Robson Martin. Britain, Portugal and South America in the Napoleonic Wars: Alliances and Diplomacy in Economic Maritime Conflict (ENG)

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Martin Robson is a Visiting Lecturer at King’s College London, Defence

Studies Department at the Joint Services Command and Staff College,

Defence Academy of the UK. He specialises in the military and maritime

history of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He com-

pleted his PhD in the Department of War Studies, King’s College Lon-

don and is a former Caird Senior Research Fellow at the National Mari-

time Museum. He is the author of The Battle of Trafalgar, and co-author of

Lord Beresford and British Intervention in Portugal.

P1: PHB Trim: 138mm × 216mm Top: 1in Gutter: 1in

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64. The New Ways of History:

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67. Trade and Cultural Exchange in

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68. Britain, Portugal and South

America in the Napoleonic Wars:

Alliances and Diplomacy in

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Martin Robson

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70. A Concise History of Early

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The analysis, opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this book are those of the

author and do not necessarily represent the views of the JSCSC, the UK MOD or any

other government agency.

Published in 2011 by I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd

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Distributed in the United States and Canada

Exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan

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The right of Martin Robson to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by

the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988.

may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in

any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,

without the prior written permission of the publisher.

International Library of Historical Studies 68

ISBN 978184885 196 2

A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

A full CIP record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

Library of Congress catalog card: available

Printed and bound in India by Thomson Press (India)

Camera-ready copy edited and supplied by the author

For Horatio Arthur

CONTENTS

List of illustrations viii

Acknowledgements ix

Maps xi

Preface xiii

Introduction: British War Aims 1

1. The Strategy of the Talents Ministry 21

2. The Importance of Portugal 27

3. The Portuguese Crisis of 1806 41

4. The Rosslyn Mission to Lisbon 60

5. The Talents and South America 83

6. The Strategy of the Portland Ministry 101

7. The Portuguese Crisis of 1807 113

8. The Smith Expedition to Lisbon 137

9. The Embarkation of the Portuguese Royal Family 154

10. The Blockade of Lisbon 174

11. The Portland Ministry and South America in 1808 196

12. The Spanish Insurrection and British policy 214

13. Conclusion 226

Appendices 241

Notes 263

Bibliography 315

Index 328

1. ‘Napoleon on his Imperial throne’. This image of Napoleon in his

coronation costume portrays his imperial power. (Jean Auguste Domi-

nique Ingres, 1806, Musée de l’Armée).

2. Dom João (depicted in 1815 as King João VI of Portugal) with his

wife Carlota Joaqunia of Spain. In 1806-1808 João was acting as Prince

Regent, the effective head of the Portuguese government. (Manuel Dias

de Oliveira, 1815, Acervo do Museu Histórico).

3. Sir William Sidney Smith, the Hero of Acre who foiled French ambi-

tions in the Eastern Mediterranean in 1799 prompting Napoleon to re-

mark of him ‘That man made me miss my destiny’. (John Eckstein, pub.

4. ‘A sketch of the River Tagus from the bar of Alcacova up to Coffin’s

Hole’ showing the dangerous Cachops at the mouth of the river, forts St.

Julian and Bugio, the city of Lisbon and the spacious inner harbour.

5. ‘A draught of the Portuguese Ship Rainha de Portugal of 74 guns as

taken off dimensions’. The Rainha de Portugal sailed with the Portuguese

Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London).

6. ‘His Royal Highness the Prince Regent of Portugal and all the Royal

Family embarking at Belem quay, Lisbon for Brazil on 27th November

1807 at 11 o’clock in the morning’. Much controversy would surround

the precise events of the evacuation and exactly who deserved the credit.

(Henry L’Évêque, 1815)

7. ‘Arrival of the Portuguese Royal Family in Brazil, 7 March 1808’. At

centre is the 84 gun Portuguese flagship Principe Real, carrying the Prince

Regent, HMS Marlborough (to the left) fires a salute. (Geoff Hunt, 1999).

8. Admiral Sir Charles Cotton, who was tasked with blockading Lisbon

Every effort has been made to trace and contact copyright holders prior

to publication. If notified, all reasonable efforts will be made to rectify

any errors or omissions in subsequent printings.

List of illustrations

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is impossible to write a book like this without assistance and guidance

and I am indebted to a number of people who have helped make it pos-

sible. The manuscript had its origins in my PhD thesis, completed under

the supervision of Professor Andrew Lambert at the Department of War

Studies, King’s College London. As an undergraduate registered on the

War Studies BA course it was Andrew who first opened my eyes to the

role of navies in warfare, in particular the links between naval power,

trade and empire. Over what is now nearing two decades he has been a

ready source of advice on a whole host of matters, from academic to

personal guidance and support; as well as a sounding board for ideas, not

all of which have managed to see the light of day, yet. Professor Charles

Esdaile, who acted as external examiner for my thesis, made a number of

suggestions and provided extremely helpful and constructive feedback

which allowed me to explore various issues in a little more depth in this

work. Dr Thomas Munch-Petersen provided much useful information

relating to the Copenhagen expedition of 1807 and the transfer of the

secret intelligence from Tilsit in 1807. Professor Malyn Newitt fielded a

number of my queries relating to Portugal and the organisation of the

Portuguese military, while proving an extremely patient source of guid-

ance on a number of related issues.

My colleagues at King’s College London’s Defence Studies Depart-

ment at the Joint Services Command and Staff College, Defence Acad-

emy of the UK provide a constant source of inspiration and a ready

source of expertise and advice. In particular, Professor Geoffrey Till read

parts of the introduction and I am thankful for his kind comments and

support, it is always good to know one is on the right tack, particularly

when utilising theoretical frameworks proposed by colleagues. Professor