Sioshansi F.P. Smart Grid: Integrating Renewable, Distributed & Efficient Energy
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Finally, regulators need to push utilities to provide consumers
with choice, perhaps the prime benefit that smart grid
technologies can provide consumers. Utilities and their
vendors must acknowledge that they are asking ratepayers to
accept, pretty much on faith, the notion that smart grid,
however defined, will benefit society as a whole and that is
why they are asking regulators to compel ratepayers to
purchase smart grid products and services. Contrast this with
advances in computers and communications, to which
advocates of smart grid constantly refer as they make their
case: consumers voluntarily bought computers and cell
phones because the value proposition was clear.
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Chapter 5. Prospects for Renewable Energy
Meeting the Challenges of Integration with Storage
W. Maria Wang, Jianhui Wang and Dan Ton
Chapter Outline
Introduction 103
High Penetration of Renewables 105
Benefits 105
Outlook 107
Integration Issues 110
Voltage Regulation Problems 112
Capacity Firming 113
Energy Storage for Integration 114
Applications and Technologies 114
Cost-Benefit Analysis 119
R&D Directions 122
Federally Funded Energy Storage Efforts 123
Conclusions 124
References 125
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This chapter discusses the context and issues surrounding the growing need to integrate a significant
amount of renewable energy generation into the electric grid, and the critical role of energy storage in
facilitating this transition Since most renewable resources are inherently intermittent and variable in
their energy output, current industry practices need to be altered to accommodate high penetration of
renewable generation Various types of energy storage technologies are discussed according to their
application, (e g , for firming renewables output or regulating voltage fluctuations stemming from
intermittency) Also, federal efforts to accelerate the smooth integration of renewables are highlighted
Energy storage, managing intermittency, renewable energy resources
Introduction
Rapid growth in renewable energy generation has been
spurred by concerns such as energy security, fuel diversity,
and climate change. Most major economies have government
policies supporting renewable electricity. Seventeen countries
currently have feed-in tariffs, ten countries have quota
obligation systems with tradable green certificates, and four
countries have tender systems [1]. In the United States, 36
states and the District of Columbia have set specific standards
or goals for a certain percentage of electric power generation
and sales to come from renewable sources [2] and utilities in
48 states now offer their customers the option to purchase
green power [3].
Lower costs associated with wind turbines and solar cells due
to technology advancements and economies of scale have also
contributed to the accelerated growth of these energy markets,
notably during the past five years. In 2009, a record 10 GW of
new wind power was installed in the United States, resulting
in cumulative wind installations of 35 GW [4]. Following the
same trend, total U.S. solar electric capacity from
photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP)
technologies exceeded 2 GW in 2009, with 1.65 GW being
grid-tied. The residential PV market doubled and three new
CSP plants were built, resulting in a 37% increase in annual
installations over 2008 from 351 MW to 481 MW [5].
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As renewable energy technologies mature, and with continued
financial subsidies, they are expected to provide a growing
share of the world's electricity requirements. Figure 5.1 shows
the global growth of renewables compared to other types of
generation projected to 2035. Currently, solar PV is the
fastest growing renewable technology worldwide at an
average of 60% per year, followed by wind power at 27% and
biofuels at 18%[1]. However, concerns about potential
impacts of high penetration of renewables on the stability and
operation of the electric grid may create barriers to their
future expansion. The intermittent and variable nature of
renewable sources, particularly wind and solar, poses
reliability concerns that must be addressed at higher
penetration levels. As other chapters in this volume explain,
our existing grid is not designed to deal with these types of
renewable resources. Current industry practices need to be
altered and a smart grid needs to develop for the successful
integration of renewables.
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Figure 5.1
World electricity generation by fuel, 2007–2035.
Source: US Energy Information Administration, “International Energy Outlook
2010,”http://eia.gov/oiaf/ieo/
Energy storage can serve as an enabling technology for
renewables integration by allowing for output firming and
dispatchability, as well as other benefits such as load shifting
and peak shaving. Renewable energy technologies such as
CSP systems have built-in thermal energy storage to extend
the generation period beyond the peak solar incidence. A
study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
found that even for low penetration levels, adding thermal
energy storage can significantly increase the value of CSP
through generation shifting, in some cases outweighing the
costs of storage [6]. Other technologies such as PV and wind
will require a variety of energy storage technologies to help
offset their intermittent generation.
This chapter focuses on integration issues surrounding solar
power since wind integration is covered in several other
chapters. A discussion follows on the possible solutions to
these issues using energy storage, which is applicable to the
integration of both wind and solar resources. This chapter
focuses on storage technologies since Chapter 9 and Chapter
10 cover demand response and direct load control for
providing capacity firming and ancillary services, and
Chapter 18 and Chapter 19 cover electric vehicles for
reducing wind integration costs in different markets.
The chapter is organized into four sections. Section “High
Penetration of Renewables” covers the benefits and issues
associated with the high penetration of renewables, focusing
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on PV, into the electric grid. Section “Energy Storage for
Integration” discusses the role of energy storage in mitigating
these issues, including how different storage technologies are
suited for specific applications. Section “Federally Funded
Energy Storage Efforts” highlights research, development,
and demonstrations of grid-scale energy storage supported
through federal grants and the Department of Energy (DOE).
The chapter's main insights are in the concluding section.
High Penetration of Renewables
Benefits
The environmental, economic, and energy security benefits
from renewable generation are magnified by increasing its
penetration level, that is, the capacity of renewable generation
as a percent of peak or total load. To identify these benefits
and facilitate more extensive adoption of renewable
distributed electric generation, the DOE launched the
Renewable Systems Interconnection (RSI) study in 2007. The
15 study reports address a variety of issues related to utility
planning tools and business models, new grid architectures
and PV systems configurations, and models to assess market
penetration and the effects of high-penetration PV systems.
As a result of this effort, the Solar Energy Grid Integration
Systems (SEGIS) Program was initiated in early 2008. SEGIS
is an industry-led effort to develop new PV inverters,
controllers, and energy management systems that will greatly
enhance the benefits of distributed PV systems.
According to the RSI report on “Photovoltaics Value
Analysis,” the largest benefits are in cost savings from
avoided central power generation and capacity, deferred or
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