West M. Developing High Quality Data Models

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A spatio_temporal_extent may be a member_of one or

more class_of_spatio_temporal_extent,whichinturnmaybea

member_of one or more class_of_class_of_spatio_temporal_

extent. In later diagrams I do not make explicit subtypes of

class_of_class_of_spatio_temporal_extent, but this diagram

makes them available. A class_of_spatio_temporal_extent may

have one or more part__of_by_class relationships to another

class_of_spatio_temporal_extent where a member_of one has a

member_of the other as a part.

Aggregation is a relationship between one spatio_temporal_

extent and another where the whole is the mereological sum of the

parts; that is, the whole is precisely the sum of the parts. A compo-

sition is an aggregation where the parts are composed in such a

way that the whole is more than just the sum of the parts; that is,

there are emergent properties. A temporal_composition is a

composition where the part is a temporal part of the whole.

Some of these relationships are repeated as EXPRESS relation-

ship types for convenience and further use: aggregated_into

means the same as aggregation, part__of and its inverse

consists__of are the same as composition,andtemporal__part_of

is the same as temporal_composition.

17.4.1 Aggregation

A relationship where the whole is at least the sum of the parts.

EXPRESS specification:

ENTITY aggregation

SUBTYPE OF(relationship);

whole :spatio_temporal_extent;

part :spatio_temporal_extent;

END_ENTITY;

Attribute definitions:

whole A

relationship type where an aggregation has exactly

one spatio_temporal_extent as the whole.

part A relationship type where an aggregation has exactly

one spatio_temporal_extent as the part.

17.4.2 Class_of_class_of_spatio_temporal_extent

A class_of_class that is class_of_sp atio_temporal_extent or

any of its subse ts.

212 Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK

EXPRESS specification:

ENTITY class_of_class_of_spatio_temporal_extent

SUBTYPE OF(class_of_class);

END_ENTITY;

17.4.3 Class_of_spatio_temporal_extent

A class that is spatio_temporal_extent or any of its subsets.

EXPRESS specification:

ENTITY class_of_spatio_temporal_extent

SUBTYPE OF(class);

member_of_ :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF class_of_class_

of_spatio_temporal_extent;

part__of_by_class :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF class_of_spatio_

temporal_extent;

INVERSE

consists__of_by_class :SET [1:?] OF class_of_spatio_

temporal_extent FOR

part_of_by_class;

END_ENTITY;

Attribute definitions:

member_of_ A me

mber_of relationship type where a

class_of_spatio_temporal_extent may be

a member_of one or more

class_of_class_of_spatio_temporal_extent.

part__of_by_class A relationship type where a member_of a

class_of_spatio_temporal_extent is

part_of a member_of some

class_of_spatio_temporal_extent.

consists__of_by_class An inverse part__of_by_class relationship

type where a member_of one

class_of_spatio_temporal_extent

consists_of another member_of a

class_of_spatio_temporal_extent.

17.4.4 Composition

An aggregation where the whole is an arrangement of the

parts that results in emergent properties.

Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK 213

EXPRESS specification:

ENTITY composition

SUBTYPE OF(aggregation);

END_ENTITY;

17.4.5 Spatio_temporal_extent

A thing that exists in time and space.

EXPRESS specification:

ENTITY spatio_temporal_extent

SUBTYPE OF(thing);

part__of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF spatio_

temporal_extent;

beginning :OPTIONAL event;

ending :OPTIONAL event;

part_of_possible_world :SET [1:?] OF possible_world;

member_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF class_of_

spatio_temporal_extent;

temporal__part_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF spatio_

temporal_extent;

aggregated_into :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF spatio_

temporal_extent;

INVERSE

consists__of :SET OF spatio_temporal_extent FOR

part__of;

END_ENTITY;

Attribute definitions:

part__of An aggr

egated_into relationship type

where a spatio_temporal_extent may

be part of another and the whole has

emergent properties and is more than

just the sum of its parts.

Note: This relationship type has the

same meaning but is a different

representation of the compo sition

entity type.

beginning A part_of relationship type where a

spatio_temporal_extent has exactly

one event that is its beginning.

214 Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK

ending A part_of relationship type where a

spatio_temporal_extent has exactly

one event that is its ending.

part_of_possible_world A part_of relationship type where a

spatio_temporal_extent may be

part_of one or more possible_world.

