Satas D., Tracton A.A. (ed.). Coatings Technology Handbook

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892

INDEX

Colored inorganic pigments, 63 1-642

bismuth vanadate

molybdate yellow,

642

browns, 633

cadmium mercury orange, 636

cadmium orange, 636

cadmium red, 638

cadmium sulfide yellow, 641

cadmium zinc yellow, 640

chrome green, 635

chrome orange. 636

chromium oxide green, 635

cobalt Blue, 633

hydrated chromium oxide green, 636

cobalt chromate, 633

iron blue, 632

colour index system, 631

iron oxide browns. 634

iron oxide reds. 637

iron oxide yellows, 641

manganese violet, 639

mercury cadmium red, 638

mixed metal oxide browns, 635

mixed metal oxide greens, 636

mixed metal oxide violets, 639

mixed metal oxide yellows, 641

molybdate orange, 637

natural iron oxides. 634

pigment selection, 63

primrose chrome yellow, 640

strontium yellow, 639

ultramarine blue, 633

ultramarine violet. 638

zinc chromate, 640

Colour index system, 63 1-642, 643-668

Conductive additives, 559-562

Conductive coatings, 7

1-720

commercial availability, 7

filled polymeric, 7 12

metallic, 7 I2

new developments.

organometallic,

polymeric. 7 13

shielding from electromagnetic

the stealth, 717

types, 7 12

interference, 7 16

Contact angle, 13, 47-50

Contact paper, 809-8 17

Copolymers

(see

Polymers)

Corrosion, 795-805

Corrosion and its control by coatings,

795-805

area effects, 800

barrier coatings, 80

corrosion control, 800

electrochemical nature, 795

electrode film breakdown, 798

electrode reactions, 797

energy transfer. 795

inhibitive coatings, 802

passivation and depassivation, 799

polarization, 798

zinc-rich coatings, 803

Crosslinking, 567-57

-587,

Cure

and

UV.

165- I77

Cure monitoring

(.see

Microdielectric

techniques)

669-675, 69 1-705

Decorative surface protection products.

809-8 17

adhesive coatings, 8

application of release coatings, X14

applications, 8 16

finishing,

history, 809

pigmented coatings, 8

pressure-sensitive adhesives, 8 13

primary substrate or base sheet, 810

release coatings, 8 13

release paper. 812

Defoamers. 589-593, 595-608

Deposition by chemical vapor, 255-281.

