West M. Developing High Quality Data Models
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association maybeamember_of one or more class_of_state_
of_association and an association maybeamember_of one or
more class_of_association.
17.13.1 Association
An individual that consists_of the participants that are associated,
and where the participantsarepart_of the same period_of_time.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY association
SUBTYPE OF(individual, state_of_association);
SELF\individual.member_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF
class_of_association;
SELF\individual.member_of_kind :SET [1:?] OF
kind_of_association;
INVERSE
consists_of_participant :SET [1:?] OF participant
FOR participant_in;
END_ENTITY;
(*
Attribute definitions:
member_of A me
mber_of relationship type where
an association may be a member_of
one or more class_of_association.
member_of_kind A member_of_kind relationship type
where each association is a member_of
one or more kind_of_association.
consists_of_participant A consists_of relationship type where
each association consists of two or
more participants.
Note: The cardinality constraint shows a
minimum cardinality of one because this
relationship type will be retyped for
particular participantsinanassociation.
17.13.2 State_of_association
A state that is an association or a temporal_part_of an
association.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY state_of_association
242 Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK
SUBTYPE OF(state);
SELF\state.temporal_part_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF
association;
SELF\state.member_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF class_
of_state_of_association;
END_ENTITY;
(*
Attribute definitions:
temporal_part_of A temporal_part_of relationship
type where
a state_of_association may be a
temporal_part_of one or more as sociation.
member_of A member_of relationship type where a
state_of_association maybeamember_of
one or more class_of_state_of_association.
17.14 Activity
Figure 17-14 shows the data model for activity. Like an asso-
ciation,anactivity consists of its participants. It may also have
parts in a more general sense. However, what distinguishes an
activity from an association is that an activity causes at least
state_of_
activity
activity
14,2 (6)
14,1 (6,15)
(RT) temporal_part of S[1:?]
(RT) member_of S[1:?]
part of S[1:?]
causes S[1:?]
(INV) consists_of S[1:?]
(participant.participant_in)
(INV) consists_of_participant S[1:?]
16,2 class_of_state_
of_activity
29,3 state_of_socially_
constructed_activity
5,2 event
37,1 socially_
constructed_activity
references S[1:?]
1,1 thing
determines S[1:?]
1,1 thing
(RT) member_of S[1:?]
16,1 class_of_
activity
(RT) member_of_kind S[1:?]
16,4 kind_of_
activity
15,1 participant
Figure 17-14 HQDM_FRAMEWORK EXPRESS-G diagram 14 of 46.
Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK 243
one event; that is, it brings about change in the world. An acti-
vity can also reference things that are not participants—for
example, a conversation between two pe ople may refer to
Winston Churchill. An activity can also determine that some-
thing is the case, for example by taking a measurement, or vali-
dating the existence of some individual.Finally,anactivity is a
member_of at least one kind_of_activity and may be a member_
of one or more class_of_activity.
A state_of_activity is an activity or a temporal_part_of an
activity; for example, a football match has a first half and
a second half. A state_of_activity may be a member_of a
class_of_state_of_activity.
17.14.1 Activity
An individual that consi sts of its participants and causes
some event.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY activity
SUBTYPE OF(individual, state_of_activity);
references :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF thing;
determines :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF thing;
causes :SET [1:?] OF event;
SELF\individual.
member_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF
class_of_activity;
part_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF activity;
SELF\individual.
member_of_kind :SET [1:?] OF kind_of_activity;
INVERSE
consists_of :SET OF activity FOR part_of;
consists_of_participant :SET [1:?] OF participant FOR
participant_in;
END_ENTITY;
(*
Attribute definitions:
references A
relationship type where an activity
may reference one or more thing.
determines A relationship type where an activity
may determine one or more thing to be
the case.
causes A relationship type wh ere each activity
is the cause of one or more event.