Note: The relationship type is optional

because a possible_world is not

part_of any other

spatio_temporal_extent.

member_of A member_of relationship type where a

spatio_temporal_extent is a

member_of a

class_of_spatio_temporal_extent.

temporal__part_of A part_of relationship type where a

spatio_temporal_extent may be a

temporal part of one or more other

spatio_temporal_extent.

Note: this is temporal_composition

represented as a relationship type

instead of an entity type.

aggregated_into A relationship type where a

spatio_temporal_extent may

be aggregated into one or more

others.

Note: This has the same meaning as,

but different representation to, the

aggregation entity type.

consists__of A relationship type where a

spatio_temporal_extent may consist of

one or more others.

Note: This is the inverse of part__of.

17.4.6 Temporal_composition

A composition where the part is the entire whole spatially,

but part of the whole temporally.

EXPRESS specification:

ENTITY temporal_composition

SUBTYPE OF(composition);

END_ENTITY;

Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK 215

17.5 Event, Class of Event, and Point in Time

Figure 17-5 provides the EXPRESS-G for event and class_of_

event.Anevent is a spatio_temporal_extent with zero thickness

in time. An event temporally bounds one or more spatio_

temporal_extents.Anevent may be a member_of one or more

class_of_event.

A point_in_time is an event across all of space. A point_in_

time may be a member_of a class_of_point_in_time.

17.5.1 Class_of_event

A class_of_spatio_temporal_extent that is event or any of its

subsets.

EXPRESS specification:

ENTITY class_of_event

SUBTYPE OF(class_of_spatio_temporal_extent);

END_ENTITY;

17.5.2 Class_of_point_in_time

A class_of_event that is point_in_time or any of its subsets.

event

point_in_

time

5,2 (4,14)

(RT) member_of S[1:?]

class_of_

event

class_of_

point_in_time

5,1 (4,16)

(RT) member_ of S[1:?]

35,4 ending_of_ownership

35,3 beginning_of_ownership

Figure 17-5 HQDM_

FRAMEWORK EXPRESS-G

diagram 5 of 46.

216 Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK

EXPRESS specification:

ENTITY class_of_point_in_time

SUBTYPE OF(class_of_event);

END_ENTITY;

17.5.3 Event

A spatio_temporal_extent that has zero temporal thickness

and may bound some spatio_temporal_extent.

EXPRESS specification:

ENTITY event

SUBTYPE OF(spatio_temporal_extent);

SELF\spatio_temporal_

extent.member_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF

class_of_event;

END_ENTITY;

Attribute definitions:

member_of A mem

ber_of relationship type where an event

may be a member_ of one or more class_of_event.

17.5.4 Point_in_time

An event that is all of space at an instant from some

viewpoint.

EXPRESS specification:

ENTITY point_in_time

SUBTYPE OF(event);

SELF\event.member_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF

class_of_point_in_time;

END_ENTITY;

Attribute definitions:

member_of A member_of r

elationship type where a point_in_time

maybeamember_of one or more class_of_point_in_

time.

Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK 217

17.6 State and Individual

Figure 17-6 shows the data model for state and individual.

A state is a spatio_temporal_extent that is an individual,ora

temporal_part_of an individual.Astate may be a temporal_

part_of one or more individuals and may be a member_of one

or more class_of_state.Anindividual is a state that is a

member_of a kind_of_individual for the whole of its life.

An individual may be a member_of one or more class_of_

individual,andamember_of one or more kind_of_individual.

(RT) member_of S[1:?](RT) member_of S[1:?]

temporal_part_of S[1:?]

state

class_of_

state

6,1 (4)

6,2 (4,46)

individual

member_of_kind S[1 :?]

9,3 kind_of_individual

7,3 class_of_

physical_object

9,3 kind_of_

individual

16,8 class_of_

association

16,1 class_of_

activity

11,3 class_of_

possible_world

25,3 class_of_

intentionally_

constructed_object

7,1 physical_object

13,1 association

14,1 activity

11,2 possible_

world

25,2 intentionally_

constructed_object

7,4 class_of_state_of_

physical_object

12,3 physical_

property

46,3 physical_

property_range

16,9 class_of_state_

of_association

16,2 class_of_state_

of_activity

11,4 class_of_period_

of_time

25,4 class_of_state

_of_intentionally_

constructed_object

25,1 state_of_

intentionally_

constructed_object

7,2 state_of_

physical_object

14,2 state_of_

activity

11,1 period_of_

time

13,2 state_of_

association

class_of_

individual

6,3 (44)

Figure 17-6 HQDM_FRAMEWORK EXPRESS-G diagram 6 of 46.

