Ridling Zaine. Philosophy: Then and Now. A look back at 26 centuries of thought
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Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought
558
A collection of Russell’s papers, Logic and Knowledge, ed. by R.C. MARSH
(1956), contains his “Lectures on Logical Atomism,” together with more
technical papers. G.E. MOORE, Some Main Problems of Philosophy (1953),
gives a good introduction to his methods and philosophical concerns. Two key
papers by Moore are “A Defense of Common Sense,” in Contemporary
British Philosophy, Second Series (1925), and “Proof of an External World,”
in Proceedings of the British Academy, 25:273-300 (1939). Among
anthologies are those of A.J. AYER (ed.), Logical Positivism (1959), which
also includes papers critical of the movement and has an excellent
bibliography; BERNARD WILLIAMS and ALAN MONTEFIORE (eds.),
British Analytical Philosophy (1966); RICHARD RORTY (ed.), The
Linguistic Turn (1967); J.A. FODOR and J.J. KATZ (eds.), The Structure of
Language (1964); and LEONARD LINSKY (ed.), Semantics and the
Philosophy of Language (1952). The 1961 translation of WITTGENSTEIN’S
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus by D.F. PEARS and B.F. MCGUINESS is
superior to the original English version. Wittgenstein’s Philosophical
Investigations (1953) is the best known and historically the most influential of
the posthumously published works from his later period. A.J. AYER,
Language, Truth and Logic, 2nd ed. (1946), remains the best introduction to
Logical Positivism. GILBERT RYLE, The Concept of Mind (1949), is the
most famous example of what has been called “ordinary language”
philosophy. J.L. AUSTIN, How To Do Things with Words (1962), contains
the most discussed features of his views. W.V.O. QUINE, From a Logical
Point of View (1953), is a collection of fairly nontechnical essays that provide
good examples of the continuing influence of formal logic.
Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought
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Aristotle. General works:
There are several good introductions to Aristotle’s thought:
JONATHAN BARNES, Aristotle (1982); J.L. ACKRILL, Aristotle the
Philosopher (1981); D.J. ALLAN, The Philosophy of Aristotle, 2nd ed. (1970,
reissued 1978); G.E.R. LLOYD, Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of His
Thought (1968); W.D. ROSS, Aristotle, 5th ed. (1949, reprinted 1977); and
FRANZ BRENTANO, Aristotle and His World View (1978; originally
published in German, 1911). For a comprehensive survey see INGEMAR
DÜRING, Aristoteles: Darstellung und Interpretation seiner Denkens (1966).
Two of the most influential books on Aristotle written in the 20th century are
WERNER W. JAEGER, Aristotle: Fundamentals of the History of His
Development, 2nd ed. (1948, reissued 1962; originally published in German,
1923), which advances a theory of the development of Aristotle’s thought; and
HAROLD CHERNISS, Aristotle’s Criticism of Plato and the Academy (1944,
reissued 1962), which discusses, in a uniformly critical spirit, Aristotle’s
knowledge and assessment of Plato’s work.
Most of the scholarly work done on Aristotle appears in articles rather
than in books. There is a useful anthology: JONATHAN BARNES,
MALCOLM SCHOFIELD, and RICHARD SORABJI (eds.), Articles on
Aristotle, 4 vol. (1975-79). The proceedings of the triennial Symposium
Aristotelicum contain some of the most up-to-date work.
Life: For all aspects of Aristotle’s life, see INGEMAR DÜRING,
Aristotle in the Ancient Biographical Tradition (1957); for his writings, see
PAUL MORAUX, Les Listes anciennes des ouvrages d’Aristote (1951); for
the history of the Lyceum, see JOHN PATRICK LYNCH, Aristotle’s School:
A Study of a Greek Educational Institution (1972); and PAUL MORAUX,
Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought
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Der Aristotelismus bei den Griechen: Von Andronikos bis Alexander von
Aphrodisias, 2 vol. (1973-84).
Thought:
(Logic): On Aristotle’s formal syllogistic the classic study is JAN
LUKASIEWICZ, Aristotle’s Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern
Formal Logic, 2nd ed. enlarged (1957, reprinted 1967); and the standard work
is GÜNTHER PATZIG, Aristotle’s Theory of the Syllogism: A Logico-
Philological Study of Book “A” of the “Prior Analytics” (1969; originally
published in German, 2nd ed. 1963). A less formal account can be found in
ERNEST KAPP, Greek Foundations of Traditional Logic (1942, reissued
1967). See also JONATHAN LEAR, Aristotle and Logical Theory (1980);
and, for the Topics, the introduction to JACQUES BRUNSCHWIG (trans.),
Topiques (1967). On the development of Aristotle’s ideas in logic, see
FRIEDRICH SOLMSEN, Die Entwicklung der aristotelischen Logik und
Rhetorik (1929, reprinted 1975). For Aristotle’s modal logic, see STORRS
McCALL, Aristotle’s Modal Syllogisms (1963); and for less formal treatments
of his ideas about modality, see JAAKKO HINTIKKA, Time & Necessity:
Studies in Aristotle’s Theory of Modality (1973); and SARAH WATERLOW,
Passage and Possibility: A Study of Aristotle’s Modal Concepts (1982). On
the connection between Aristotle’s logic and his scientific methodology, see
J.M. LE BLOND, Logique et méthode chez Aristote: étude sur la recherche
des principes dans la physique aristotélicinne, 2nd ed. (1970).
