Стюарт Вильям Работа с образами и символами в психологическом консультировании

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

Bglmbpby \hkijbgbfZ_l q_j_a ij_^qm\kl\by jZ[hlZ_l k

\_jhylghklyfbaZgbfZ_lkyihl_gpbZehfl_fqlh[m^_ljZa\b\Zlvky

Wlh nmgdpby dhlhjZy bf__l ^_eh k we_f_glhf \j_f_gb b

ijhkljZgkl\Z HgZg_dZkZ_lkylh]hqlh_klv ghlh]hqlh[m^_l beb

ijhbahreh Wlh ij_^qm\kl\b_ k ihfhsvx dhlhjh]hfu hp_gb\Z_f

\_jhylghklb^ZgghckblmZpbb

Ex^b [he__ bglmblb\gu_ q_f hsm sZxsb_ ij_^ihqblZxl

\_jhylghklb l_hjbb fh^_eb p_eh_ bah[j_l_gby b gh\h_

Bglmblb\gu_ex^bkdehggug_iheZ]ZlvkygZmklhy\rb_kyihgylby

Bglmblb\gu_ ex^b jZafureyxl b jZkkm`^Zxl kihglZggufb

kdZqdZfb bglmbpbb dhlhjZy fh`_l hklZ\eylv ^_lZeb \ klhjhg_ beb

ij_g_[j_]Zlv bfb Wlhfm lbim bg^ b\b^mmfZ e_]dh ^Z_lky j_r_gb_

aZ^Zqb ohly \lh `_ \j_fy fh`_l kms_kl\h\Zlv b l_g^_gpby

kh\_jrZlvnZdlbq_kdb_hrb[db

Fure_gb_ ^_eZ_l\_^msbfkm`^_gby^Z_lq_fmeb[hgZa\Zgb_

b h[s__ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ Hgh khh[sZ_l gZf qlh lZdh_ g_qlh Wlh

ijhp_kk ihgbfZgby k _]h ihfhsvx fu hkhagZ_f ijbjh^m \_sb k

dhlhjhc bf__f ^_eh Ex^b kdhj__ fukeysb_ q_f qm\kl\mxsb_

khklZ\eyxlkm`^_gbyh `bagbex^yokh[ulbyob \_sZohkgh\Zggu_

gZ eh]bd_ ZgZeba_ b ^hdZaZl_evkl\_ Hgb kqblZxl g_jZpbhgZevguf

ijbgbfZlv j_r_gb_ hkgh\Zggh_ gZ qm\kl\Zo b p_gghklyo <

j_amevlZl_fukeysb_ ex^b [hevr_bgl_j_kmxlkyeh]bdhc ZgZebahf

b ijh\_jy_fufb \u\h^Zfb q_f khqm\kl\b_f p_gghklyfb b ebqguf

l_iehfFukeysb_ex^bfh]mlihibjZlvqm\kl\Zbgm`^u^jm]bog_

ihgbfZywlh]h g_ kqblZy gm`guf ijbgbfZlv \h \gbfZgb_ p_gghklb

^jm]boex^_c

Qm\kl\h \ughkbl k_j^_qgu_ km`^_gby b^Z_l gZf hsms_gb_

p_gghkl_c Hgh khh[sZ_l gZf ijb_fe_fZ \_sv beb g_ijb_fe_fZ

Qm\kl\h ihfh]Z_l gZf j_rblv ijbgbfZlv beb hl\_j]Zlv g_qlh

hij_^_eyy ^ey gZk _]h p_gghklv Ex^b kdhj__ qm\kl\mxsb_ q_f

fukeysb_khklZ\eyxlkm`^_gbyh `bagbex^yokh[ulbyob\_sZo

hkgh\Zggu_gZkhqm\kl\bbl_ie_b ebqguop_gghklyoDZdke_^kl\b_

qm\kl\mxsb_ ex^b [hevr_ bgl_j_kmxlky ex^vfb b qm\kl\Zfb q_f

[_aebqghceh]bdhcZgZebahfb \_sZfbbo[hevr_\hegmxlkh]eZkb_

b ]Zjfhgby q_f \ukhdh_ iheh`_gb_ beb ^hklb`_gb_ [_aebqguo

p_e_cQm\kl\mxsb_ex^bh[uqgheZ^ylk ex^vfbDhg_qghgb h^bg

bawlbolbih\g_ke_^m_ljZkkfZljb\ZlvdZdemqrbcihhlghr_gbxd

ex[hfmbahklZevguoHgbijhklhjZagu_

J_axf_

<wlhfi_j\hfiml_r_kl\bbfuaZ]eygmeb\i_j_^\ kljmdlmjm

dgb]b b dhkgmebkv lh]h dZd fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv h[jZau qlh[u wlh

reh gZ ihevam dZd dhgkmevlZglm lZd b deb_glm Fu m\b^_eb qlh

h[jZau[hevr_k\yaZgukfbnhfq_fk jZkkm^dhfb eh]bdhc

m[_^bebkvqlhhlkmlkl\b_kljmdlmjufh`_lhdZaZlvkydZfg_f

ij_ldgh\_gby ^ey ex^_c bf_xsbo ljm^ghklb ijb ^\b`_gbb \

h[eZklyo[_aykghhq_jq_gguo]jZgbp

;ueb \\_^_gu g_dhlhju_ \Z`gu_ ihgylby khagZgb_

[_kkhagZl_evgh_b dhee_dlb\gh_[_kkhagZl_evgh_Dhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_

ohly hgh bf__l ^_eh ]eZ\guf h[jZahf k khagZl_evguf jZamfhf g_

fh`_l b]ghjbjh\Zlv lh qlh e_`bl ih^  gbf \ [_kkhagZl_evghf

JZ[hlZy k h[jZaZfb q_eh\_d ^\b`_lky \ dhee_dlb\gh_

[_kkhagZl_evgh_bbag_]hdh]^Zh[jZau\ua\Zggu_badhee_dlb\gh]h

[_kkhagZl_evgh]h \u\h^ylky gZ ih\_joghklv aZjy`_ggu_ kbevgufb

qm\kl\Zfb

< i_j\hf iml_r_kl\bb fu \klj_lbebkv k ikbobdhc b

Zjo_lbiZfb ^\mfy \Z`gufb ihgylbyfb \ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgbb

