West M. Developing High Quality Data Models
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17.10.2 Kind_of_biological_system_component
A class_of_biological_system_component that is also a
kind_of_system_component where all the member compo-
nents play the same role in some biological_system.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY kind_of_biological_system_component
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_biological_system_component, kind_of_
system_component);
END_ENTITY;
(*
17.10.3 Kind_of_functional_system
A class_of_functional_system that is also a kind_of_system
where each kind_of_functional_system has members that are
of the same kind.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY kind_of_functional_system
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_functional_system, kind_of_system);
SELF\kind_of_system.
has_component_by_class :SET [1:?] OF kind_of_
functional_system_component;
END_ENTITY;
(*
Attribute definitions:
has_component_by_class A has_component_by_class r
elationship
type where each member_of the
kind_of_functional_system has a
member_of one or more
kind_of_funct ional_ system_ compone nt
as a component.
17.10.4 Kind_of_functional_system_component
A class_of_functional_system_component that is also a
kind_of_system_component where each member_of a kind_of_
functional_system_component is of the same kind.
232 Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY kind_of_functional_system_component
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_functional_system_component,
kind_of_system_component);
END_ENTITY;
(*
17.10.5 Kind_of_system
A class_of_system that is also a kind_of_ordinary_physical_
object where each member_of a kind_of_system is of the same
kind.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY kind_of_system
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_system,
kind_of_ordinary_physical_object);
has_component_by_class :SET [1:?] OF
kind_of_system_component;
END_ENTITY;
(*
Attribute definitions:
has_component_by_class A consist
s_of_by_class relationship
type where each member_of a
kind_of_system has a member_of one
or more kind_of_system_
component as a component.
17.10.6 Kind_of_system_component
A class_of_system_component that is also a kind_of_
physical_object where all the members are of the same kind.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY kind_of_system_component
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_system_component,
kind_of_physical_object);
END_ENTITY;
(*
17.11 Period of Time and Possible Worlds
Figure 17-11 shows the data model for period_of_time and
possible_world.Aperiod_of_time is all of space between one
Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK 233
point_in_time and another, and so it is a temporal_part_of a
possible_world (possible world should probably be called pos-
sible universe, but the convention is to call it a possible world).
A period_of_time may be a member_of one or more class_
of_period_of_time and a possible_world may be a member_of
one or more class_of_possible_world.
17.11.1 Class_of_period_of_time
A class_of_state that is period_of_time or any of its subsets.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY class_of_period_of_time
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_state);
END_ENTITY;
(*
17.11.2 Class_of_possible_world
A class_of_individual that is also a class_of_period_of_time
that is possible_world or any of its subsets.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY class_of_possible_world
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_individual, class_of_period_of_time);
END_ENTITY;
(*
17.11.3 Period_of_time
A state that is a temporal_part_of some possible_world.
period_of_time
11,1 (6,44)
class_of_
period_of_time
11,4 (6)
class_of_
possible_world
11,3 (6)
46,2 plan
temporal_part_of_ S[1:?]
possible_world
11,2 (4,6)
(RT) member_of S[1:?]
(RT) member_of S[1:?]
Figure 17-11 HQDM_FRAMEWORK EXPRESS-G diagram 11 of 46.
234 Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY period_of_time
SUBTYPE OF(state);
temporal_part_of_ :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF possible_world;
SELF\state.member_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF class_of_
period_of_time;
END_ENTITY;
(*
Attribute definitions:
temporal_part_of A tempo
ral_part_of relationship type where a
period_of_time may be a temporal_part_of
one or more possible_world.
member_of A member_of relationship type where a
period_of_time may be a member_of one or
more class_of_period_of_time.
17.11.4 Possible_world
An individual that is a complete spat io-temporal history of
some possible world.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY possible_world
SUBTYPE OF(individual, period_of_time);
SELF\individual.member_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF
class_of_possible_world;
END_ENTITY;
(*
Attribute definitions:
member_of A mem
ber_of relationship type where a
possible_world may be a member_of one or more
class_of_possible_world.
17.12 Physical Properties and Physical
Quantities
Figure 17-12 shows a basic data model of physical properties
and physical quantities.
Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK 235
A physical_property is a class_of_st ate that is a member_of
a kind_of_physical_property that a state can be a member_of
(or more colloquially, possess). For example, red is a color that
a state of a physical_object can possess.
A physical_quantity is a member_of an ordered set that is
the kind_of_physical_quantity it is a member_of. For example,
20 Celsius is a degree of hotness that is a member_of the set of
temperatures. A physical_quantity may be a member_of one or
more class_of_physical_quantity and is a member_of_kind of
exactly one kind_of_physical_quantity.
A kind_of_physical_quantity has one or more scales that is
a function_ that is a functional mapping to a number space.
Each scale has exactly one kind_of_physical_q uantity as its
domain. The number space is not shown in this data model.
physical_
property
12,3 (6,46)
12,4 (46)
physical_
quantity
(RT) member_of S[1:?]
(RT) member_of S[1:?]
(RT) member_of_kind
(RT) represented S[1:1]
(RT) consists_of_by_class > value_ S[1:1]
uses
member_of_kind
class of_
physical_
property
kind_of_
physical_
property
class of_
physical_
quantity
12,1 (4)
identification
of_physical_
quantity
12,5 (45)
function_
domain
scale
REAL
unit_of_
measure
unit
12,2 (3)
kind of_
physical_
quantity
Figure 17-12 HQDM_FRAMEWORK EXPRESS-G diagram 12 of 46.
236 Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK
A function_ is a one-to-many relationship (which is its mathe-
matical meaning). A unit_of_measure is a plus one function_.
A scale may have just one unit_of_measure as unit.