(Theory of science):
The standard introduction to the Physics is AUGUSTE MANSION,
Introduction à la physique aristotélicienne, 2nd rev. ed. (1946); see also
Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought
561
FRIEDRICH SOLMSEN, Aristotle’s System of the Physical World: A
Comparison with His Predecessors (1960, reprinted 1970). Among the most
stimulating recent studies are WOLFGANG WIELAND, Die aristotelische
Physik; 2nd rev. ed. (1970); RICHARD SORABJI, Necessity, Cause, and
Blame: Perspectives on Aristotle’s Theory (1980), and Time, Creation, and
the Continuum: Theories in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (1983); and
SARAH WATERLOW, Nature, Change, and Agency in Aristotle’s “Physics”
(1982).
(Biology):
It is still worth consulting D’ARCY WENTWORTH THOMPSON, On
Aristotle as a Biologist (1913); the best recent study is PIERRE PELLEGRIN,
La Classification des animaux chez Aristote: statut de la biologie et unité de
l’aristotélisme (1982).
(Psychology):
FRANZ BRENTANO, The Psychology of Aristotle: In Particular His
Doctrine of the Active Intellect (1977; originally published in German, 1867),
remains one of the most valuable works in this area. The standard study of the
development of Aristotle’s views on the soul is FRANÇOIS NUYENS,
L’Évolution de la psychologie d’Aristote (1948, reissued 1973). Among more
recent works are EDWIN HARTMAN, Substance, Body, and Soul:
Aristotelian Investigations (1977); and DAVID CHARLES, Aristotle’s
Philosophy of Action (1984).
Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought
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(Metaphysics):
There are two large and comprehensive volumes: JOSEPH OWENS,
The Doctrine of Being in the Aristotelian Metaphysics: A Study in the Greek
Background of Medieval Thought, 3rd ed. rev. (1978); and PIERRE
AUBENQUE, Le Problème de l’être chez Aristote: essai sur la problèmatique
aristotélicienne, 4th ed. (1977). There is a helpful brief introduction in G.E.M.
ANSCOMBE and P.T. GEACH, Three Philosophers (1961, reprinted 1963).
On special aspects of the metaphysics, see FRANZ BRENTANO, On the
Several Senses of Being in Aristotle (1975, reprinted 1981; originally
published in German, 1862); R.M. DANCY, Sense and Contradiction: A
Study in Aristotle (1975); SUZANNE MANSION, Le Jugement d’existence
chez Aristote, 2nd ed. rev. (1976); and A.C. LLOYD, Form and Universal in
Aristotle (1981).
(Ethics):
W.F.R. HARDIE, Aristotle’s Ethical Theory, 2nd ed. (1980), provides a
helpful companion. Some of the best recent work is collected in AMÉLIE
OKSENBERG RORTY (ed.), Essays on Aristotle’s “Ethics” (1980). See also
STEPHEN R.L. CLARK, Aristotle’s Man: Speculations upon Aristotelian
Anthropology (1975), reprinted 1983); JAMES J. WALSH, Aristotle’s
Conception of Moral Weakness (1963); JOHN M. COOPER, Reason and
Human Good in Aristotle (1975); ANTHONY KENNY, The Aristotelian
Ethics: A Study of the Relationship Between the Eudemian and Nicomachean
Ethics of Aristotle (1978), and Aristotle’s Theory of the Will (1979); and
TROELS ENGBERG-PEDERSEN, Aristotle’s Theory of Moral Insight
(1983, reprinted 1985).
Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought
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(Politics):
The standard discussion is ERNEST BARKER, The Political Thought of
Plato and Aristotle (1906, reissued 1959); see also R.G. MULGAN,
Aristotle’s Political Theory: An Introduction for Students of Political Theory
(1977). On Aristotle’s historical interests, see GEORGE HUXLEY, On
Aristotle and Greek Society: An Essay (1979).
(Rhetoric): WILLIAM M.A. GRIMALDI, Studies in the Philosophy of
Aristotle’s Rhetoric (1972). On the psychological aspects of rhetoric, see
W.W. FORTENBAUGH, Aristotle on Emotion: A Contribution to
Philosophical Psychology, Rhetoric, Poetics, Politics, and Ethics (1975).