j_rZxsbfbdh]^Zb^_ljZ[hlZk h[jZaZfbIj_^klZ\e_gb_h ikbobd_

dZd h [Z[hqd_ beexkljbjm_l lhl nZdl gZkdhevdh ^_ebdZlgh kg_c

ke_^m_l h[jZsZlvky dZd e_]dh __ ih\j_^blv :jo_lbiu gZklhevdh

l_kgh k\yaZgu k dhee_dlb\guf [_kkhagZl_evguf qlh bkke_^h\Zlv

h^gh hagZqZ_l jZafureylv h ^jm]hf Bamq_gb_ Zjo_lbih\

ij_^hklZ\beh[ujZ[hlmgZfgh]he_l\i_j_^

Fu \b^_eb qlh \hh[jZ`_gb_ b h[jZau gk ijboh^yl d

g_dhlhjufex^yf[_aljm^ZlZd qlhg_dhlhjh_\j_fy[uehihljZq_gh

gZ bkke_^h\Zgb_ q_luj_o nmgdpbc ih Xg]m hsms_gby bglmbpbb

fure_gby b qm\kl\Z H[h[s_gby kqblZxlky ihjhqgufb bijb

jZkkfhlj_gbb bkihevah\Zgby h[jZah\ bf__lky fgh]h nZdlhjh\

gZijbf_j hiul dhlhju_ fh]ml dhfi_gkbjh\Zlv beb h]jZgbqb\Zlv

bkihevah\Zgb_ nmgdpbc [eZ]hijbylkl\mxsbo h[jZaZf bglmbpby b

qm\kl\hL_fg_f_g__^\_^jm]b_nmgdpbb²hsms_gb_b fure_gb_

² lZd `_ kms_kl\_ggu ihkdhevdm hgb ih^Zxl jZagu_ kb]gZeu

Lhqgh lZd`_ fu \h \j_^ k_[_ b]ghjbjm_f gk^hfbgbjmxsmx jmdm

Fu g_ ^he`gu b]ghjbjh\Zlv nmgdpbb dhlhju_ aZklZ\eyxl gZk

qm\kl\h\Zlvk_[yf_g__dhfnhjlgh

< ke_^mxs_fiml_r_kl\bbfubkke_^m_fijbgpbiujZ[hluk

h[jZaZfb dZd j_amevlZl lh]h qlh fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv \ oh^_

dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby \ex[h_ \j_fy qlh qZklh \uau\Z_lky keh\Zfb

kha^ZxsbfbdZjlbgu

<lhjh_iml_r_kl\b_

BKKE?>H<:GB? IJBGPBIH< J:;HLU K

H;J:A:FB

H[jZau fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv gZ k_Zgk_ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby \

ex[h_ \j_fy H^gZdh wnn_dlb\ghklv bkihevah\Zgby aZ\bkbl hl

ikboheh]bq_kdh]hihgbfZgbydhgkmevlZglZ Ih^h[gh_ihgbfZgb_ ²

j_amevlZl ebqghc l_jZibb lj_gbg]Z b hiulZ Y gZ^_xkv qlh wlZ

dgb]Zdh_qlh^h[Z\bld \Zr_fmebqghfmjZa\blbxb \Zr_fmhiulm

?keb \u ohlbl_ jZa\blv gZ\udb \ bkihevah\Zgbb h[jZah\ y[u

gZklhyl_evgh j_dhf_g^h\Ze \Zf ijhclb dmjk ebqghc l_jZibb k

dhgkmevlZglhfdhlhjuc[m^_lkhkj_^hlhqb\Zlv\gbfZgb_gZh[jZaZo

bebgZclb]jmiimdhlhjZyjZ[hlZ_lihwlbfgZijZ\e_gbyf

Hij_^_e_ggu_ keh\Z \uau\Zxl h[jZau Ke_^h\Zl_evgh

ihe_agh h[jZlblv \gbfZgb_ gZ keh\Z dhlhju_ deb_gl bkihevam_l

qlh[u\ujZablvqm\kl\Zb kdZaZlvqlhgb[ m^v\jh^_G_fh]eb[u\u

bkihevah\Zlv\hh[jZ`_gb_qlh[u\klZ\blvwlhkeh\h\ dZjlbgmdh]^Z

\uhibku\Z_l_lhqlhqm\kl\m_l_"

H^bg q_eh\_d fh`_l kdZaZlv hkeh\_ ihcfZgguc H y

ij_^klZ\eyxk_[y\ ljykbg_Dlhlh^jm]hcaZf_lblY\b`mk_[y\

l_fghc ih^a_fghc lxjvf_ DZ`^uc ba wlbo hl\_lh\ ^Z_l dZd

dhgkmevlZglmlZdb deb_glmg_fgh]h[hevr_ihgbfZgbyG_dhlhju_

keh\Zy\eyxlkykbevguflheqdhf^eyiZfylb

Bamq_gb_kemqZy ²:ggZ

<h \j_fy ^_fhgkljZpbbdhgkmevlbjh\ZgbygZk_fbgZj_ :ggZ

deb_gldZkdZaZeZK_cqZky qm\kl\mxk_[yhq_gvg_gZ^_`ghDh]^Z

__ ihijhkbeb \ujZablv wlh khklhygb_ q_j_a h[jZa hgZ bah[jZabeZ

k_[y klhys_c i_j_^ iylvx aZdjulufb ^\_jyfb ij_[u\Zxs_c \

khfg_gbyoihih\h^mlh]hqlhgZoh^blkyaZdZdhceb[hbagbo

Dh]^Z __ kijhkbeb AgZqbl \u \ dhfgZl_ Z wlb ^\_jb ²

\hdjm]\Zk"²hgZihgyeZqlh^\_jbgZoh^ylkygZhldjulhf\ha^mo_

b h[jZamxl ihemdjm] Bkihevamy ijbgpbi jZkrbj_gby aZ^Zgb_

q_l\_jlh_ ² kf \hkvfh_ iml_r_kl\b_ bkke_^mxs__ ^\_gZ^pZlv

aZ^Zgbc=_jZdeZy ihijhkbe:ggmih\_jgmlvkyb hl\_jgmlvebphhl

^\_j_cWlZbgkljmdpbyhkgh\u\ZeZkvgZlhfijZ\be_qlh_keb^\_jb

ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc [m^ms__ ih\_jgm\rbkv hgZ kfhlj_eZ [u \