218 Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK

There are many subtypes of these entity types.

17.6.1 Class_of_individual

A class_of_state that is individual or any of its subsets.

Note: Only a class that necessarily applies to an individual

for the whole of its life is a valid member. Others are members

of class_of_state and apply to the state that is the individual

for the period of time that the class applies for.

EXPRESS specification:

ENTITY class_of_individual

SUBTYPE OF(class_of_state);

END_ENTITY;

17.6.2 Class_of_state

A class_of_spatio_temporal_extent that is sta te or any of its

subsets.

EXPRESS specification:

ENTITY class_of_state

SUBTYPE OF(class_of_spatio_temporal_extent);

END_ENTITY;

17.6.3 Individual

A spatio_temporal_extent that is not a proper temporal_

part_of any other individual of the same kind.

Note: In standard mereology, a spatio_temporal_extent is a

part of itself. Parts of an individual excluding itself are called

proper parts.

EXPRESS specification:

ENTITY individual

SUBTYPE OF(state);

SELF\state.member_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF class_of_

individual;

member_of_kin d :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF kind_of_

individual;

END_ENTITY;

Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK 219

Attribute definitions:

member_of A mem

ber_of relationship type where an

individual may be a member_of one or more

class_of_individual.

member_of_kind A member_of relationship type where an

individual may be a member_of one or more

kind_of_individual.

17.6.4 State

A spatio_temporal_extent that is an individual or a temporal_

part_of some individual.

EXPRESS specification:

ENTITY state

SUBTYPE OF(spatio_temporal_extent);

temporal_part_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF individual;

SELF\spatio_temporal_

extent.member_of :OPTIONAL SET [1:?] OF class_of_state;

END_ENTITY;

Attribute definitions:

temporal_part_of A temporal_part_of relationship

type where a

state may be a temporal_part_of one or

more individual.

Note: The relationship type is optional

because an individual is not necessarily a

temporal_part_of another individual, yet is a

member_of state as well as individual. This

applies to all subtypes of temporal_part_of

that are between a state_of_X and X.

member_of A member_of relationship type where a state

may be a member_of on e or more

class_of_state.

17.7 Physical Object

Figure 17-7 shows the data model for physical_object.Thedata

model follows the same pattern as that for state and individual.

A state_of_physical_object is a state that is a physical_object

or a temporal_part_of a physical_object,whereaphysical_

object is an individual that is distribution of matter, or energy,

or both. A physical_object may be a member_of one or more

220 Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK

kind_of_physical_object, and one or more class_of_

physical_object.Astate_of_physical_object may be a member_

of one or more class_of_state_of_physical_object.

17.7.1 Class_of_physical_object

A class_of_individual that is also a class_of_state_of_physical_

object that is physical_object or any of its subsets.

(RT) member_of S[1:?](RT) member_of S[1:?]

(RT) member_of_kind S[1:?]

(RT) temporal_part_of S[1:?]

state_of_

physical_object

class_of_state_

of_physical_object

7,2 (6)

7,1 (6)

7,4 (6)

7,3 (6)

physical_object

34,3 class_of_

amount_of_money

9,2 kind_of_

physical_object

9,2 kind_of_

physical_object

18,3 class_of_

system_component

26,4 class_of_

functional_object

20,4 class_of_

biological_object

8,4 class_of_

ordinary_physical_

object

34,1 amount_of_

money

18,2 system_

component

26,2 functional_

object

20,1 biological_

object

8,2 ordinary_

physical_object

34,4 class_of_state_

of_amount_of_money

16,5 class_of_

participant

8,3 class_of_state_of_

ordinary_physical_object

18,4 class_of_state_

of_system_component

20,3 class_of_state_

of_biological_object

26,3 class_of_state_of_

functional_object

34,2 state_of_

amount_of_money

15,1 participant

8,1 state_of_

ordinary_

physical_object

18,1 state_of_

system_component

20,2 state_of_

biological_object

26,1 state_of_

functional_object

class_of_

physical_object

Figure 17-7 HQDM_FRAMEWORK EXPRESS-G diagram 7 of 46.

Chapter 17 HQDM_FRAMEWORK 221