Ridling Zaine. Philosophy: Then and Now. A look back at 26 centuries of thought

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Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought

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volumes prepared, with introduction, translations, and comments, by CYRIL

BAILEY, Lucreti, De Rerum Natura (1947).

English translations of Epicurus and Lucretius include WHITNEY J.

OATES (ed.), The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers (1940), which contains

translations by CYRIL BAILEY and by H.A.J. MUNRO. See also The

Philosophy of Epicurus: Letters, Doctrines, and Parallel Passages from

Lucretius, trans. by GEORGE K. STRODACH (1963); DIOGENES

LAERTIUS, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, bk. 10 on Epicurus, trans. by

R.D. HICKS (1925); and LUCRETIUS, On the Nature of the Universe, trans.

by R.E. LATHAM (1964).

Valuable for its breadth and richness of detail, CYRIL BAILEY, The

Greek Atomists and Epicurus (1928; new ed., 1964), is a fundamental work.

For Epicurus’ psychology and his relation to Aristotle, see CARLO DIANO,

“La psicologia d’Epicuro e la teoria delle passioni,” in Giornale critico della

filosofia italiana (1939-42). A book that stresses Epicurus’ anti-Platonism is

N.W. DEWITT, Epicurus and His Philosophy (1954). Also important for its

perceptive study of Epicurus’ religiosity and ethics is A.J. FESTUGIERE,

Épicure et ses dieux (1946; Eng. trans., Epicurus and His Gods, 1956). See

also the article “Epikur,” by W. SCHMID in the Reallexikon für Antike und

Christentum, 5:681-819 (1961); L.L. WHYTE, Essay on Atomism: From

Democritus to 1960 (1961); and BENJAMIN FARRINGTON, The Faith of

Epicurus (1967). G.D. HADZSITS, Lucretius and His Influence (1935), traces

the influence of Epicurean ideas, especially since Roman times, in a broad

perspective. For further bibliography, see PHILLIP DE LACY, “Some Recent

Publications on Epicurus and Epicureanism (1937-1954),” in Classical

Weekly, 48:169-177 (1955). BERNARD FRISCHER, The Sculpted Word:

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Epicureanism and Philosophical Recruitment in Ancient Greece (1982), a

discussion of the school’s success.

Pythagoreanism:

The collection of the fragments in HERMANN DIELS and WALTHER

KRANZ, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 6th ed., vol. 1 (1951), is

insufficient; additions are given in MARIA TIMPANARO CARDINI (ed.),

Pitagorici: Testimonianze e frammenti, 3 vol. (1958-64); and in CORNELIA

J. DE VOGEL, Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism (1966). For the

pseudo-Pythagoreans, see HOLGER THESLEFF (ed.), The Pythagorean

Texts of the Hellenistic Period (1965).

The best comprehensive introduction to Pythagoreanism is the long

chapter “Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans,” in W.K.C. GUTHRIE, A History

of Greek Philosophy, vol. 1, pp. 146-340 (1962). Somewhat different

approaches have been taken by DE VOGEL (op. cit.); and JAMES A.

PHILIP, Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism (1966), works that demand

more active criticism by the reader. Fairly full references to the discussion of

Pythagoreanism up to 1960 are in WALTER BURKERT, Weisheit und

Wissenschaft: Studien zu Pythagoras, Philolaos, und Platon (1962; Eng.

trans., Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism, 1972), a highly technical

and at times rather overcritical work. Among later technical discussions, likely

to become influential, are the articles “Pythagoras” and “Pythagoreer” in

Pauly-Wissowa Realencyclopädie, vol. 47, (1963), and suppl. vol. 10 (1965) –

of the contributors, KURT VON FRITZ and H. DORRIE arrive at less

controversial conclusions than B.L. VAN DER WAERDEN.

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Hellenistic Pythagoreanism is treated in HOLGER THESLEFF, An

Introduction to the Pythagorean Writings of the Hellenistic Period (1961);

additions and corrections in Entretiens Fondation Hardt, vol. 18 (1972). Neo-

Pythagoreanism is treated in PHILIP MERLAN, From Platonism to

Neoplatonism (1953).