(Poetics):
JOHN JONES, On Aristotle and Greek Tragedy (1962, reissued 1980);
and RICHARD JANKO, Aristotle on Comedy: Towards a Reconstruction of
“Poetics” II (1984).
Aristotelianism. Aristotelianism as covered in general histories:
Extensive treatment of Aristotelianism is included in the fundamental
history of philosophy by FRIEDRICH UEBERWEG, A History of
Philosophy, from Thales to the Present Time, 2 vol. (1872-74, reprinted 1972;
originally published in German, 4th ed., 3 vol., 1871-73), with a vast
bibliography. Useful histories of philosophy, general or partial, are
FREDERICK C. COPLESTON, A History of Philosophy, 9 vol. (1946-74);
MEYRICK H. CARRÉ, Phases of Thought in England (1949, reprinted
1972), which is particularly good on Aristotelianism; JOHN HERMAN
RANDALL, The Career of Philosophy, 2 vol. (1962-65, reissued 1970),
Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought
564
imaginative and stimulating; and ÉTIENNE GILSON, History of Christian
Philosophy in the Middle Ages (1955, reissued 1980), a personal
interpretation, with documentation and bibliography.
Aristotelianism in various periods or cultures:
INGEMAR DÜRING, “Von Aristoteles bis Leibniz: Einige Hauptlinien
in der Geschichte des Aristotelismus,” Antike und Abendland, 4:118-154
(1954), mostly on Greek and medieval Aristotelianism; LORENZO MINIO-
PALUELLO, Opuscula: The Latin Aristotle (1972), a collection of articles
and essays concerning the Latin transmission of Aristotle’s works; and
RICHARD McKEON, “Aristotelianism in Western Christianity,” in JOHN
THOMAS McNEILL, MATTHEW SPINKA, and HAROLD R.
WILLOUGHBY (eds.), Environmental Factors in Christian History, pp. 206-
231 (1939, reissued 1970). On Boethius, see HENRY CHADWICK, Boethius:
The Consolation of Music, Logic, Theology, and Philosophy (1981); and
MARGARET GIBSON (ed.), Boethius: His Life, Thought, and Influence
(1981). (On Greek Aristotelianism): EDUARD ZELLER, Die Philosophie der
Griechen, vol. 2, Sokrates, Plato, Aristoteles (1846), and vol. 3, parts 1-2, Die
nacharistotelische Philosophie (1852), parts of which have been translated
from various editions: Aristotle and the Earlier Peripatetics, trans. by B.F.C.
COSTELLOE and J.H. MUIRHEAD (1897); and A History of Eclecticism in
Greek Philosophy, trans. by S.F. ALLEYNE (1883), fundamental for the first
eight centuries; PAUL MORAUX, D’Aristote à Bessarion: trois exposés sur
l’histoire et la transmission de l’aristotélisme grec (1970); “Rückblick: Der
Peripatos in vorchristlicher Zeit,” in FRITZ R. WEHRLI (ed.), Die Schule des
Aristoteles, vol. 10, pp. 93-128 (1959); KLAUS OEHLER, “Aristotle in
Byzantium,” Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, 5(2):133-146 (Summer
1964); and BASILE TATAKIS, La Philosophie byzantine, 2nd ed. (1959), an
Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought
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extensive survey, with a rich bibliography. (On Latin Aristotelianism):
FERNAND VAN STEENBERGHEN, Aristotle in the West: The Origins of
Latin Aristotelianism, 2nd ed. (1970; originally published in French, 1946), a
scholarly survey of contemporary studies; RICHARD J. LEMAY, Abu
Ma’shar and Latin Aristotelianism in the Twelfth Century: The Recovery of
Aristotle’s “Natural Philosophy” Through Arabic Astrology (1962), important
contributions; D.A. CALLUS, “Introduction of Aristotelian Learning to
Oxford,” Proceedings of the British Academy, 29:229-281 (1943), original,
fundamental research; PAUL MORAUX et al., Aristote et Saint Thomas
d’Aquin (1957), which includes some of the most reliable studies on the
subject; M.-D. CHENU, La Théologie comme science au XIII siècle, 3rd ed.
rev. (1957, reissued 1969), on the interplay of Aristotelian methodology and
dogma; and HASTINGS RASHDALL, The Universities of Europe in the
Middle Ages, new ed., 3 vol. (1936, reissued 1969), basic for Aristotelianism
in the schools. (On Syriac, Arabic, and Jewish Aristotelianism): ANTON
BAUMSTARK, Geschichte der syrischen Literatur mit Ausschluss der
christlich-palästinensischen Texte (1922, reprinted 1968), with exhaustive
factual information and a bibliography; ANTON BAUMSTARK (ed.),
Aristoteles bei den Syrern vom 5. bis 8. Jahrhundert: Syrische Texte (1900,
reprinted 1975), specialized research and texts; T.J. DE BOER, The History of
Philosophy in Islam (1903, reprinted 1983; originally published in German,
1901); CARL BROCKELMANN, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, 2
vol. (1898-1902), exhaustive factual information and bibliography; F.E.