Diamond and diamondlike films,

3 13-325

-297

applications, 295

film deposition techniques, 292

film properties, 294

ion beam enhanced deposition, 293

plasma assisted chemical vapor

deposition, 292

Dilatency, 8, 23

Dispersants. 589-593. 595-608

Dispersion, 609-630

forces, 50-54

INDEX

893

Elasticity, 24

Elastomeric alloy thermoplastic

elastomers, 479-48

processing, 480

properties, 479

uses, 481

Elastomers, 465-467, 469-47 1,

Electrodeposition of polymers, 207-21 2

479-48 1

equipment, 2 10-2 12

process. 208

rupture voltage, 210

solubilization, 209

steady state, 209

throwing power, 209

Electroless plating, 213-225, 790

deposition rate, 2 15

deposition of metal alloys, 223

electroless plating solutions,

electroless plating, 220

mechanisms of autocatalytic metal ion

reduction, 2 18

plating systems, 2 14

practical applications, 2

properties of chemically deposited

metal ions, 224

reducing agent efficiency, 21 6

solution life, 2 16

solution sensitivity, 216

Electrolizing Chromium Process,

227-235

applications, 229

adhesion, 232

brightness, 234

conformity, 234

corrosion, 233

heat resistance, 234

hydrogen embrittlement, 234

lubricity, 234

rockwell surface hardness, 227-228

solutions, 23

specifications, 229

surface finish, 231

surface preparations, 230

thickness, 23

uses. 228

wear resistance. 233

Electromagnetic interference, 7

1-720,

843-847

Electroplating, 787-794

Embossing, 37 1-376

embossing machines, 373

nonthermoplastic embossing, 376

thermoplastic webs, 37

Emission control, 327

Emulsion, 391-402, 407-410

Ethylene

vinyl

alcohol copolymer resins,

473-477

barrier properties, 473

coating, 477

fabrication methods, 477

polymer, 473

regulatory, 477

applied finishes, 857

exterior finishes, 855

natural weathering, 856

paints, 858

plywood, 854

preservatives, 859

reconstituted wood products, 854

stains,

858

water soluble extractives,

855

weathering, 849

wood properties, 85 1

wood and wood based products, 852

Exterior wood finishes, 849-861

Fabric, 819-823, 825-828, 829-832,

Film application

(see

Coating

application)

Finishing

(see

Coatings, Polymers,

plating, Spraying)

Fire retardant coatings, 773-777

fire retardant mechanism, 774

fire retardant paints, 773

intumescent coatings, 775

miscellaneous coatings, 777

ceramic stencils, 535

dyed patterns on glass, 535

electrical insulators, 535

fish gelatin

photography, 536

gelatin capsules, 536

plating release agents, 535

photoresists, 534

867-880, 88 1-887

Fish gelatin and fish glue, 533-537

894

INDEX

[Fish gelatin and fish glue]

properties, 533

remoistenable coatings: gummed

Tape, 534

temporary coatings, 535

burners, 344

film treatment, 349

surface treatment, 343

Flexographic Inks, 679-68 1

colorants, 680

formulations, 68 l

process, 679

substrate, 680

vehicle, 680

Flexography, 19 1-20

3 roll System, 196

central impression machines, 195

end printers, 193

flexo deck system, 196

flexo process, 192

forms or plates, 199

fountainless printing deck, 198

in-line systems, 195

printing inks, 200

stack presses, 194

substrates, 200

Flame surface treatment, 343-350

Flow, 3

Foam, 589-593

Formulation,

coverage, 77

density, 76

nonvolatile, 76

pigmenVbinder ratio, 76

pigment volume content, 76

volume, 74

weight, 74

Free radicals, 581-587

Galvanizing, 787-794

Gelatin, 533-537

Glass Transition Temperature, 45

Glue

(see

adhesives)

Gum, 833-836

Gummed Tape, 833-836

adhesive, 834

basis weight, 833

manufacturing, 834

reinforced paper tapes, 834

HVLP: high-volume low-pressure

finishing, 38 1-388

benefits, 38

components, 385

differences betwen systems, 385

HVLP and electrostatic, 385

operating an HVLP system, 388

principles, 38

use of air cap test kits, 388

vs. airless and air assist/airless, 384

vs. conventional air spray, 383

vs. LVLP, 384

Hydroxyethylcellulose, 553-558

application properties of thickened

chemical composition, 554

chemical and physical properties,

555

film build, 557

incorporation into latex paint, 556

leveling and

sag

resistance, 557

spatter resistance, 558

types and grades, 554

paint, 556

Hysterisis, 7

Infrared

(see

Spectroscopy)