For up-to-date bibliographical accession, see L’Année philologique

(annual), under the subject heading “Pythagorica” and the various

Pythagoreans.

Realism:

There is no single monograph that covers comprehensively the whole

topic of Realism. The following works will be helpful for the study of its

particular phases.

For Medieval Realism, see M.H. CARRÉ, Realists and Nominalists

(1946, reissued 1967). For Neo-realism and critical Realism, see E.B. HOLT

et al., The New Realism (1912, reprinted 1970); DURANT DRAKE et al.,

Essays in Critical Realism (1920, reprinted 1968); RENÉ KREMER, La

Théorie de la connaissance chez les néo-réalistes anglais (1928); T.E. HILL,

“Realistic Theories,” Contemporary Theories of Knowledge, pp. 77-205

(1961, reissued 1980), good general coverage of the American and English

fields.

Neoscholastic Realisms are treated in LÉON NOËL, Le Réalisme

immédiat (1938); and works by ÉTIENNE GILSON: Le Réalisme méthodique

(1936), which presents the author’s own views; ch. 5, “Vade Mecum of a

Young Realist,” trans. by W.J. QUINN, in R. HOUDE and J. MULLALLY

(eds.), Philosophy of Knowledge (1960); and Réalisme Thomiste et critique de

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la connaissance (1939), a critique of the leading Neoscholastic views. For the

linguistic approach, see MARTIN LEAN, Sense-Perception and Matter

(1953, reprinted 1973); J.L. AUSTIN, Sense and Sensibilia (1962).

Universals in contemporary thought are treated in I.M. BOCHENSKI,

ALONZO CHURCH, and NELSON GOODMAN, The Problem of Universals

(1956); FARHANG ZABEEH, Universals (1966); PANAYOT

BUTCHVAROV, Resemblance and Identity: An Examination of the Problem

of Universals (1966, reissued 1982); NICHOLAS WOLTERSTORFF, On

Universals: An Essay in Ontology (1970).

For Scientific Realism, see BERTRAND RUSSELL, Our Knowledge of

the External World, rev. ed. (1926, various printings); W.H.

WERKMEISTER, The Basis and Structure of Knowledge (1948, reissued

1968), bibliography, pp. 420-438; MORITZ SCHLICK, “Are Natural Laws

Conventions?” in H. FEIGL and MAY BRODBECK (eds.), Readings in the

Philosophy of Science, pp. 181-188 (1953); ROMANO HARRÉ, Theories and

Things (1961); GROVER MAXWELL, “The Ontological Status of

Theoretical Entities,” in Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 3:3-

27 (1962); J.J.C. SMART, Philosophy and Scientific Realism (1963); DAVID

M. ARMSTRONG, Universals and Scientific Realism, 2 vol. (1980).

Other 20th-century Realisms are discussed in G.D. HICKS, Critical

Realism (1938); JAMES FEIBLEMAN, The Revival of Realism (1946,

reissued 1972); WILFRID SELLARS, Science, Perception and Reality

(1963); R.M. CHISHOLM (ed.), Realism and the Background of

Phenomenology (1961), convenient bibliography, pp. 290-304; J.D. WILD

(ed.), The Return to Reason: Essays in Realistic Philosophy (1953); E.B.

McGILVARY, Toward a Perspective Realism (1956); D.M. ARMSTRONG,

Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought

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A Materialist Theory of the Mind (1968); INGEBORG WIRTH, Realismus

und Apriorismus in Nicolai Hartmanns Erkenntnistheorie (1965); GUSTAV

BERGMANN, Realism: A Critique of Brentano and Meinong (1967).

