLE 8.1 Major.Multinational.Standards

Lead.Nation Nations

European

.Union

Armenia,

.Aust

ria,

.Azer

baijan,

.Belg

ium,

.Bosn

ia,

.Bulg

aria,

.Croa

tia,

.Cypru

.Czec

.Repu

blic,

.Denm

ark,

Esto

nia,

.Finl

and,

.Fran

ce,

.Germ

any,

.Gree

ce,

.Herz

egovina,

.Hung

ary,

.Icel

and,

.Irel

and,

.Ital

.Jord

an,

Latv

ia,

.Lith

uania,

.Luxe

mbourg,

.Mace

donia,

.Malt

.Mold

ova,

.the.Neth

erlands,

.Norw

ay,

.Pola

nd,

Portu

gal,

.Roma

nia,

.Russ

ia,

.Serb

.and.Mont

enegro,

.Slov

ak,

.Slov

enia,

.Spai

.Swed

en,

.Swit

zerland,

Tuni

sia,

.Turk

ey,

.the.Unit

.Arab.Emir

ates,

.the.Unit

.King

dom.

United

.Sta

tes Argentina,

.Can

ada,

.Chile

.Cost

.Rica,.the.Dominic

.Repu

blic,

.Mexico,.Peru

.Puerto.Rico,.Urugu

ay,

the.Unit

.Sta

tes.

8-16 Industrial Communication Systems

8.22 Hands-Free Bar Code System

Apparently,.the.primary.objective.in.developing.the.UHF.RFID.is.to.extend.the.range.of.coverage.of.

the.HF.RFID

.Havi

.a.long

.rang

.is.den

itely

.one.of.the.mean

.of.achi

eving

.the.aim,.but.it.is.not.

the.ulti

mate

.one.. e.prin

cipal

.aim.appe

ars

.to.be.the.deve

lopment

.of.a.hand

s-free

.bar.code

-scanning

tech

nique

.for.auto

mation

.pro

cesses.

.deve

lopment

.bega

.in.2003

.As.the.mili

tary

.forc

.of.the.Unit

.State

.were.prep

aring

.for.a.swi.

and.deci

sive

.inva

sion

.of.Iraq,.it.was.deem

.that.all.mili

tary

.supp

lies

.and.othe

.prov

isions

.for.the.alli

forc

.of.300,

000

.for.the.blit

zkrieg

.must.be.read

.for.imme

diate

.use.in.Saud

.Arab

.befo

.the.rst.bomb.

was.drop

ped.

.It.was.also.deci

ded

.to.use.the.UHF.RFID.for.spee

ding

.up.the.coun

ting

.of.mili

tary

.and.

nonm

ilitary

.supp

lies,

.in.hund

reds

.of.mill

ion.

.Part

.due.to.the.RFID

.the.6-mo

nth

.task.in.the.Firs

.Gulf.

War.in.199

.was.com

pleted

.in.2.wee

.[19

.2004

.crit

ical

.comp

onents,

.speci

ally

.desi

gned

.hard

ware,

.and.tail

or-made

.sowa

.were.read

.for.

deve

lopment

.of.a.pilo

.RFID.inve

ntory

.syst

.for.civi

lian

.use.in.peac

.time..In.earl

.2005

.the.RFID.was.

used.by.the.U.S..armed.forc

.for.recei

ving

.and.disp

atching

.vario

.supp

lies

.bund

led

.on.a.pall

et.