ijhreh_ Dh]^Z hgZ k^_eZeZ wlh gZ __ ebp_ hljZabebkv iheghk

m^h\hevkl\b_ b gZkeZ`^_gb_ HgZ \hkdebdgmeZ I_caZ` ij_djZk_g

hgk\_leucb a_e_gucDZdhcqm^_kgucdjZc

IhdZ:ggZ\hkobsZeZkvdZjlbghcbihij_`g_fmgZoh^beZkv\

k\h_f\hh[jZ`Z_fhffbj___ ih[m^bebb^_glbnbpbjh\Zlv^\_jbqlh

hgZb k^_eZeZH^gmba^\_j_cdeb_gldZaZohl_eZijbhldjulvkh\k_f

g_fgh`dh gh \lhl fhf_gl g_ ohl_eZ i_j_klmiZlv ihjh] AZl_f hgZ

j_rbeZij_djZlblvk_Zgk

<h \j_fy h[km`^_gby k ]jmiihc :ggZ ijhdhff_glbjh\ZeZ

hldjh\_gb_ ih\hjhlZ b h[jZs_gby \k\h_ ijhreh_ HgZ ^mfZeZ h

k\h_fijhrehfdZdh l_fghfljm^ghfb ljZ\fZlbq_kdhfIhkfhlj_\

gZg_]hk i_j_dj_kldh\k\h_c`bagbhgZ\i_j\u_ihgyeZqlhohlygZ

f_klghklbb[uebrjZfu\p_ehfk_ qm\kl\ZhklZ\Zebkvohjhrbfbb

dhfnhjlgufb Z rjZfu aZ`beb HkhagZ\ wlh h[klhylkevklh hgZ

ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh h[eZ^Z_l [hevr_c k\h[h^hc bfh`_l gZqZlv

bkke_^h\Zgb_lh]hqlhgZoh^blkyaZ^\_jyfb[m^ms_]h

Ihoh`_ g_dhlhju_ ex^b h[eZ^Zxl ijbjh^guf ^Zjhf

kha^Z\Zlv\gmlj_ggb_h[jZau?keb\uijbgZ^e_`bl_d lZdbfex^yf

bkihevah\Zgb_ h[jZah\ ih\b^bfhfm hdZ`_lky hq_gv klhysbf ^ey

\Zkb \Zrbodeb_glh\ M fgh]bobagZk\hh[jZ`_gb_k dhlhjuffu

jh^bebkv i_j_djulh ^_yl_evghklvx e_\h]h ihemrZjby fha]Z

AZ[hleb\h_ \ajZsb\Zgbk b bkihevah\Zgb_ ihfh`_l _fm kgh\Z

hdZaZlvkygZih\_joghklb

L_jZi_\lbq_kdZyjZ[hlZk h[jZaZfbbf__lg_kdhevdhgZa\Zgbc

gZijZ\e_ggh_ \hh[jZ`_gb_ kbf\heh^jZfZ Zdlb\gh_

\hh[jZ`_gb_ \bamZebaZpby Gh dZdbf [u gb [ueh gZa\Zgb_ hgh

hagZqZ_l jZ[hlm k h[jZaZfb ]^_ \hh[jZ`_gbx kh^_ckl\m_l l_jZi_\l

dhlhjuc ih [m`^Z_l ihhsjy_l jZa\b\Z_l b ^h\h^bl nZglZabx ^h

dhgpZ AZl_f fZl_jbZe fh`gh ijhZgZebabjh\Zlv \ l_jfbgZo _]h

agZq_gby b kbf\hebdb ² ih^h[gh ZgZebam kgh\b^_gbc A^_kv

g_h[oh^bfh k^_eZlv ij_^mij_`^_gb_ lhedh\Zgby kbf\heh\ \k_]^Z

^he`gu [ulv wdki_jbf_glZevgufb Zgk ihemq_ggufb k qbklh

l_hj_lbq_kdhclhqdbaj_gbyOhlyijZ\^Zqlh hij_^_e_ggu_kbf\heu

hagZqZxlhij_^_e_ggu_\_sb²gZijbf_jdjZkguch[uqghhagZqZ_l

hiZkghklv ² h[klhyl_evkl\Z f_gyxl bo agZq_gb_ >ey ^ZevlhgbdZ

djZkguc g_ hagZqZ_l gbq_]h agZqbl ijbgbfZy wlh dZd ZgZeh]bx

bgl_jij_lZpbyf ke_^m_l [ulv lZdh\ufb Qlh \u ^mfZ_l_ h[ wlhf

agZq_gbb" beb Dgb]b ij_^eZ]Zxl gZf lZdmx bgl_jij_lZpbx qlh

\u h[ wlhf ^m fZ_l_" beb Qlh wlhl h[jZa kbf\he hagZqZ_l ^ey

\Zk"Wlh\ukhdhf_jb_²ijbgbfZlvgZk_[y\k_agZgb_b^_lZywlh

b]ghjbjh\ZlvihgbfZgb_deb_glZ

Kbf\heu dhlhju_ fh]ml ijylZlvky beb h[gZjm`b\Zlvky

\k_]^Z [_jml k\h_ gZqZeh ba Zjo_lbih\ Nmg^Zf_glZevgZy bklbgZ

l_jZi_\lbq_kdhc jZ[hlu k h[jZaZfb aZdexqZ_lky \lhf qlh ikbobdZ

\k_]^Z [m^_l klZjZlvky ij_^klZ\blv k_[y \ nZglZabb ijb

bkihevah\Zgbbh[jZah\H[jZau\_^mlgZk\ pZjkl\hlZdh]h[h]Zlkl\Z

]^_ ikbobd_ ^ZgZ k\h[h^Z bkke_^h\Zlv ]^_ _c g_ f_rZ_l

khagZl_evgucjZamf]h\hjysbcgZyaud_jZkkm^dZbeh]bdb

Y j_^dh gZf_j_\Zxkv jZ[hlZlv k h[jZaZfb ihlhfm qlh wlh

hagZqZeh[uqlhdeb_glmijb^_lkyijbghjZ\eb\ZlvkydfhbfaZjZg__

aZ^mfZgguf ij_^klZ\e_gbyf DZd ym`_ mdZau\Ze jZgvr_ y kdhj__

\\_^m b^_x h[jZah\ dh]^Z deb_gl h[gZjm`bl g_dhlhju_ ij bagZdb

lh]hqlhhgm`_jZa]h\Zjb\Z_lgZyaud_dZjlbg

=e_g [ue lhih]jZnhf h[jZlb\rbfky dh fg_ baaZ ijbklmih\

iZgbdb dhlhju_ f_rZeb _fm \ jZ[hl_ b\ ih\k_^g_\ghc `bagb GZ

h^ghf ba wlZih\ gZr_c jZ[hlu hg kdZaZe Dh]^Z y ^mfZx qlh [ue

ihoh` >ey f_gy wlh hagZqZeh qlh hg kfhljbl gZ qlhlh k\hbf

mfkl\_gguf aj_gb_f ihwlhfm y kijhkbe ?keb [u \u [ueb

om^h`gbdhfb jbkh\Zebij_`^_b l_i_jvqlh[u\ugZjbkh\Zeb"