PETERS, Aristoteles Arabus: The Oriental Translations and Commentaries of
the Aristotelian Corpus (1968), from Syriac and Arabic; R. WALZER,
“Aristutalis,” in The Encyclopaedia of Islam, new ed., vol. 1, pp. 630-633, and
related articles; ISAAC HUSIK, A History of Mediaeval Jewish Philosophy
(1916, reissued 1974); GEORGES VAJDA, Introduction à la pensée juive du
Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought
566
Moyen Age (1947), limited in scope, with a good bibliography; HARRY A.
WOLFSON, “Revised Plan for the Publication of a Corpus Commentariorum
Averrois in Aristotelem,” Speculum, 38(1):88-104 (January 1963), complete
lists of Arabic, Latin, and Hebrew texts of Averroës’ commentaries, and
Crescas’ Critique of Aristotle: Problems of Aristotle’s “Physics” in Jewish
and Arabic Philosophy (1929, reprinted 1971); and “Aristotle,” in
Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol. 3, col. 445-449 (1971), and related articles. (On
Renaissance and later Aristotelianism): PAUL OSKAR KRISTELLER,
Renaissance Philosophy and the Mediaeval Tradition (1966), a brilliant
survey, with bibliography, and Studies in Renaissance Thought and Letters
(1956, reprinted 1969), many relevant essays; BRUNO NARDI, Saggi
sull’Aristotelismo padovano dal secolo XIV al XVI (1958), one of several
fundamental works by this author; PETER PETERSEN, Geschichte der
aristotelischen Philosophie in protestantischen Deutschland (1921, reprinted
1964), and Die Philosophie Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburgs: ein Beitrag zur
Geschichte des Aristoteles im 19. Jahrhundert (1913); and CHARLES B.
SCHMITT, Aristotle and the Renaissance (1983).
Aristotelianism in various areas or disciplines:
(On logic): WILLIAM KNEALE and MARTHA KNEALE, The
Development of Logic (1962, reprinted 1984), an objective assessment of the
Aristotelian and non-Aristotelian elements in the history of logic; and I.M.
BOCHENSKI, A History of Formal Logic, 2nd ed. (1970; originally published
in German, 1956), technical, with much bibliography. (On science): GEORGE
SARTON, Introduction to the History of Science, 3 vol. in 5 (1927-48,
reprinted 1975), fundamental, with extensive information and bibliography;
RENÉ TATON (ed.), A General History of the Sciences, 4 vol. (1963-66;
originally published in French, 1957-64); ALASTAIR C. CROMBIE, Robert
Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought
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Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science, 1100-1700 (1953,
reissued 1971), which upholds the view of Aristotelian impact on
experimental method; ANNELIESE MAIER, Studien zur Naturphilosophie
der Spätscholastik, 5 vol. (1949-58), fundamental research; and
ALEXANDRE KOYRÉ, Galileo Studies (1978; originally published in
French, 1939), indispensable for a proper evaluation of anti-Aristotelianism.
(On politics): GEORGE H. SABINE, A History of Political Theory, 4th ed.
rev. by THOMAS LANDON THORSON (1973); ALEXANDER PASSERIN
D’ENTRÈVES, The Medieval Contribution to Political Thought: Thomas
Aquinas, Marsilius of Padua, Richard Hooker (1939, reprinted 1959);
GEORGES DE LAGARDE, La Naissance de l’esprit laïque au déclin du
Moyen Age, 3rd ed., 5 vol. (1956-70), fundamental for the 14th century; and
HORST DREITZEL, Protestantischer Aristotelismus und absoluter Staat: Die
“Politica” des Henning Arnisaeus (ca. 1575-1636) (1970), excellent, with an
extensive bibliography on German Aristotelianism. (Poetics and rhetoric):
BERNARD WEINBERG, A History of Literary Criticism in the Italian
Renaissance, 2 vol. (1961, reprinted 1974), containing good surveys
concerning Aristotle; LANE COOPER, The Poetics of Aristotle: Its Meaning
and Influence (1923, reissued 1972); MARVIN T. HERRICK, The Fusion of
Horatian and Aristotelian Literary Criticism, 1531-1555 (1946), and The
Poetics of Aristotle in England (1930, reprinted 1976), indispensable
complements to Cooper’s book; and CHARLES S. BALDWIN, Renaissance
Literary Theory and Practice: Classicism in the Rhetoric and Poetic of Italy,
France, and England, 1400-1600 (1939, reissued 1959), useful for both
poetics and rhetoric.