244 Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK
member_of A member_of relationship type where
an activity may be a member_of one or
more class_of_activity.
part_of A part_of relationship type where one
activity may be a part_of one or more
others.
member_of_kind A member_of_kind relationship type
where each activity is a member_of one
or more kind_of_activity.
consists_of A consists_of relationship type where an
activity may consists_of one or more
other activity.
consists_of_participant A consists_of relationship type where an
activity consists_of one or more
participants.
17.14.2 State_of_activity
A state that is an activity or a temporal_part_of an activity.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY state_of_activity
SUBTYPE OF(state);
SELF\state.temporal_part_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF
activity;
SELF\state.member_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF class_
of_state_of_activity;
END_ENTITY;
(*
Attribute definitions:
temporal_part_of A tempo
ral_part_of relationship type where a
state_of_activity may be a temporal_part_of
one or more activity.
member_of A member_of relationship type where a
state_of_activity may be a member_of one or
more class_of_state_of_activity.
17.15 Participant
Figure 17-15 is a data model of participant.Aparticipant is a
state that is a participant_in an association or an activity.The
dashed box, participant_in_activity_or_ association, is an EXPRESS
Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK 245
SELECT type that is the same as an exclusive arc in some other nota-
tions that allows the choice between an activity or an association.
Many business terms find their proper place among the subtypes of
participant,suchasemplo yer, employee, asset,andowner .Apar-
ticipant maybeamember_of one or more class_of_participant,
and each participant is a member_of one or more roles.Youmay
notice that there is no kind of participant;thatisbecauserole is the
term for kind of participant.
17.15.1 Participant_in_activity_or_association
A SELECT where a participant may be a participant_in an
activity or an association.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
TYPE participant_in_activity_or_association 5 SELECT
(activity, association);
END_TYPE;
(*
participant
15,1 (7,13,14)
member_of_kind S[1:?]
(RT) member_of S[1:?]
16,5 class_of_
participant
participant_in S[1:?]
participant_in_
activity_or_
association
16,4 role
32,2 employer
35,1 asset
32,3 employee
35,2 owner
36,5 transferor
36,4 transferee
45,4 recognizing_
language_community
45,5 sign
13,1 association
14,1 activity
Figure 17-15 HQDM_
FRAMEWORK EXPRESS-G
diagram 15 of 46.
246 Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK
17.15.2 Participant
A state that is a participant_in an activity or association.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY participant
SUBTYPE OF(state_of_physical_object);
SELF\state_of_physical_
object.member_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF class_of_
participant;
member_of_kind :SET [1:?] OF role;
participant_in :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF participant_
in_activity_or_association;
END_ENTITY;
(*
Attribute definitions:
member_of A me
mber_of relationship type where a
participant may be a member_of one or more
class_of_participant.
member_of_kind A member_of_kind relationship type where
each participant is a member_of one or more
role.
17.16 Role, Class of Activity, and Class of
Association
Figure 17-16 shows a data model for role, class_of_ac tivity,
and class_of_association.Arole is a class_of_participant where
all the members are of the same kind and participate in the
same way in an association or an activ ity.Amember_of a
kind_of_activity has a member_of a role as a participant; simi-
larly, a member_of a kind_of_association has a member_of a
role as a participant.
In addition, a member_of a kind_of_activity may cause a
member_of a class_of_event, reference a member_ of a class,or
determine a member_of a class.
17.16.1 Class_of_activity
A class_of_indi vidual that is also a class_of_state_of_activity
that is activity or any of its subsets.
Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK 247
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY class_of_activity
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_individual,
class_of_state_of_activity);
END_ENTITY;
(*
17.16.2 Class_of_association
A class_of_state_of_association that is also a class_of_
individual that is association or any of its subsets.
class_of_
participant
role
16,6 (7,15)
16,5 (9,10,15,22,26)
16,7 (13)
5,1 class_of_
event
38,1 class_of_socially_
constructed_activity
2,1 class
2,1 class
16,4 (14)
class_of_state
of association
class_of_
activity
kind_of_
activity
class_of_
association
16,9 (6,13)
16,8 (6,13)
kind_of_
association
part_of_by_class_S[1:?]