KljZggh²hl\_lbehg²y ^_ckl\bl_evghex[exjbkh\Zlvb qZklh

moh`m \gba ih j_d_ AZl_f hg ij_^eh`be ih]h\hjblv h^\mo

dZjlbgZo h^gZ bah[jZ`ZeZ _]h dZd kqZkleb\h]h fZeh]h yjdbfb

djZkdZfbgZohekl_gZ\lhjhcdZjlbg_hg[uebah[jZ`_gZ[khexlgh

aZ`Zluf\u]ey^_ebafh`^_ggufZnhg[ueh[eZqgufb fjZqgufD

dhgpm r_klb f_kyp_\ dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby =e_g kgh\Z ihkfhlj_e gZ

dZjlbgu \lhjZy baf_gbeZkv yjdb_ p\_lZ aZf_gbeb lmkdeu_ bhg

klhye ih^g_ky jmdm d ]eZaZf b]ey^y \ [m^ms__ H[jZa dhlhjuc

kha^Ze fhb deb_gl ykgh bah[jZ`Ze j_rbl_evgmx i_j_f_gm \_]h

lhqd_aj_gbyb qm\kl\Zo

H^gZbaqZjmxsbooZjZdl_jguohkh[_gghkl_ciml_r_kl\byih

h[jZaZf khklhbl \lhf qlh deb_gl y\ey_lky \k_fb ^_ckl\mxsbfb

ebpZfb \h \gmlj_gg_f l_Zlj_ ² Z\lhjhf iv_ku j_`bkk_jhf

ijh^xk_jhfb bkihegbl_eyfbQZklhm^b\ey_l qlhdeb_glukha^Zxl

keh`gu_h[jZaugkbf_yij_^klZ\e_gbyqlhdh]^Zeb[h\b^_ebbob

hgb \uiheg_gu \ iheghf \_ebdhe_ibb l_oghdhehjZ k lhgdbfb

hll_gdZfb Bgh]^Z kp_gZ [_j_lky ba j_Zevghc iZfylb bwlh lh`_

Z[khexlghijb_fe_fh_keblZdh\h`_eZgb_deb_glZagZqblbf_ggh

a^_kvdeb_glohq_lgZoh^blvkybf_ggh\ wlhlfhf_gl>jm]b_kha^Zxl

kp_gu dhlhju_ \iheg_ fh]eb [u ih^hclb ^ey dZdh]heb[h gZmqgh

nZglZklbq_kdh]h dbghnbevfZ <Z`gh ihfgblv qlh deb_gl kha^Z_l \

k\h_f\hh[jZ`_gbblhqlb\ dZdhflhhlghr_gbb^eyg_]hagZqbfh

DZl_]hjbbkbf\heh\

LZd dZd h[jZau jZ[hlZxl k kbf\heZfb l_i_jv ih^oh^ys__

\j_fy \\_klb g_dmx kljmdlmjm \lh dZd fu kfhljbf gZ kbf\heu

Kms_kl\m_lfgh]hdeZkkbnbdZpbcghy \u[jZe\hk_fv]jmii

Ijbjh^Z

@b\hlgh_

Q_eh\_d

K^_eZggh_q_eh\_dhf

J_eb]by

 Fbnheh]bq_kdh_ [h]Zf b [h]bgyf ^Zxlky bo  ]j_q_kdb_

bf_gZ ih`ZemcklZ h[jZlbl_kv d khhl\_lkl\mxsbf kijZ\hqgbdZf

qlh[ugZclbbowd\b\Ze_glgu_jbfkdb_bf_gZ

:[kljZdlgh_

Bg^b\b^mZevgh_kihglZggh_

G_l g_h[oh^bfhklb dZl_]hjbabjh\Zlv hkh[u_ kbf\heu

kha^Zggu_ \hh[jZ`_gb_f deb_glZ \lh `_ \j_fy gZ dZdhflh wlZi_

ihe_agh mf_lv ihf_klblv bo \ dZl_]hjbx Wlh fh`_l ijbf_gylvky

gZijbf_j lZf ]^_ deb_gl kha^Ze hij_^_e_gguc h[jZa Z aZl_f

ihqm\kl\h\Ze k_[y haZ^Zq_gguf bkke_^my _]h ^Zevr_ A^_kv

dhgkmevlZgl fh`_l ij_^eh`blv k\yau\Zxsbc kbf\he GZijbf_j

deb_glm dhlhjuc kha^Z_l h[jZa ^hbklhjbq_kdh]h ZelZjgh]h dZfgy b

g_fh`_lijh^\bgmlv_]h^Zevr_fh`ghih^kdZaZlvWlha\mqbllZd

dZd[m^lhhgbf__ldZdh_lhhlghr_gb_d `_jl\_

AgZdhfkl\h k \hk_fvx dZl_]hjbyfb ² wlh lZd`_ kihkh[ ^ey

\Zk kZfbo ijh^he`Zlv jZ[hlZlv gZ^ hij_^_e_ggufb ]jmiiZfb

kbf\heh\

;he__ ih^jh[gh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ kf Keh\Zjv h[jZah\ b

kbf\heh\\ dhgkmevlbjh\ZgbbKlxZj]