Ink

acrylic, 391-402

amino resins, 669-675

bleed, 7

dispersants for, 595-608

flexo inks, 200, 679-681

ink jet, 203

nitrocellulose,

1-5 17

phenolic, 453-458

pigment dispersion, 609-630

screen printing,

continuous, 204

impulse (on-demand), 205

inks, 206

foiling, 378

laminates, 378

new materials, 379

thermoplastic, 377

Ink jet printing, 203-206

In-mold finishing, 377-380

Inorganic pigments, 609-630, 63 1-642

INDEX

895

Intumescent, 773-777

Ionomers. 157- 164

Leather coatings, 779-786

aqueous pigmented coatings, 782

artificial grain, 785

main coating, 780

acrylic

casein

pigment concentrates

wax

nitrocellulose

polyurethane

solvent borne, 784

unpigmented ground coats, 78

Leveling,

15,

27, 35-39

Liquid polymers for coatings, 41 1-417

applications, 415

commercial liquid polymers, 41 2

curing. 41 3

fluid properties, 41

hydrogen bonding,

telechelic polymers, 41 3

nonstandard applications, 786

Marine coatings, 807-808

Melamine-formaldehyde resins, 669-675

Metal coatings, 787-794

decoration, 791

detaclad process, 789

electroless plating, 790

electroplating, 790

flame

plasma spray, 788

galvanizing, 787

metallizing, 787

protection, 79

sherrodizing, 788

sputtering, 790

vacuum evaporation, 789

Metallizing, 7

1-720, 787-794,

Microdielectric techniques

13- 1 18

809-8 17

dielectric response,

feedback,

process control, I17

resistivity, 114

Modulus values, 89

Molecular weight, 41

Multicolor coatings, 683-685

continuous phase, 683

combining dispersed and continuous

phases, 684

dispersed phase, 684

practice of the art, 683

Newtonian fluids,

Nitrocellulose,

1-5

blushing,

cross-linkable systems,

degree of substitution,

degree of polymerization,

plasticizers,

preparation,

printing inks and plastics, 512

resins,

safety considerations,

solution preparation,

solvents and diluents,

types and grades,

viscosity effects,

Nonmetallic fatty chemicals as internal

mold release agents

polymers,

573-580

acetal, 576

acrylobutyl nitrile, 575

experimental, 574

high density polyethylene, 579

linear low density polyethylene, 579

polybutylene terephthalate, 577

polypropylene, 578

quartz piezoelectric, 574

test procedure, 574

Nonwoven fabric binder, 767-77

88 1-887

amorphous copolymer, 769

amorphous homopolymer, 768

bicomponent fiber, 769

binders, 767

crystalline copolymer, 769

fiber, 768

film,

770

hot melt, 770

latex, 767

netting, 770

powder, 770

solution, 770

896

INDEX

Nonwovens

coating and laminating

air-lay needlepunched webs, 883

automotive, 885

carded, cross-lapped, needlepunched

carded unidirectional webs, 882

construction uses, 885

consumer products, 886

filtration, 886

home furnishings, 885

hydraulically entangled webs, 884

industrial applications, 886

poromerics, 883

spunbonded webs, 882

stitchbonded materials, 884

wet-lay mats, 884

substrates, 881-887

webs, 882

Olefinic thermoplastic elastomers,

469-47

coating applications, 47

limitations, 470

manufacturing TPOE, 469

primer systems, 471

properties. 470

usage, 470

background, 843

coating, 844

coating requirements, 845

composition of fiber coatings, 846

electromagnetic interference, 843

glass transition temperature, 845

handleability, 844

telecommunication, 844

Organic peroxides, 58 1-587

applications

coatings, 585

half-life, 58

peroxide selection, 583

radical types, 583

safety factors and procedures, 586

types and properties, 581

Organic pigments, 609-630, 643-668

Organic pigment types, 643-68

Optical fiber coatings, 843-847

azo-based oranges, 647

benzamidazolone-derived oranges,

benzimidazolone yellows, 665

[Organic pigment types]

colour index system, 643

copper phthalocyanine blue, 645

copper phthalocyanine green, 647

diarylide yellows, 664

heterocyclic yellows, 666

high performance reds, 655

metallized azo reds, 652

miscellaneous blues, 646

miscellaneous greens, 647

miscellaneous high perfonance reds,

monoarylide yellows, 662

non-metallized reds, 655

pigment selection, 644

Paint, 849-861

Painting conservation varnish, 687-690

effect of varnishes, 687

types of varnishes, 688

Paper coating, 547-55

Particle size, 42

Parylene coatings, 507-5

applications, 509

process, 507

properties, 509

Passivation, 795-805

Peelable medical coatings, 707-709

cold-seal, 707

Peroxides, 581 -587

Pharmaceutical tablet coatings, 863-866

compression coating, 866

film-coated tablet,

865

history, 863

reasons, 863

sugar-coated tablet, 864

types of coatings, 864

Phenolic resins, 453-458

epoxy hardeners, 456

maintenance primers, 456

novolak, 453

printing inks, 456

resoles, 453

rigid packaging, 454

Pigment dispersion, 609-630

characterization and assessment of

dispersion, 628

charge stabilization, 6 17

INDEX

897

[Pigment dispersion]

color index,

610

the dispersion process,

612

dispersion stabilization,

614

inorganic pigments,

626

organic pigments.