Scholasticism:

For the latest and most detailed bibliography, see W. TOTOK,

Handbuch der Geschichte der Philosophie, vol. 2, Mittelalter und frühe

Neuzeit (1970). Among the most reliable, best grounded presentations of the

whole period are: E. GILSON, History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle

Ages (1955); F. COPLESTON, A History of Philosophy, vol. 2, Mediaeval

Philosophy, vol. 3, Late Mediaeval and Renaissance Philosophy (1950, 1953;

paperback edition, 1962, 1963); M. DE WULF, Histoire de la philosophie

médiévale, 6th ed., 3 vol. (1934-47; Eng. trans. of vol. 1, 1951); and E.

BREHIER, La Philosophie du moyen âge, 2nd ed. (1949). Still indispensable,

though obsolete in some details is: F. UEBERWEG, Grundriss der Geschichte

der Philosophie, vol. 2, B. GEYER, Die patristische und scholastische

Philosophie, 11th ed. (1928). Lucidly arranged and divided is the 13th volume

of FLICHE-MARTIN, Histoire de l’Église: Le Mouvement doctrinal de XI

XIV

siècle (1951), which includes contributions by A. Forest, F. van

Steenberghen, and M. de Gandillac. M. GRABMANN’s masterpiece, Die

Geschichte der scholastischen Methode, 2 vol. (1909-11, reprinted 1956),

covers only the time until the first years of the 13th century. For a first

introduction for the general reader, see J. PIEPER, Scholastik (1960; Eng.

trans., Scholasticism, 1960). Special problems concerning the continuing

influence of medieval Scholasticism are treated in the following monographs:

A. KOYRE, Descartes und die Scholastik (1923); A. TELLKAMP, Das

Verhältnis John Locke’s zur Scholastik (1927); and J.O. FLECKENSTEIN,

Scholastik, Barock, exakte Wissenschaften (1949). The following are sources

Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought

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on Neoscholasticism: J.P. GOLINAS, La Restauration du Thomisme sous

Leon XIII et les philosophies nouvelles (1959); GIOVANNI ROSSI, Le

origini del Neotomismo nell’ambiente di studio del Collegio Alberoni (1957);

A. VIEL, “Le Mouvement thomiste au XIX

siècle,” Revue Thomiste (1909-

10); E. BETTONI, La Situation actuelle de la philosophie parmi les

catholiques dans les divers pays (1948), a survey of centres of study,

institutes, and publications; and J.S. ZYBURA (ed.), Present-Day Thinkers

and the New Scholasticism: An International Symposium (1926).

Scepticism:

The basic statements and arguments of various forms of Scepticism are

given in: (Academic Scepticism) – CICERO, Academica and De natura

deorum, both with trans. by H. RACKHAM, Loeb Classical Library (1956).

(Pyrrhonian Scepticism) – SEXTUS EMPIRICUS, Adversus Mathematicos,

with trans. by R.G. BURY, Loeb Classical Library: vol. 1-2, Against the

Logicians and Outlines of Pyrrhonism (1933-36); vol. 3, Against the

Physicists, Against the Ethicists (1936); vol. 4, Against the Professors (1959-

60); and Scepticism, Man and God: Selections from the Major Writings of

Sextus Empiricus, ed. by P. HALLIE, trans. by S.G. ETHERIDGE (1964).

(Renaissance Scepticism) – MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE, “L’Apologie de

Raimond Sebond,” in PIERRE VILLEY (ed.), Les Essais de Michel de

Montaigne, new ed. (1922). (Scepticism and fideism) – BLAISE PASCAL,

Pensées, ed. by L. BRUNSCHVICG (1951). (Scepticism in relation to modern

philosophy) – PIERRE BAYLE, Dictionnaire historique et critique, esp. the

articles “Pyrrho” and “Zeno of Elea,” both of which appear in BAYLE’S

Historical and Critical Dictionary: Selections, trans. and ed. by RICHARD H.

POPKIN (1965); DAVID HUME, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion,

ed. by N. KEMP SMITH (1947); Enquiries Concerning the Human

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Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, 2nd ed. (1957), and

A Treatise of Human Nature, both ed. by L.A. SELBY-BIGGE (1958).