Wlh ^hfZrg__ aZ^Zgb_ bf__l j_rZxs__ agZq_gb_ \

jZajZ[hld_j_i_jlmZjZbkke_^m_fuokbf\heh\d dhlhjuf\ufh`_l_

qm\kl\h\Zlv ^h\_jb_ jZ[hlZy kgbfb < ex[hc nhjf_

dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby kms_kl\_ggu kZfhihagZgb_ b ikboheh]bq_kdZy

hkhagZgghklv Fu gbdh]^Z g_ ^he`gu hklZgZ\eb\Zlvky gZ lhf qlh

kh\_jrbeb \k_]^Z kms_kl\m_l g_qlh [hevr__ jZkrbjyxs__ gZrm

kn_jmihgbfZgbyY kqblZxqlh\gZrbobgl_j_kZojZkrbjylvk\hx

jZ[hqmx [Zam kbf\heZfb dh]^Z fu ijb\e_dZ_f dZ`^uc gh\uc

kbf\he b jZkrbjy_f _]h ihgbfZgb_ gZfb qlh fu \b^_eb \

ij_^u^ms_f iml_r_kl\bb hlghkys_fky d hk\h[h`^_gbx gZrZ

bglmbpby m]em[blky bfu klZg_f [he__ \hkijbbfqb\ufb b

hlau\qb\ufbd kbf\hebq_kdbfkeh\Zfdhlhju_bkihevam_ldeb_gl

WlhkZfhh[mq_gb_bebkZfhbkke_^h\Zgb_fh`_lijb\_klbgZk

\ g_h`b^Zggu_ b jZg__ g_ bkke_^h\Zggu_ h[eZklb gZr_]h \gmlj_g

g_]h fbjZ Fh`_l [ulv gZf ihgZ^h[blky ijhlb\hklhylv ^vy\hem

\gmljbgZkbdZdwlhk^_eZe>Zgl_ij hclbq_j_aZ^ij_`^_q_ffu

kfh`_f^hklbqvohly[uhij_^_e_gghckl_i_gbp_ehklghklb_kebg_

jZy ?keb fu g_ kfh`_f ^\b]Zlvky ih ^lbf ^hjh]Zf lh h[fZg_f

gZ^_`^u gZrbo deb_glh\ dh]^Z ihiulZ_fky ^\bgmlvky kgbfb \bo

iml_r_kl\by

R_klv\_^msboijbgpbih\jZ[hl uk h[jZaZfb

IjbgpbidhgnjhglZpbb

Deb_glZ ih[m`^Zxl [ulv kf_euf b ijhlb\hklhylv h[jZaZf

dhlhju_ ihjh`^Zxl lj_\h]m Mki_rgh_ ijhlb\hklhygb_ ihjh`^Z_l

ljZgknhjfZpbx b mkljZg_gb_ lj_\h]b Im]ZxsZy kbf\hebq_kdZy

nb]mjZ h[uqgh y\ey_lky qZklvx kZfh]h k_[y b ijhlb\hklhygb_

lj_[m_l kf_ehklb >`_cg h dhlhjhc reZ j_qv \ Ij_^bkeh\bb

ijbrehkviheZ]ZlvkygZk\hxkf_ehklvqlh[ukmf_lvijhlb\hklhylv

^_j_\m Hq_gv qZklh ijhlb\hklhygb_ ijhbkoh^bl k im]Zxsbfb

kha^Zgbyfb ² k ^jZdhghf dhlhjuc ihy\ey_lky ba i_s_ju [hehlZ

beb fhjy k j uqZsbf `b\hlguf dhlhjh_ fqblky ba e_kZ H[h \k_f

wlhf ² [hehl_ ljykbg_ fhj_ b e_kk ² fh`gh kdZaZlv qlh hgb

ij_^klZ\eyxl[_kkhagZl_evgh_

Dh]^Z im]Z_rvky ijbjh^guc bgklbgdl ih^kdZau\Z_l qlh[u

fu aZf_jbeb beb ih\_jgmebkv b m[_`Zeb H^bg ba ex[hiulguo

Zki_dlh\ h[jZah\ khklhbl \ ke_^mxs_f ohly deb_gl agZ_l qlh wlh

\hh[jZ`_gb_ _]h j_Zdpby l_f g_ f_g__ hq_gv j_ZevgZ Y\b^_e dZd

deb_glu [e_^g_xl hl kljZoZ ^jh`Zl \kiuob\Zxl hl ]g_\Z

\`bfZxlky \ dj_keh b ijhy\eyxl \k_ ijbagZdb iZgbdb Ohly y

gbdh]^Z g_ baf_jye imevk beb djh\ygh_ ^Z\e_gb_ k\hbo deb_glh\ y

Z[khexlghm\_j_gqlhkms_kl\mxlb ikboheh]bq_kdb_ijbagZdblh]h

qlh hgb bkiulu\Zxl Y \b^_e dZd k deb_glh\ \ dhgp_ k_ZgkZ dZiZ_l

ihl \b^_e dZd hgb ieZdZeb b jZkdZqb\Zebkv \k\hbo dj_keZo dZd

^_eZe [u j_[_ghd _keb hg jZkkljh_g Dhg_qgh h[jZau gbdh]^Z g_

[u\Zxle_]dbf\u[hjhf

Qlh ^he`_g ^_eZlv dhgkmevlZgl dh]^Z deb_glm ijhlb\hklhbl

g_qlh m`ZkZxs__" <hi_j\uo `bag_ggh \Z`gh ihfgblv \ ^Zgguc

fhf_gl lh qlh deb_gl \hh[jZ`Z_l lZd `_ j_Zevgh dZd dj_keh gZ

dhlhjhfhgkb^bllhqghlZd`_dh]^Zfu\b^bfkhgdjZcijhiZklb

gZ dhlhjhf fu [ZeZgkbjm_f j_Ze_g dZd b__ klhnmlh\Zy ]em[bgZ

Ke_^m_l eb gZf ihkh\_lh\Zlv deb_gld_ [_`Zlv ^jZlvky m[blv

kms_kl\h \eh`b\ f_q \__ jmdm" Ijhlb\hklhygb_ ² wlh gk

gZiZ^_gb_Z ijhy\e_gb_l\_j^hklbiheghcj_rbfhklbjmdh\h^blvb

hl dhgkmevlZglZ fh`_l ihlj_[h\Zlvky [hevrZy ih^^_j`dZ H^gZdh

wlh gk lZd ijhklh dZd kdZaZlv Ijhy\eycl_ l\_j^hklv ihkfhljbl_

kx^Z mijZ\eycl_ Lh qlh \hh[jZ`Z_l deb_gl ij_^klZ\ey_l