particle deaggregation and

deagglomeration,

614

pigment definition,

609

pigment particles,

61 0

pigment wetting,

614

polymeric dispersants,

61 9

role of surface energy,

steric or entropic stabilization,

617

surface energy and acid-base concept,

surface energy and destabilization,

surface energy and pigment wetting,

surface energy and surface area,

surface modifying agents,

620

surface treatment during manufacture,

surfactants,

6 I7

616

615

620

Pigments,

73, 609-630, 63 1-642,

643-668,795-805

color index,

610

Plasma,

243-254, 255-28

283-290,

291 -297. 3 13-325, 35 1-357,

359-365

Plasma surface treatment,

1-357

activation

plastics,

354

adhesion,

356

approaches,

354

plasma chemistry,

354

plasma process cycle,

352

types

plasma,

351

Plasticity,

Plastics,

335-341, 343-350, 35 1-357,

359-365, 367-370, 371-376,

377-380

Plastisols,

483-488

Plating,

207-212, 213-225, 227-235,

243-254, 255-28

283-290,

29 1-297, 299-3

3-325

Polyesters,

4 19-433

adhesives,

analytical procedures,

425

automotive,

429

can,

429

chemical properties.

425

classification,

420

coatings,

426

compatibility,

425

functionality and reactivity,

424

high solids,

427

industrial,

429

manufacturing processes,

422

molecular weight,

424

morphology,

423

powder,

430

properties,

428

radiation curable,

scope,

419

sheet and coil,

428

solvent free,

428

solubility,

423

solvent borne,

427

transition temperatures,

424

two-component,

430

waterborne,

427

Polyimides,

503-505

chemistry and properties,

503

commercial information,

504

uses,

504

Polymers,

41 -46, 157- 164, 207-21 2,

299-3

359-365, 39 1-402,

403-406,407-410,411-417,

4 19-433, 435-445, 447-45

453-458,459-463, 465-467,

469-471, 473-477, 483-488,

489-501, 503-505, 507-5 10,

511-517, 519-531, 539-545,

547-551, 553-558, 573-580,

581-587,669-675, 691-705,

1-720, 75 1-753

Poly(styrene-butadiene),

407-4 10

characteristics,

410

emulsion polymerization,

408

uses,

4 10

applications characteristics,

448

chemical, water and corrosion

Polyurea,

447-45

resistance.

449

INDEX

[Polyurea]

performance, 448

polyurea chemistry, 447

safety, 45

weathering, 448

availability and economics, 490

chemistry and manufacture, 489

physical and chemical properties, 492

plasticizers, 493

polyvinyl butryal, 499

polyvinyl formal,

501

PVB dispersions,

500

reactivity and compatibility, 490

solution viscosity, 492

toxicology, 499

Polyvinyl acetate, 8 19-823

Polyvinyl butyral, 489-501

Polyvinyl chloride, 819-823

Polyvinyl chloride and its copolymers

plastisol coatings, 483-488

Polyvinyl acetal, 489-501

coating application, 487

equipment, 487

formulation, 483

manufacturing, 486

plasticizers, 484

quality control, 487

resins, 483

solvents, 485

thin

film application, 488

Polyvinyl formal, 489-501

Porous roll coater, 165-177

cure by EB and UV,

165

details, 169- 177

disadvantages, 169

porous

roll

system, 165-169

Powder coating, 691 -705, 767-771

Pressure sensitive adhesives, 737-744

adhesive properties, 738

adhesives, 737

coating, 743

drying, 743

dynamic mechanical analysis, 741

labels, 742

other tests, 741

other products, 742

peel adhesion, 739

processing, 742

[Pressure sensitive adhesives]

