West M. Developing High Quality Data Models
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DEVELOPING
HIGH QUALITY
DATA MODELS
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DEVELOPING
HIGH QUALITY
DATA MODELS
MATTHEW WEST
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
West, Matthew, 1953-
Developing high quality data models / Matthew West.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-12-375106-5 (pbk.)
1. Database design. 2. Data structures (Computer science) I. Title.
QA76.9.D26W47 2011
005.7
0
3—dc22 2010045158
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Printed in the United States of America
11 12 13 14 5 4 3 2 1
For information on all MK publications visit our website at www.mkp.com
CONTENTS
Preface ..........................................................................................................xi
Part 1 MOTIVATIONS AND NOTATIONS
Chapter 1 Introduction..........................................................................................03
1.1 Some Questions about Data Models.................................................. 03
1.2 Purpose ................ ................................................................................. 04
1.3 Target Audience ...................................................................................05
1.4 What Is a Data Model?......................................................................... 05
1.5 Why Do We Do Data Models?............................................................. 05
1.6 Approach to Data Modeling ................................................................07
1.7 Structure of This Book ......................................................................... 07
Chapter 2 Entity Relationship Model Basics..................................................09
2.1 Oh, It’s Boxes and Lines Again ........................................................... 09
2.2 Graphical or Lexical .............................................................................10
2.3 Graphical Notations: Complexity vs. Understandability vs.
Capability .............................................................................................. 11
2.4 Language and Notation Elements ...................................................... 12
2.5 Express-G.............................................................................................. 13
2.6 Notation for Instances and Classes ....................................................20
2.7 Layout of Data Models.........................................................................21
2.8 Reflections ............................................................................................ 22
Chapter 3 Some Types and Uses of Data Models .........................................23
3.1 Different Types of Data Models ..........................................................23
3.2 Integration of Data and Data Models..................................................29
3.3 Concluding Remarks............................................................................ 36
Chapter 4 Data Models and Enterprise Architecture ...................................37
4.1 The Business Process Model .............................................................. 40
4.2 Information Architecture .....................................................................40
4.3 Information Operations ....................................................................... 41
4.4 Organization ......................................................................................... 42
4.5 Methodologies and Standards............................................................42
CONTENTS v
4.6 Management ........................................................................................43
4.7 Wider Infrastructure ............................................................................. 44
4.8 Enterprise Architecture Mappings ...................................................... 44
4.9 The Process/Data Balance ................................................................... 46
Chapter 5 Some Observations on Data Models and Data Modeling........51
5.1 Limitations of Data Models .................................................................51
5.2 Challenges in Data Modeling ..............................................................55
Part 2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR DATA MODELS
Chapter 6 Some General Principles for Conceptual, Integration,
and Enterprise Data Models............................................................63
6.1 Data Modeling Approach.....................................................................64
6.2 General Principles ................................................................................68
6.3 Understanding Relationships..............................................................74
6.4 Principles for Data Models ............................. .....................................77
6.5 Naughtiness Index ...............................................................................78
Chapter 7 Applying the Principles for Attributes ..........................................79
7.1 Looking for Attributes Representing Relationships...........................79
7.2 Identifiers .............................................................................................. 84
7.3 What Other Attributes Might You Expect?.........................................88
7.4 Concluding Remarks on Attributes.....................................................88
Chapter 8 General Principles for Relationships............................................89
8.1 Example of Inappropriate Cardinalities—Batch and
Product Type ........................................................................................89
8.2 Example of Inappropriate Cardinalities—Packed Products............... 91
8.3 An Example of Inappropriate Cardinalities—Ship......... .................... 92
8.4 A Good Example of Applying the Principles for
Relationships—Transfer and Storage.................................................93
8.5 Concluding Remarks............................................................................ 94
Chapter 9 General Principles for Entity Types ...............................................95
9.1 An Example—Combined Entity Types ............................................... 95
9.2 An Example—Stock..............................................................................97
9.3 Getting Subtypes Wrong.....................................................................98
vi CONTENTS
9.4 An Example of Fixed Hierarchies—Stock Classification ................. 100
9.5 Getting the Right Level of Abstraction ................ ............................. 103
9.6 Impact of Using the Principles .......................................................... 104
Part 3 AN ONTOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR CONSISTENT
DATA MODELS
Chapter 10 Motivation and Overview for an
Ontological Framework ................................................................107
10.1 Motivation......................................................................................... 107
10.2 Ontological Foundation ................................................................... 108
10.3 A Data Model for the Ontological Foundations ............................. 119
10.4 Closing Remarks .............................................................................. 121
Chapter 11 Spatio-Temporal Extents...............................................................123
11.1 Parts ..................................................................................................123
11.2 Individuals and States .....................................................................124
11.3 Inheritance of Properties by Substates .......................................... 127
11.4 Space and Time................................................................................ 127
11.5 Ordinary Physical Objects ............................................................... 128
11.6 Levels of Reality ............................................................................... 129