g_dhlhjuc Zki_dl [_kkhagZl_evgh]h g_qlh bf_xs__ g_dhlhjmx

\eZklv gZ^ gbf Hgh ih^Z_lky \ lZdhc kljZrghc nhjf_ qlh[u

^hklbqvfZdkbfZevgh]hwnn_dlZ

Bgh]^Z dhgkmevlZglm g_h[oh^bfh \aylv jmdh\h^kl\h gZ k_[y

gh fg_ j_^dh ijboh^behkv wlh ^_eZlv by ihklmibe [u lZd lhevdh

_keb[u[uebijbagZdblh]hqlhdeb_glkebrdhfbkim]Zgqlh[uqlh

lhij_^ijbgylv< h[uqghckblmZpbby kijhkbe[ugZijbf_jQlh\u

ohlbl_^_eZlv"Deb_glhklZ_lkyl\_j^hjmdh\h^ysbfby^mfZxwlh

kms_kl\_ggh ?keb deb_gl ]h\hjbl Y ohqm m[_`Zlv fh_c

ke_^mxs_cj_iebdhcfh]ml[ulvkeh\ZDm^Z\uohlbl_[_`Zlv



Wlh

ihfh`_l deb_glm \gh\v jmdh\h^blv <hafh`gh ^Ze__ y[u kijhkbe

Qlh kemqbehkv [u _keb [u \u g_ m[_`Zeb



 ?keb deb_gl ]h\hjbl

qlhlh \jh^_ Y ohqm m[blv _]h y[u \ukdZaZeky ijhlb\ hl\_lb\

Qlh kemqbehkv [u _keb [u \u m[beb _]h" Wlhl lbi ahg^bjmxs_c

j_iebdb ih[m`^Z_l deb_glZ bkke_^h\Zlv kbf\he ^Zevr_ Zg_

ijbgbfZlv_]hihghfbgZevghcklhbfhklb

Ba fh_]h agZdhfkl\Z k kbf\heZfb b g_dhlhjuo jZ[hl ih

[_kkhagZl_evghfmyfZxqlhkjZ`Zlvkyk kms_kl\hfbm[blv_]h²g_

hl\_l lZd dZd wlh [ueh [u ebrv jZajmr_gb_f `bag_ggh

\Z`ghc qZklb kZfh]h deb_glZ <hafh`gh y kijhkbe [u DZdh_ bfy

\u^Zeb[u wlhfmkms_kl\m" Dh]^ZgZau\Z_rv g_qlh ih bf_gb wlh

qZklh\ agZqbl_evghcf_j_mkljZgy_lk\yaZgguck gbfkljZo

Ij_`^_q_faZgylvkyh[jZaZfbqlhihl_gpbZevghhiZkghohly

hiZkghklv fh`_l ihy\blvky k kZfuo g_h`b^Zgguo klhjhg y[u

ij_^eh`be deb_glm ihbkdZlv dZdhceb[h lZebkfZg qlh[u

ihijh[h\Zlv aZsblblvky <u[hj lZebkfZgZ hiylv `_ bgl_j_k_g b

ihdZaZl_e_gBlZddh]^Zdeb_glmgm`ghijhlb\hklhylvy ijb\e_d[u

\gbfZgb_d lZebkfZgmghlZd`_kijhkbe[u?klveblhlkd_f\Zf

[u ohl_ehkv [ulv bf_ggh k_cqZk dh]^Z \Zf gZ^h ijhlb\hklhylv

>bkihevamy bfy ^Zggh_ _fm deb_glhf@" Bgl_j_kgh lZd`_ dh]h

q_eh\_d ijb\h^bl gZ kp_gm \ dZq_kl\_ lZebkfZgZ Bgh]^Z y

ij_^iheZ]Zx qlh ijb[eb`Z_lky fm^jZy ebqghklv lhl dlh ijhklh

[m^_llZfAZl_fyfh]mij_^eh`blvqlh[udeb_gl\klmibek fm^jhc

ebqghklvx\ jZa]h\hjhlhfqlh^_eZlv

?keb g_l fm^jh]h q_eh\_dZ b_keb deb_gl kdhj__ `_eZ_l

ijhlb\hklhylv q_f kiZkZlvky [_]kl\hf lh y ij_^eh`be [u qlh[u

deb_gl \gbfZl_evgh hq_gv ih^jh[gh bamqbe kms_kl\h Dh]^Z

ijbf_gy_lky djblbq_kdbc ZgZeba qlh[u ijb\_klb kms_kl\h d

g_dhlhjhc j_Zevghklb wlh qZklh ijb\h^bl d baf_g_gbx \ qm\kl\Zo

deb_glZ <_^v qZklh kemqZ_lky lZd qlh kms_kl\h mf_gvrZ_lky \

jZaf_jZo b klZgh\blky f_g__ ]jhaguf hgh fh`_l kihglZggh

ljZgknhjfbjh\Zlvky\hqlhlh[he__ijb_fe_fh_b f_g__im]Zxs__

IjbgpbiljZgknhjfZpbb

Ohly ljZgkjhjfZpby fh`_l ij hbahclb bijb dhgnjhglZpbb

dZd fu m\b^bf gZ ijbf_j_ k FZj]Zj_l b ^jZdhghf bgh]^Z

ljZgknhjfZpby^he`gZ[ulv[he__ykghgZijZ\e_gghcIj_\jZs_gb_

im]Zxs_]h h[t_dlZ \ g_qlh [he__ ijb_fe_fh_ ² wlh g_ ijhklh

kihkh[ \uklhylv gh\uc h[t_dl qZklh ihdZau\Z_l agZqbl_evguc

ikboheh]bq_kdbcjhkl

FZj]Zj_l ijhlb\hklhyeZ ^jZdhgm gZ iheyg_ \ e_km HgZ

ijhy\eyeZ \k_ ijbagZdb m`ZkZ <u ohlbl_ qlh[u yqlhgb[m^v

k^_eZe" ² kijhkbe y g_ `_eZy \uoh^blv gZ kp_gm Ih`ZemcklZ

^_j`bl_f_gyaZjmdmIjhkv[Z^_j`ZlvaZjmdmg_h[yaZl_evgh

bf__l hlghr_gb_ d \hajZklm gh qZklh hgZ mdZau\Z_l gZ

\hajZklghc j_]j_kk Dh]^Z FZj]Zj_l ijhy\beZ l\_j^hklv mdZaZ\ gZ

dj_kl gZ k\h_c r__ ^jZdhg kihglZggh ij_\jZlbeky \ hjeZ dhlhjuc

ihij_`g_fm im]Ze __ aZl_f \ q_jgh]h dhlZ Dh]^Z hgZ ijhlygmeZ

jmdm qlh[u ih]eZ^blv dhlZ hg ij_\jZlbeky \__ fZq_om ^_j`Zsmx