products, 741

shear resistance, 741

slitting and die-cutting, 743

tack, 738

tapes, 742

Printing, 179- 183, 185- 190, 19 1-20

Psuedoplasticity, 7, 37

203-206

Radiation, 72 1-732, 755-765

Radiation-cured coatings, 755-765

chemistry, 758

electron beam, 755. 756

end uses, 763

formulation, 761

photoinitiators, 758

ultraviolet light, 755, 756

Radioisotope, 97

Reactive plasma deposition, 255-28

chemical vapor phase

(CVD),

255

deposition, 274

formation

volatile compounds, 264

heterogeneous, reactions, 266

heterogeneous synthesis, 261

multielement adsorption, 275

physical vapor phase (PVD), 255

reactive adsorption, 257

reactive sputtering, 256

resorption, 273

scattering and thermalization, 270

Regulatory, 327-333

VOC, 327

Release agents, 573-580, 721 -732,

Resins, 73, 391-402, 403-406,

809-817, 837-841

407-410, 41 1-417, 419-433,

435-445, 447-45 1,453-458,

465-467,469-47

473-477,

483-488,489-501,

503-505,

507-510,

1-517, 519-531,

533-537, 539-545, 547-55

553-558, 573-580, 669-675,

733-736,779-786, 829-832

Rheology,

17, 19-34

Rheometer, 9

Rheoplexy,

Roll coating, 165- 177

Roofing, 829-832, 88 1-887

INDEX

899

Rotary screen coating, 179-

183,

185-190

equipment, 179

dot coatings,

180

foam coatings, 182

overall paste coatings, 18

pattern type coatings, 180

Sagging and slumping, 26

Screen printing, 179- 183, 185- 190

geometry of the screen, 187

rotary screen, 187

squeegee, 188

stencil,

188

transfer,

189

Self-seal adhesives, 745-750

adhesion and cohesion, 745

application techniques, 747

handling, 747

procedures, 749

seal performance, 746

force, 3

rate, 3,

stress, 6

thinning, 3

Shear:

Silane adhesion promoters, 563-565

Silicon and silicone, 563-565, 595-608,

721 -732,733-736, 819-823,

843-847

Silicone hard coatings, 733-736

application of the coating, 735

substrates, 734

surface treatment, 733

uses, 735

Silicone release coatings

radiation cure, 729

thermal curing, 722

the future, 730

Slot die coatings, 139-

155

air entrapment, 143

automatic control, 152

backup

roll

design,

coat weight adjustment,

145

deckling, 154

die cleanup, 154

die positioning, 147

lip design, 143-144

manifold theory, 139

Sol-Gel coatings, 75 1-753

abrasion resistant coatings, 752

advantages, 753

basic processing, 75

corrosion resistant coatings, 752

electronic and magnetic films, 752

optical

thin

films, 752

Solvents, 7, 327

cleaning, 337

Solvent vapor emission control,

327-333

alternative control processes, 328

carbon adsorption, 332

direct vapor condensation, 332

safety, 329

solvent recovery, 33

operating costs, 329

vapor oxidation, 329

Soybean, blood and casein glues,

19-53

blends, 52

blood glue formulating, 523

blood glue preparation, 522

casein glue formulation, 528

casein glue preparation, 527

soybean glue preparation,

wood glues, 520

Spectroscopy

ATR

(attenuated total reflectance),

FTIR, 80

infrared, 79-86

IR microscopy, 82

IR photoacustic, 82

instrumentation. 79

pyrolysis, 82

reflectance, 83

separation,

transmission,

Spraying, 38 1-388

Sputtered film coatings, 243-254

applications, 253

beam, 249

cylindrical magnetron, 248

deposition sources, 246

general principles, 243

materials, 252

planar magnetron, 247

properties, 25

900

INDEX

[Sputtered

film

coatings]