An identification_of_physical_quantity is an identification
that is of a physical_quantity that uses exactly one scale and
has its value_ represented by exactly one REAL.
17.12.1 Class_of_physical_property
A class_of_class_of_spatio_temporal_extent that is physical_
property or any of its subsets.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY class_of_physical_property
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_class_of_spatio_temporal_extent);
END_ENTITY;
(*
17.12.2 Class_of_physical_quantity
A class_of_physical_property that is physical_quantity or
any of its subsets.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY class_of_physical_quantity
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_physical_property);
END_ENTITY;
(*
17.12.3 Function_
A one-to-many relationship.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY function_
SUBTYPE OF(relationship);
END_ENTITY;
(*
17.12.4 Identification_of_physical_quantity
An identification that identifies a physical_quantity.Aniden-
tification_of_physical_quantity consists of a REAL that is a repre-
sentation of the value_ thephysicalquantitymapstoonthescale.
Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK 237
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY identification_of_physical_quantity
SUBTYPE OF(identification);
SELF\representation_by_
pattern.represented :SET [1:1] OF physical_quantity;
SELF\representation_by_
pattern.consists_of_by_
class RENAMED value_ :SET [1:1] OF REAL;
uses :scale;
END_ENTITY;
(*
Attribute definitions:
represents_by_class A
relationship type where a member_of an
identification_of_physical_quantity
represents exactly one physical_quantity.
Note: Represents by class means that each
member_o f an identification_of_physical_
quantity represents the physical_quantity.For
example any writing down of 20C represents
that particular degree of hotness.
value_ A relationship type where an identification_
of_physical_quantity consists of exactly one
REAL as its value.
Note 1: The members of the data type REAL
provide an identification of a real number.
Note 2: The relationship type name has been
renamed from consists of by class to value.
uses A relationship type where an
identification_of_physical_quantity uses
exactly one scale.
17.12.5 Kind_of_physical_property
A class_of_physical_property where each member_of a kind_
of_physical_property is of the same kind.
Example: Color, with members including red, green, and blue.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY kind_of_physical_property
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_physical_property);
END_ENTITY;
(*
238 Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK
17.12.6 Kind_of_physical_quantity
A class_of_physical_quantity that is also a kind_of_physical_
property such that each member_of the same kind_of_physical_
quantity is comparable to the others.
Example: Temperature and pressure are members of
kind_of_physical_quantity.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY kind_of_physical_quantity
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_physical_quantity, kind_of_physical_
property);
END_ENTITY;
(*
17.12.7 Physical_property
A class_of_state that is some characteristic that is the same
for each state that possesses it (is a member_of it).
Example: The color red is a physical_property.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY physical_property
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_state);
SELF\class_of_spatio_
temporal_extent.member_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF class_
of_physical_p roperty;
member_of_kind :kind_of_physical_property;
END_ENTITY;
(*
Attribute definitions:
member_of A me
mber_of relationship type where a
physical_property may be a member_of one
or more class_of_physical_property.
member_of_kind A member_of relationship type where a
physical_property is a member_of exactly
one kind_of_physical_property.
17.12.8 Physical_quantity
A physical_quantity is a physical_property that is a measur-
able quantity of a kind_of_physical_quantity.
Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK 239
Example: The degree of hotness known as 20 Celsius is a
physical_quantity.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY physical_quantity
SUBTYPE OF(physical_property);
SELF\physical_property.member_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF
class_of_
physical_quantity;
SELF\physical_property.
member_of_kind :kind_of_physical_
quantity;
END_ENTITY;
(*
Attribute definitions:
member_of A mem
ber_of relationship type where a
physical_quantity may be a member_of one
or more class_of_physical_quantity.
member_of_kind A member_of relationship type where a
physical_quantity is a member_ of exactly one
kind_of_physical_quantity.
17.12.9 Scale
A scale is a function_ from kind_of_physical_quantity to
the real numbers.
Example: The Celsius scale is a mapping from temperature
to real number.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY scale
SUBTYPE OF(function_);
unit :OPTIONAL unit_of_measure;
domain :kind_of_physical_quantity;
END_ENTITY;
(*
Attribute definitions:
unit A scale may
have at most one unit_of_measure.
Note 1: A unit_o f_measure may apply to more than
one scale.
Note 2: A scale may not have a unit_of_measure.To
have a unit_of_measure the points on the scale must
be evenly placed so that adding one means the same
240 Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK
thing. This is not true for some scales such as
Rockwell Hardness where the points on the scale are
an arbitrary distance apart. A scale will also not have a
unit_of_measure when it is a dimensionless scale.
domain A scale has exactly one kind_of_physical_quantity as
its domain.
17.12.10 Unit_of_measure
A plus one function_ for a scale.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY unit_of_measure
SUBTYPE OF(function_);
END_ENTITY;
(*
17.13 Association
Figure 17-13 shows the data model for association.Anasso-
ciation consists of a temp oral_part_of two or more individuals
that are the participants in the association, where each partici-
pant plays a pa rticular role.Astate_of_association is an associ-
ation or a temporal_part_of an association.
Each association is a member_of at least one kind_of_
association (whichmaybeasubtypeofassociation). A state_of_
state_of_
association
association
13,2 (6)
13,1 (6,15)
(RT) temporal_part_of S[1:?]
(RT) member_of S[1:?]
(RT) member_of S[1:?]
(RT) member_of_kind S[1:?]
(participant.participant_in)
(INV) consists_of_participant S[1:?]
16,8 class_of_state_
of_association
15,1 participant
35,5 ownership
32,1 employment
45,3 representation_
by_sign
16,7 class_of_
association
16,6 kind_of_
association
Figure 17-13 HQDM_FRAMEWORK EXPRESS-G diagram 13 of 46.
Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK 241