jha]mdhlhjhchgZdh]^Zlh[beZFZj]Zj_l=h^ZfbFZj]Zj_lfmqbeb

ghqgu_ dhrfZju \ dhlhjuo hgZ \b^_eZ ^jZdhgZ ]gZ\r_]hky aZ g_c

bae_kZIjhlb\hklhygb_ ^jZdhgm lZdbf h[jZahf ihdZaZeh _c dZd__

[_kkhagZl_evgh_ khojZgyeh gZ^ g_c dhgljhev lhqgh lZd `_ dZd

^_eZeZ__ fZq_oZL_i_jvdh]^Zk ^jZdhgZ[ueZkhj\ZgZfZkdZkljZo

mr_ehgg_kem`begbdZdhcihe_aghcp_eb

Ijbgpbidhjfe_gby

LZf ]^_ dhgnjhglZpby gk ih^oh^bl beb g_ijb_fe_fZ ²

ijh[e_fZ fh`_l [ulv kebrdhf k_jv_aghc ² dhgkmevlZgl fh`_l

ij_^eh`blv qlh[u deb_gl gZdhjfbe im]Zxsmx nb]mjm blZ

k^_eZeZkve_gb\hc b khgghc >ey deb_glZ dhjfe_gb_ ² qZklh [he__

fy]dbckihkh[h[oh^blvkyk hiZkgufkms_kl\hf^eydhgkmevlZglZhg

lZd`_ e_]q_ <lh `_ \j_fy wlh hagZqZ_l qlh deb_glm ijboh^blky

[jZlv gZ k_[y dhgljhev bb^lb gZ jbkd QZklh dhjfe_gb_ ² wlh lh

^_ckl\b_ dhlhjh_ mf_klgh ij_^ijbgylv K\bj_ih_ `b\hlgh_

\g_aZigh \ur_^r__ ba i_s_ju k g_ihdhe_[bfuf gZf_j_gb_f

kh`jZlvdeb_glZgm`ghgZdhjfblv

A^_kv fh`gh hij_^_eblv h[sbc ijbgpbi  LZf ]^_ kms_kl\h

dZ`_lkyg_bklh\ufh]g_^urZsbfdZd^jZdhgdhgnjhglZpbyfh`_l

[ulv [he__ ih^oh^ys_c q_f dhjfe_gb_ ohly kljZo dhlhjuc hgh

\gmrZ_l kh\_jr_ggh j_Ze_g LZf ]^_ kms_kl\h ijhbkoh^bl ba

j_ZevghklbdZde_\bebf_^\_^v]jbaebb \u]ey^bl]heh^gufy[u

ij_^iheh`beqlhij_^ijbgylvdhjfe_gb_[he__mf_klghDhjfe_gb_

]jbaeb_]hex[bfhcibs_c²f_^hf²[ueh[uohjhrbfgZqZehf

F_^\_^b lZd`_ ex[yl ju[m [hevrmx ju[m lZdmx dZd ehkhkv <

ih^h[ghckp_g_y[uij_^eh`be< \Zr_cijZ\hcjmd_dZdjZa_klv

h]jhfgucdm\rbgf_^Z[jhkvl__]hd gh]Zff_^\_^y bihdZ hg_kl

ihc^bl_b ihcfZcl_ehkhky\lhcj_d_<ugZc^_l_m^hqdmgZ[_j_]m

<_jgbl_kv k \Zr_c ^h[uq_c b hl^Zcl_ __ f_^\_^x Dh]^Z f_^\_^v

ih_klhgklZg_lf_g__aeufZ dh]^Zh[t_klkyey`_lb mkg_l

Ijbgpbiijbfbj_gby

Deb_gl klZgh\blky ^jm]hf \jZ`^_[ghc kbf\hebq_kdhc

nb]mjuh[jZsZykvdg_cijbdZkZykvdg_c\klmiZykg_c \ ^jm`[m

Wlh lh qlh [ueZ ]hlh\Z k^_eZlv >`_cg \ ij_^bkeh\bb >jm`[Z k

wlhc kbf\hebq_kdhc nb]mjhc hagZqZ_l Zkkbfbeypbx qZklb dhlhjZy

hl\_j]ZeZkv b hl^_eyeZkv lZd qlh hgZ [hevr_ gk ij_^klZ\ey_l

g_]Zlb\ghckbeu\ ikbobd_deb_glZ

>`bfoh^bedhfg_^eyjZ[hlugZ^ebqgufjhklhf\ l_q_gb_

^\mo e_l baZ wlh \j_fy jZ[hlZe kh fgh]bfb jZaebqgufb l_fZfb b

h[jZaZfb H^ghc l_fhc dhlhjZy ihklhyggh \ha\jZsZeZkv [ueh lh

dZd k_]h lhqdb aj_gby \hkijbgbfZxl _]h ^jm]b_ ex^b Hg [ue

\ukhdbc\g_rg_ijb\e_dZl_evgucdjZcg_^h[jh^mrgucq_eh\_de_l

^\Z^pZlb iylb \uimkdgbd fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h nZdmevl_lZ kf_gb\rbc

kn_jm ^_yl_evghklb ² hg klZe f_^[jZlhf ?]h kZfh\hkijbylbk b

kZfhhp_gdZ [uebgbadbfbb wlh [ueZ h[eZklv gZ dhlhjhc hg qZklh

khkj_^hlhqb\Zeky

GZh^ghfk_Zgk_d dhgpmgZr_]hh[s_gbyhgkdZaZeMf_gy

ij_^qm\kl\b_dZd[m^lhy ih ^hr_ed j_rZxs_fmfhf_glmbyagZx

qlh wlh dZdlh k\yaZgh k bgl_]jZpb_c Hg [ue q_eh\_dhf dhlhjuc

fgh]h qblZe b ]h\hjbe h ikboheh]bq_kdbo ihgylbyo k [hevrhc

lhqghklvx b ijhgbpZl_evghklvx Fgh]b_ f_kypu >`bf hp_gb\Ze

\_jhylghklvijhy\e_gbyg_dhlhjhcqZklbkZfh]hk_[yk dhlhjhchggk

gZoh^beky \ gZklhys_f dhglZdl_ by bgklbgdlb\gh qm\kl\h\Ze fu

[ebadb d lhfm qlh[u ijhlb\hklhylv _c q_f [u hgZ gb [ueZ ?keb

deb_gl qm\kl\m_l k_[y \ g_iheghf dhglZdl_ lh ihe_agh ^Zlv _fm

h[jZaa_jdZeZbf_gghwlhybk^_eZe

Ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_ qlh \u b^_l_ ih [hevrhfm mgb\_jfZ]m b