(INV) consists_of_by_class_S[2:?]
part_of_by_class S[1:?]
(INV) consists_of_by_class S[1:?]
class_of_
state_of_activity
16,2 (6,14)
16,1 (6,14)
class_of_
state_of_socially
constructed_activity
16,3 (29)
causes_by_class S[1:?]
references_by_class S[1:?]
determines_by_class S[1:?]
Figure 17-16 HQDM_FRAMEWORK EXPRESS-G diagram 16 of 46.
248 Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY class_of_association
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_individual,
class_of_state_of_association);
END_ENTITY;
(*
17.16.3 Class_of_participant
A class_of_state_of_physical_object that is participant or
any of its subsets.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY class_of_participant
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_state_of_physical_object);
END_ENTITY;
(*
17.16.4 Class_of_state_of_activity
A class_of_state that is state_of_activity or any of its subsets.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY class_of_state_of_activity
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_state);
END_ENTITY;
(*
17.16.5 Class_of_state_of_association
A class_of_state that is state_of_association or any of its subsets.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY class_of_state_of_association
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_state);
END_ENTITY;
(*
17.16.6 Class_of_state_of_socially_constructed_
activity
A class_of_state_of_socially_constructed_object that is
state_of_socially_constructed_activity or any of its subsets.
Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK 249
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY class_of_state_of_socially_constructed_activity
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_state_of_socially_constructed_object,
class_of_state_of_activity);
END_ENTITY;
(*
17.16.7 Kind_of_activity
A class_of_activity all of whose members are of the same kind.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY kind_of_activity
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_activity);
determines_by_class :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF class;
references_by_class :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF class;
causes_by_class :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF class_of_event;
INVERSE
consists_of_by_class :SET [1:?] OF role FOR part_of_by_class;
END_ENTITY;
(*
Attribute definitions:
determines_by_class A
relationship type where a member_of
the kind_of_activity determines a
member_of the class.
references_by_class A relationship type where a member_of
the kind_of_activity references a
member_of the class.
causes_by_class A relationship type where a member_of
the kind_of_activity causes a member_of
the class_of_event.
consists_of_by_class A consists_of_by_class relationship type
where a member_of a kind_of_activity has
a member_of a role as a participant.
17.16.8 Kind_of_association
A class_o f_association where all the members are of the
same kind.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY kind_of_association
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_association);
250 Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK
INVERSE
consists_of_by_class :SET [2:?] OF role FOR part_of_
by_class_;
END_ENTITY;
(*
Attribute definitions:
consists_of_by_class A con
sists_of_by_class relationship type
where a member_of the kind_of_association
has a member_of the role as a part.
17.16.9 Role
A class_of_participant where each member participates in
the same way in an activity or association.
EXPRESS specification:
*)
ENTITY role
SUBTYPE OF(class_of_participant);
part_of_by_class :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF kind_of_
activity;
part_of_by_class_ :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF kind_of_
association;
END_ENTITY;
(*
Attribute definitions:
part_of_by_class A part
_of_by_class where a member_of a
role is a participant in a member_of a
class_of_activity.
part_of_by_class_Apart _of_by_class where a member_of a role
is a part_of a member_of the class.
17.17 System
Figure 17-17 shows the data model for system.Asystem is a
group of objects organized for some purpose. A state_of_system is
a system or a temporal_part_of a system.Astate_of_system may
be a temporal_part_of a system and may be a member_of one or
more class_of_state_of_system.Asystem may be a member_of one
or more class_of_system and one or more kind_of_system.
17.17.1 Class_of_state_of_system
A class_of_state_of_ordinary_physical_object that is state_
of_system or any of its subsets.
Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK 251