11.7 Activities and Events........................................................................ 131
11.8 Associations .....................................................................................133
11.9 A Data Model for Individuals ............................. ............................. 135
Chapter 12 Classes..............................................................................................137
12.1 What Is a Set?................................................................................... 137
12.2 Sets and Four-Dimensionalism....................................................... 138
12.3 Some Different Kinds of Set Theory............................................... 139
12.4 A High Level Data Model for Classes ............................................. 143
12.5 Properties and Quantities ................................................................ 144
12.6 Scales and Units............................................................................... 146
12.7 Kinds .................................................................................................148
12.8 Concluding Remarks ............................. ........................................... 149
Chapter 13 Intentionally Constructed Objects..............................................151
13.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 151
13.2 Functional Objects ........................................................................... 152
CONTENTS vii
13.3 Socially Constructed Objects.........................................................154
13.4 Ownership....................................................................................... 155
13.5 Agreements..................................................................................... 157
13.6 Contracts .........................................................................................159
13.7 Organizations.................................................................................. 161
13.8 Product ............................................. ............................................... 164
13.9 Representation................................................................................ 168
13.10 Concluding Remarks ......................................................................172
Chapter 14 Systems and System Components..............................................175
14.1 What Are Systems and System Components? .............................. 175
14.2 The Nature of System Components ...............................................177
14.3 Another Example: A Football Match............................. .................. 180
14.4 Similarities, Differences, and Relationships to
Other Things..................................................................................... 182
14.5 Do I Need a Separate Set of Classes for
System Components?...................................................................... 183
14.6 Extending the Framework for System and
System Component ......................................................................... 183
14.7 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................ 186
Chapter 15 Requirements Specification.........................................................187
15.1 A Process for Procurement..............................................................187
15.2 Requirements Specification ............................................................191
Chapter 16 Concluding Remarks......................................................................197
Part 4 THE HQDM FRAMEWORK SCHEMA
Chapter 17 HQDM_Framework.........................................................................201
17.1 Thing and Abstract Object............................................. .................. 202
17.2 Class and Class of Class ..................................................................204
17.3 Relationship and Class of Relationship .......................................... 207
17.4 Spatio-Temporal Extent and Class of
Spatio-Temporal Extent................................................................... 211
17.5 Event, Class of Event, and Point in Time ....................................... 216
17.6 State and Individual ......................................................................... 218
17.7 Physical Object ................................................................................. 220
viii CONTENTS
17.8 Ordinary Physical Object ............................................................... 223
17.9 Kind of Individual and Subtypes................................................... 226
17.10 Kind of System and System Component ..................................... 230
17.11 Period of Time and Possible Worlds ............................................ 233
17.12 Physical Properties and Physical Quantities ................................ 235
17.13 Association ..................................................................................... 241
17.14 Activity ............................................................................................ 243
17.15 Participant....................................................................................... 245
17.16 Role, Class of Activity, and Class of Association.........................247
17.17 System ............................................................................................ 251
17.18 System Component ....................................................................... 254
17.19 Installed Object............................................................................... 256
17.20 Biological Object ............................................................................ 257
17.21 Ordinary Biological Object ............................................................ 260
17.22 Biological System........................................................................... 263
17.23 Person ............................................................................................. 265
17.24 Biological System Component...................................................... 268
17.25 Intentionally Constructed Object .................................................. 272
17.26 Functional Object ........................................................................... 274
17.27 Ordinary Functional Object ...........................................................277
17.28 Functional System.......................................................................... 280
17.29 Socially Constructed Object .......................................................... 286
17.30 Party ................................................................................................ 290
17.31 Organization and Language Community ..................................... 292
17.32 Employment ................................................................................... 296
17.33 Organization Component and Position ........................................ 298
17.34 Money ............................................................................................. 304
17.35 Ownership ...................................................................................... 307
17.36 Transfer of Ownership ................................................................... 310
17.37 Socially Constructed Activity ........................................................314
17.38 Class of Socially Constructed Activity .......................................... 315
17.39 Agreement ...................................................................................... 316
17.40 Contract........................................................................................... 320
17.41 Offer and Acceptance of Offer....................................................... 325
17.42 Sale of Goods ................................................................................. 326
17.43 Sales Product, Product Brand, and
Sales Product Version.................................................................... 331
17.44 Offering ........................................................................................... 334
CONTENTS ix