\^jm] hdZau\Z_l_kvebphfd ebpmk kZfbfkh[hc \ a_jdZe_\ iheguc

jhkl Qlh\u\b^bl_"?]hebphf_^e_gghkfhjsbehkvbhgaZju^Ze

Kd\havke_au>`bfijhbag_kY\b`mwlh]hm`Zkgh]hq_eh\_dZ\k_]h

ihdjulh]h ]ghysbfbky ya\Zfb dZd ijhdZahc beb gZju\Zfb

[_ah[jZagh]h jZajmr_ggh]h [he_agvx b ij_g_[j_`_gb_f bk lZdbf

aeuf\ujZ`_gb_fg_gZ\bklbb hl\jZs_gbyG_fh`_l[ulvqlhwlhy

ijZ\^Z"

>Z`_ l_i_jv ^\Z ]h^Z kimkly dh]^Z y ibrm wlb keh\Z f_gy

hiylvho\Zlu\Z_l]hj_>`bfZ Y\b^_eieZqmsbodeb_glh\b ieZdZe

\f_kl_ kgbfb y \b^_e bo jZa]g_\Zggufb bkim]Zggufb b

kehfe_ggufb gh gbdh]^Z yg_ \b^_e q_eh\_dZ gZklhevdh

ihljyk_ggh]hdZdbf[ue>`bfdh]^Zhgijhlb\hklhyeij_abjZ_fhc

qZklbkZfh]hk_[yJ_Zevghklvg_ijhgbdZeZkx^Zb [_kihe_agh[ueh

[u]h\hjblvqlhgb[m^v\jh^_GhgZkZfhf ^_e_\u g_lZdhcHglh

qm\kl\h\Ze k_[y bf_ggh lZd Y kijhkbe <u fh`_l_ bgl_]jbjh\Zlv

wlh]h^jm]h]h>`bfZ"Y ihijh[mx²hl\_lbehg

H[uqgh y ijhrm >_j`bl_ f_gy \ dmjk_ lh]h qlh

ijhbkoh^bl²\ ^ZgghfkemqZ_ijhrehfgh]h\j_f_gbij_`^_q_f

>`bfaZ]h\hjbegh\ wlhfg_[uehgZ^h[ghklbihlhfmqlh_]hebph

b h[ uqguc yaud _]h l_eZ khh[sZeb fg_ qlh ijhbkoh^bl dh]^Z hg

gZqZejZkkeZ[eylvky<hlqlhhg\ dhgp_dhgph\kdZaZeBf_gghlhl

^jm]hc>`bf\ur_ebaa_jdZeZb wlh[ueh^_ckl\bl_evgh`mldhhg

klhyegZjZkklhygbb\ulygmlhcjmdbhlf_gyYg_[uem\_j_gohq_l

ebhgbgl_]jbjh\ZlvkyghyagZeqlhhg^he`_gY \klmibe\ jZa]h\hj

k gbfb h[gZjm`beqlhohlyfu ]h\hjbf gZh^ghf yaud_hg hq_gv

]jm[bfgh]hjm]Z_lkyYagZeqlhhgfhyl_gvagZelZd`_qlh\bgx

_]h\hfgh]boiehobo\_sZodhlhju_qm\kl\mxihwlhfmy kdZaZe_fm

<k_ \ ihjy^d_ lu gk ^he`_g [ue agZlv gh qlh lu gZf_j_g k wlbf

^_eZlv" L_i_jvlug_fh`_rvf_gyb]ghjbjh\ZlvY ih^hr_edg_fm

ih[eb`_ b ijhlygme jmdm qlh[u dhkgmlvky _]h wlh ihlj_[h\Zeh

[hevrhc kf_ehklb ihlhfm qlh y qm\kl\h\Ze qlh hg aZjZabl f_gy

BlZdy kmf_eke_]dZdhkgmlvky_]hjmdbqlh[uehg_lZdm`iehohb

dh]^Z dhkgmeky lh dZd [m^lh ij bdhkgmeky dfbjZ`m bdh`Z gZ _]h

jmd_ gZqZeZ aZ`b\Zlv Y_s_ ijb[ebabeky dg_fm h[o\Zlbe _]h

jmdZfb g_ agZy q_]h h`b^Zlv gh dhg_qgh h`b^Zy g_ lh]h qlh

ijhbahreh>_ckl\bl_evghkljZgghk_[yqm\kl\m_rv]h\hjyh[wlhf

dZd _keb [u y gZ[ex^Ze aZ ijhbkoh^ysbf gh wlh ^_ckl\bl_evgh

ijhbkoh^beh kh fghc <u agZ_l_ dZd wlh [u\Z_l dh]^Z ^\Z h[jZaZ

k\h^ylky \f_kl_ qlh[u ih emqbeky h^bg Wlh [ueh \iheg_ ihoh`_

Fu k[eb`Zebkv Z ihlhf fu [hevr_ g_ [ueb ^\mfy Fu

bgl_]jbjh\Zebkv

Yg_ ijbghrm ba\bg_gbc aZ lh qlh ij b\_e klhev ih^jh[guc

jZkkdZa ihlhfm qlh wlh h^bg ba kZfuo ykguo jZkkdZah\ h

ijbfbj_gbb dhlhjuc y keurZe YagZx qlh ^ey >`bfZ wlh [ueh

ih\hjhlguf imgdlhf \ _]h hiul_ lZd dZd hg klZe ijbgbfZlv wlm

^jm]mx qZklv kZfh]h k_[y <k_ \j_fy ihdZ \lhjhc >`bf hl^_eyeky