.For.the.

enha

nced

.vers

ion,

.ever

.case.was.requ

ired

.to.posse

.a.uniq

.RFID.tag..It.was.schedu

led

.that.ever

.indi

vidual

.item.must.be.equi

pped

.with.an.RFID.labe

.in.2009

. e.Pent

agon

.clai

med

.that.the.pilo

.RFID.inve

tory

.syst

.save

.over.80.mill

ion

.doll

ars

.for.its.gove

rnment

.annu

ally,

.not.to.ment

ion

.the.inta

ngible

.gain

.equa

lly

.pion

eering

.proj

ect

.was.cond

ucted

.on.the.othe

.side.of.the.Paci

c

.Ocea

.in.2006

.By.repl

acing

the.bar.code.on.a.bagga

.labe

.with.an.RFID.tag.(Fig

ure

.8.11

.the.lugga

.acce

pted

.by.a.chec

k-in

.coun

ter

.in.

the.Hong.Kong.Airp

ort

.coul

.be.auto

matically

.sent.thro

ugh

.a.maze.of.RFID

-monitored

.conv

eyor

.belt

.to.the.

cart.earmarked.for.the.designated.aircra.(Figure.8.12)..Besides.gain.in.speed,.the.rate.of.erroneous.delivery.

has.been.sign

icantly

.redu

ced.

.With.tens.of.stra

tegically

.loca

ted

.inte

rrogators,

.a.bagga

.drop

ped

.from.the.

kilo

meters

.of.conv

eyor

.belt

.or.misha

ndled

.in.what

ever

.way.coul

.be.loca

ted

.on.time.befo

.igh

.depa

rture.

8.23 Bar Code Mentality

As.a.hands-free.bar.code,.the.development.of.the.UHF.RFID.is.practically.completed.and.the.remaining.

task

.are.simpl

.ne-

tuning

.the.micr

ochip,

.mini

aturizing

.the.hard

ware,

.enha

ncing

.the.ante

nna,

.and.

debu

gging

.the.cont

rol

.syst

.and.othe

.sow

are.

.In.gene

ral,

.thes

.chor

.shou

.not.arou

.the.inte

rest

TABLE 8.2 National.Standards.in.Selected.Countries

Authority Frequency Maximum.Power Characteristics

European

.Union 865.6–867.6.MHz 2.0.W.ERP

LBT

United

.Sta

tes

.of.Amer

ica 902.0–928.0

.MHz 4.0.W.EIRP FHSS

China 840.5–844.5

.MHz 2.0.W.ERP FHSS

920.5–924.5

.MHz

Hon

.Kon

g 865.0–868.0

.MHz 2.0.W.ERP LBT

920.0–925.0

.MHz 4.0.W.EIRP FHSS

Tai

wan 922.0–928.0

.MHz 1.0.W.ERP,.indoo

r FHSS

0.5

.W.ERP,.out

door

Singapore 866.0–869.0

.MHz 0.5.W.ERP

920.0–925.0

.MHz 2.0.W.ERP

Jap

an 952.0–954.0

.MHz 4.0.W.EIRP,.wit

.license

LBT

952.0–955.0

.MHz 20.mW.EIRP,.w/o.license

orea 908.5–910.0

.MHz 4.0.W.EIRP LBT

910.0–914.0

.MHz

Indi

a 865.0–867.0

.MHz 4.0.W.EIRP

1.ERP.=.1.64.EIRP.

Radio Frequency Identication 8-17

of.researchers.in.a.university.or.a.national.research.center..On.the.contrary,.the.RFID.has.been.gold-

ngered

.by.the.national.authorities.as.an.area.of.intensive.development.in.many.countries,.including.the.

United.States.and.the.Peoples.Republic.of.China.

.closer.scrutiny,.it.is.found.that.the.UHF.RFID.is.a.facilitator..Simply.put,.the.RFID.could.enable.

us.to.realize.our.fantasies,.and.in.fact,.it.could.give.us.something.beyond.our.imagination..To.a.certain.

extent,.the.scenario.is.similar.to.the.invention.of.the.electricity.generator.for.lighting.up.light.bulbs..

At.least,.it.is.comparable.to.the.development.of.the.Electronic.Numerical.Integrator.and.Computer.

(ENIAC).[20].in.1946.for.handling.the.massive.paper.load.due.to.the.discharge.of.millions.of.veterans.

aer.World.War.II..No.one.at.that.time.realized.that.a.necessity.for.human.beings.had.been.created..