The standard studies of ancient Scepticism are: EDWYN R. BEVAN,

Stoics and Sceptics (1959); VICTOR BROCHARD, Les Sceptiques grecs

(1887); NORMAN MACCOLL, The Greek Sceptics from Pyrrho to Sextus

(1869); MARY MILLS PATRICK, The Greek Sceptics (1929); LEON

ROBIN, Pyrrhon et le scepticisme grec (1944); and EDUARD ZELLER, The

Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics, trans. by O.J. REICHEL (1880). A recent

fine study of the epistemological problems involved in ancient Scepticism is

CHARLOTTE L. STOUGH, Greek Scepticism (1969). See also RAOUL

RICHTER, Der Skeptizismus in der Philosophie (1904-08); RICHARD H.

POPKIN, “Scepticism,” Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 7, pp. 449-461

(1967), which contains a bibliography on the subject; these examine

Scepticism from ancient times to the 19th century. JOHN OWEN, The

Sceptics of the French Renaissance (1893), is an interesting discussion of

Renaissance and 17th-century Scepticism, though not particularly scholarly.

DON CAMERON ALLEN, Doubt’s Boundless Sea: Scepticism and Faith in

the Renaissance (1964); and RICHARD H. POPKIN, The History of

Scepticism from Erasmus to Descartes, rev. ed. (1968), which contains a

lengthy bibliography, are studies of Renaissance Scepticism and its impact on

philosophy and religion. RICHARD H. POPKIN, “Berkeley and Pyrrhonism,”

Review of Metaphysics, 5:223-246 (1951-52); “David Hume and the

Pyrrhonian Controversy,” ibid., 6:65-81 (1952-53); “David Hume: His

Pyrrhonism and His Critique of Pyrrhonism,” Philosophical Quarterly, 1:385-

407 (1950-51); “The High Road to Pyrrhonism,” American Philosophical

Quarterly, 2:1-15 (1965); “The sceptical Crisis and the Rise of Modern

Philosophy,” Review of Metaphysics, 7:132-151, 307-322, 499-510 (1953-54);

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“The sceptical Precursors of David Hume,” Philosophy and

Phenomenological Research, 16:61-71 (1955-56); and “Scepticism in the

Enlightenment,” in T. BESTERMANN (ed.), Studies on Voltaire and the

Eighteenth Century, 26:1321-1345 (1963), are specialized studies on aspects

of Scepticism in relation to modern philosophy. ARNE NAESS, Scepticism

(1968), is a most interesting attempt to clarify Scepticism in relation to

contemporary thought and to defend it as a viable outlook today. BENSON

MATES, sceptical Essays (1981), discusses epistemological problems and

free will.

Sophists:

Ancient sources and fragments are presented in R.K. SPRAGUE, The

Older Sophists, a Complete Translation (1972), and in K. FREEMAN, Ancilla

to the Pre-Socratic Philosophers (1948), to be used together with Freeman’s

The Pre-Socratic Philosophers, 2nd ed. (1949). The original Greek texts are in

H. DIELS and W. KRANZ (eds.), Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 6th ed.,

vol. 2 (1952); and are edited with an Italian translation and commentary in M.

UNTERSTEINER, Sofisti, 4 vol. (1949-62). (General discussions): T.

GOMPERZ, Greek Thinkers, Eng. trans. by L. MAGNUS, vol. 1, bk. 3, ch. 5-

7 (1901); M. UNTERSTEINER, The Sophists, Eng. trans. by K. FREEMAN

(1954); W.K.C. GUTHRIE, A History of Greek Philosophy, vol. 3, The Fifth-

Century Enlightenment (1969). G.B. KERFERD, The Sophistic Movement

(1981), is a study of the intellectual contributions made by the movement.

The Second Sophistic period is treated in G.W. BOWERSOCK, Greek

Sophists in the Roman Empire (1969).