radio frequency, 247

reactive. 249

resources, 254

ring

or gun magnetron. 249

triodes, 246

Sputtering. 243-254. 255-281

Surface

Bernard cells, 30

chemistry, 3-17, 19, 335

distortions, 30

energy. 609-630

Maragoni effect, 30

measurement, 19-22

tension, 4. 12,

28,

37-38, 589-593,

treatment and preparation. 335, 343,

595-608

359, 609-630

Surface pretreatment by fluorine,

359-365

air cushion sheeting, 363

advantages, 365

application examples, 362

continuous surface fluorination, 360

fluorination process, 359

fluorine. 360

plastic sheeting, 363

polyethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer

foam, 363

safety precautions, 362

terpolymer rubber

(EPDM),

363

Surface treatment

plastics. 335-341

chemical treatment. 339

detergent cleaning, 338

evaluation of preparation, 34

factors impacting preparation, 336

mechanical treatment, 338

other treatments, 340

solvent cleaning, 337

surface preparation, 335

techniques, 337

Surfactants,

14,

589-593, 565-608,

Surfactants, dispersants, and defoamers

for the coatings, inks and

adhesives industries, 595-608

609-630

[Surfactants, dispersants, and defoamers

for the coatings, inks and

adhesives industries]

chemical structure of silicones, 601

controlled flocculating additives, 600

controlled incompatibility, 604

classification, 599

craters, 602

deflocculating additives. 599

defoamers for aqueous systems, 606

defoamers for solvent-based systems,

defoamers versus air release agents,

dispersing additives for waterborne

elimination of Benard cells, 602

interfaces, 595

mobility of siloxanes

intercoat

nature

foam, 604

performance mechanisms, 606

selection criteria and test methods,

606

605

systems. 597

adhesion, 603

607

slip improvement, 602

solvent based systems, 598

surface flow control, 601

surface tension reduction, 603

wetting additives for waterborne

wetting and dispersing process, 596

systems, 597

Surfactants for waterborne coatings

application, 589-593

chemistry, 589

foam control, 591

theory, 590

wetting, 593

Suspensions. 44

Synergistic coatings, 299-31

Tape, 833-836,

1-887

Tensile and shear, 45

Test panels,

19- 126

aluminum, 123- I25

steel, 119-123

zinc coated, 125- 126

INDEX

Textiles for coatings, 867-880

adhesive-bonded fabrics, 877

knitted fabrics, 872

needlebonded fabrics, 878

nonwovens, 877

textile properties, 874

spunbonded fabrics,

878

spunlaced fabrics, 878

stitchbonded fabrics. 879

woven fabrics, 868

yarns, 867

Thermal analysis, 87-9

differential scanning calorimetry

(DSc),

differential thermal analysis (DTA),

dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA),

thermogravemetric analysis (TGA),

thermomechanical analysis (TMA),

Thermoplastic, 37

465-467, 469-47

Thermoset powder coatings, 69 1-705

479-48

acrylic systems, 701

application equipment, 697

beginnings, 692

chemistry, 697

definition, 691

electrostatic spray, 692

end uses, 704

epoxy systems, 697

extrusion, 694

first coatings, 691

formulation, 702

additives

pigments and fillers

resins

grinding, 695

polyester systems, 699

premixture, 693

processing and equipment, 693

sifting and classifying, 696

Thickener, 553-558

Thixotropy, 7, 23, 37

Transdermal drug delivery system,

837-841

attributes, 838

developing

transdermal, 840

future approaches, 841

[Transdermal drug delivery system]

pressure-sensitive adhesives, 838

selecting drug candidate, 840

Tribological synergistic coatings,

magnesium and titanium, 308

polymer coatings, 306

synergistic coatings, 300

titanium nitride, 308

wear testing, 306

299-3

Ultraviolet light, 103

Urea-formaldehyde resins, 669-675

Varnish, 687-690

Vinyl alcohol, 473-477

Vinyl ether polymers, 403-406

application, 405

monomers, 403

production, 404

products, 404

properties, 405

Viscosity, 4, 22, 29, 35-31, 42-44,

139-155

Brookfield, 11

Ford cup,

Zahn cup,

VOC, 327

Vulcanizate thermoplastic elastomers,

4654-467

processing, 466

properties, 466

thermoplastic elastomer, 465

thermoplastic vulcanizate, 465

uses, 467

Wallpaper, 809-8 17

Waterborne, 589-593, 595-608

Waxes, 539-545

animal waxes, 540

beeswax, 541

fatty acids, 540

coating application, 542

definition, 539

incorporation methods, 544

emulsification, 545

micronized powders, 544

milling, 544

wax compounds, 544

mechanism, 543