Ironically,.we.have.lived.for.millions.of.years.without.this.“necessity.”

.is.understandable.that.the.passive.UHF.RFID.has.been.treated.as.an.enhanced.bar.code.at.its.infancy..

However,.it.is.unfortunate.that.the.bar.code.mentality.is.now.shared.among.professionals.and.nonprofes-

sionals

.in.technical.and.nontechnical.communities,.especially.among.the.old-timers..Echoing.this.men-

tality,

.the.translation.of.its.Chinese.name.in.Hong.Kong.is.“Radio.Frequency.Bar.Code,”.while.it.is.called.

“Electronic.Bar.Code”.in.Mainland.China..Fixation.and.obstinacy.could.hinder.or.curtail.the.further.

development.of.the.RFID;.thus,.its.intrinsic.capabilities.and.potential.abilities.would.never.be.fully.utilized.

(a)

(b)

FIGURE 8.11 UHF.RFID.baggage.label,.Hong.Kong.Air.

FIGURE 8.12 UHF.RFID.antenna.in.the.Hong.Kong.Airport.

8-18 Industrial Communication Systems

8.24 affordable tag

From.the.aforementioned.pilot.projects,.the.ability.of.RFID.in.detecting.a.tag.at.a.distance.has.been.

full

.demo

nstrated.

.Reas

onable

.savi

.was.obse

rved

.in.manp

ower

.and.fewe

.pena

lties

.were.paid.for.

late.deli

very

.and.othe

.erro

rs.

.Howe

ver,

.it.is.not.sure.whet

her

.the.savi

.is.good.enou

.to.cove

.the.

extr

.cost.aris

ing

.from.dump

ing

.the.free

-of-charge

.bar.code

.More

over,

.coul

.the.capi

tal

.inve

st-

ment

.be.rec

overed?

.Bot

.sys

tems

.wer

.hig

hly

.com

mended

.bec

ause

.acc

uracy

.and.ec

iency

.hav

.bee

heav

ily

.weig

hted

.in.the.syst

.asse

ssment,

.whil

.the.cost.of.the.impl

ementation

.was.play

.down

Base

.on.the.pric

.of.an.RFID.tag.in.2006

.the.RFID.can.only.be.aor

ded

.by.shop

.with.a.high.pro

marg

in,

.such.as.bout

iques

.and.gour

met

.stor

es.

.Fort

unately,

.due.to.the.econ

omy

.of.scal

.the.unit.cost.

of.a.tag.will.go.down

According

.to. the. Unif

orm

. Code. Coun

cil

.(UCC

.the.issu

. of.bar. code

.ve. bill

ion

. bar. code

are

scanned

. dail

. e. UCC. esti

mation

. may. be. opti

mistic,

. but. its. orde

. is. rela

tively

. trus

tworthy.

Supp

osing

.the.bar.code.on.ever

.prod

uct

.is.repl

aced

.by.a.nonr

eusable

.tag,.the.annu

.cons

umption

would.be.meas

ured

.in.hund

reds

.of.bill

ions.

.With.the.proj

ected

.mode

rnization

.of.popu

lous

.nati

ons,

such.as.Chin

.Indi

.and.Braz

il,

.this.numb

.coul

.easi

.be.doub

led

.or.trip

led.

.Henc

.it.is.fore

seen

that.the.dire

ct-from-foundry

.pric

.of.a.micr

ochip

.coul

.be.redu

ced

.to.5.¢.in.the.comi

.year

.if.not.

mont

hs.

.Besid

.the.die,.maki

.a.tag.invo

lves

.prin

ting

.an.ante

nna

.on.a.piec

.of.pape

.bond

ing

.a.die.

onto.the.ante

nna,

.down

.a.uniqu

.ID.numb

.and.othe

.info

rmation

.into.the.memo

ry,

.perf

orm-

ing

.a.crit

ical

.func

tional

.test

.pack

aging

.the.tags.in.a.box,.and.send

ing

.it.to.the.end.user

. en,.a.tag.is.

embe

dded

.in.a.prod

uct

.for.ship

ment.