Ridling, Philosophy Then and Now: A Look Back at 26 Centuries of Thought

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Stoicism:

HANS VON ARNIM, Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta, 4 vol. (1905-24),

is the standard text collection. The following works of classic Stoic authors

and substantive issues in Stoicism in antiquity are most conveniently available

in the “Loeb Classical Library”: MARCUS AURELIUS, Meditations;

EPICTETUS, Discourses; CICERO, De fato, De finibus, De natura deorum,

and Academica; DIOGENES LAERTIUS, Lives of Eminent Philosophers,

vol. 2, book 7; SENECA, Epistulae Morales and Moral Essays; SEXTUS

EMPIRICUS, Outlines of Pyrrhonism and Against the Dogmatists, 4 vol.;

GEORGE MURRAY, The Stoic Philosophy (1915), the classical statement of

the grandeur of the Stoic philosophy; MAX POHLENZ, Die Stoa, 2 vol.

(1948-49); and PAUL BARTH, Die Stoa (1903), are representative of

scholarly studies of Stoic philosophy; JOHNNY CHRISTENSEN, An Essay

on the Unity of Stoic Philosophy (1962), is a recent and comprehensive essay;

LUDWIG EDELSTEIN, The Meaning of Stoicism (1966); and JOSIAH B.

GOULD, The Philosophy of Chrysippus (1970), are among the best of recent

studies of Greco-Roman Stocism; EDUARD ZELLER, Die Philosophie der

Griechen in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung, 5 vol. (1856-68; in part

translated as Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, rev. ed., 1962); EDWYN R.

BEVAN, Stoics and Sceptics (1913, reprinted 1959); and ROBERT D.

HICKS, Stoic and Epicurean (1910, reprinted 1962), are illustrations of Stoic

philosophy in the Hellenistic period. See also JASON L. SAUNDERS, Greek

and Roman Philosophy After Aristotle (1966); and HARRY A. WOLFSON,

Philo: Foundations of Religious Philosophy in Judaism, Christianity and

Islam, 2 vol. (1962). EDWARD V. ARNOLD, Roman Stoicism (1911,

reprinted 1958); and FREDERICK W. BUSSELL, Marcus Aurelius and the

Later Stoics (1910), are excellent statements of Stoicism in the later Roman

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period. PIERRE DE LABRIOLLE, Histoire de la littérature latine chrétienne

(1920; Eng. trans., History and Literature of Christianity from Tertullian to

Boethius, 1924), an excellent presentation of the influence of Stoic views in

late antiquity and the patristic period; ETIENNE GILSON, History of

Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages (1955); HARRY A. WOLFSON,

The Philosophy of the Church Fathers, 3rd ed. rev. (1970); MAURICE DE

WULF, Histoire de la philosophie médiéval, 2 vol. (1925; Eng. trans., History

of Mediaeval Philosophy, 2 vol., 1926); and ISAAC HUSIK, A History of

Medieval Jewish Philosophy (1940), are careful introductions to Stoic

influences in patristic and medieval times; JASON L. SAUNDERS, Justus

Lipsius: The Philosophy of Renaissance Stoicism (1955); HAROLD

HOFFDING, A History of Modern Philosophy, 2 vol. (1950); and

FREDERICK C. COPLESTON, A History of Philosophy, rev. ed., vol. 3-6

(1962), trace the Stoic influence from its revival in the Renaissance into

modern philosophy. JOHN M. RIST (ed.), The Stoics (1978), is an excellent

collection of essays covering logic, cosmology, ethics, psychology, and

aesthetics.

Stoic logic and physics are treated in BENSON MATES, Stoic Logic

(1953); SAMUEL SAMBURSKY, The Physical World of the Greeks, 2nd ed.

(1960; orig. pub. in Hebrew) and Physics of the Stoics (1959).

Analytic and Linguistic philosophy:

G.J. WARNOCK, English Philosophy Since 1900 (1958), is a very

readable account covering much of the history. J.O. URMSON, Philosophical

Analysis (1956), is especially good on logical atomism and its demise.

BERTRAND RUSSELL, The Problems of Philosophy (1959), is a

nontechnical account of his views just prior to the period of logical atomism.