.Usin

.eci

ent

.manu

facturing

.tech

nologies

.and.prov

.logi

stics

management.in.China,.the.total.cost.of.adding.an.RFID.tag.in.a.made-in-China.product.is.approxi-

mately

.one.renm

inbi

.(RMB

.equa

.to.12.¢.US..At.this.pric

.the.RFID.is.aor

dable

.for.most.prod

ucts

sold.in.depa

rtment

.stor

es.

.In.fact

.anot

her

.fact

.that.driv

.the.tag.pric

.down.is.comp

etition.

.Toda

ther

.are.hund

reds

.of.UHF.RFID.tags.of.vari

ous

.size

.avai

lable

.in.the.mark

.and.the.pric

.on.the.

form

.show

.in.Figu

.8.13.range.from.8.¢.to.50.¢.US.

nce

.the.tech

nologies

.used.in.maki

.900.MHz.RFIC.is.rath

.matu

re,

.the.pric

.of.a.micr

ochip

will.not.fall.subs

tantially.

.On.the.othe

.hand

.the.cost.of.supp

lementation

.will.prob

ably

.stay.rm.

beca

use

.the.gain.in.tech

nological

.impr

ovement,

.if.any,.may.not.ose

.the.rise

.in.over

heads

.such.as.

sala

ry,

.rent

al,

.nan

cial

.char

ge,

.and.code.admi

nistration.

.Toge

ther

.with.the.proje

cted

.deva

luation

.of.

the.U.S..doll

ar,

.the.ulti

mate

.pric

.of.a.tag.will.prob

ably

.hang.arou

.10.¢,.twic

.as.expe

nsive

.as.the.

usua

.pred

iction

.of.5.¢.

.10.¢.a.piec

.the.RFID.is.read

.for.use.in.supe

rmarkets,

.conv

enient

.store

.and.corn

.shop

.For.

smal

l-value

.item

.such.as.cand

ies

.and.loll

ipops,

.the.RFID.is.also.appl

icable

.prov

ided

.that.they.are.

bund

led

.toget

her

.into.a.fami

.pack

.Howe

ver,

.use.of.disp

osable

.RFID.tags.for.fres

.prod

uce

.at.the.

reta

.leve

.may.not.be.read

.in.the.comi

.year

. us,.it.is.fore

seen

.that.the.RFID.and.the.bar.code.will.

coex

ist

.in.a.comp

uterized

.poin

t-of-sale;

.whil

.cash

.elec

tronic

.cash

.cred

.card

.and.debi

.card

.will.be.

used.elsewhere..RFID.is.not.just.used.in.auent.countries;.it.will.be.extensively.used.in.the.emergent.

mark

ets

.too.

8.25 Ubiquity of rFID

At.900.MHz,.most.packaging.materials.are.RF-lucent;.thus,.there.is.no.need.to.place.an.RFID.tag.at.a.

prom

inent

.posit

ion

.on.the.cove

ring

.box.as.woul

.be.the.case.if.it.were.a.bar.code

.For.bett

.secu

rity,

.it.

is.advi

sable

.to.hide.the.tag.insid

.the.box,.espe

cially

.for.expe

nsive

.item

.such.as.jewel

ry,

.clot

hes,

.purs

es,

bonn

ets,

.watc

hes,

.mobi

.phon

es,

.came

ras,

.and.digi

tal

.orga

nizers.

.In.fact

.the.numbe

.of.tags.insid

.a.

carto

.is.not.nece

ssarily

.one..By.tagg

ing

.each.modu

.indi

vidually,

.the.comp

leteness

.of.an.elec

tronic

.or.

a.none

lectronic

.syst

em,

.such.as.an.audi

o-visual

.syst

em,

.a.pers

onal

.comp

uter,

.or.a.busin

ess

.suit

.coul

.be.

doub

le-checked

.bef

ore

.the.na

.pac

kaging

.pro

cess.