Петрова А.В. Самоучитель английского языка

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

дарственного устройства страны. Например, в тексте урока 2G вам встрети-

лось словосочетание Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Чтобы правильно

перевести его, надо установить, что это за учреждение (см. примечание 3 к

этому тексту). Другим примером может служить словосочетание the Under-

ground Railroad в уроке 18. При дословном переводе мы получаем подземная

железная дорога, и у нас возникает искушение употребить в переводе слово

метро. Если вы помните этот текст, вы знаете, что the Underground Railroad в

середине прошлого века в Америке это не подземная, не железная и даже не

дорога, а система тайной переправки негров-рабов из южных штатов в север-

ные.

Затруднения могут возникнуть при переводе различного рода фразеологи-

ческих, т.е. более или менее устойчивых словосочетаний. Например, to take

part принимать участие, to hold a meeting проводить собрание, a meeting was

held собрание состоялось, a good deal много, how do you do здравствуйте.

Самое важное — установить точное значение этих словосочетаний. Повторя-

ем свой совет! дочитывайте до конца каждую статью в словаре и помните,

что фразеология в нем дается после знака О. За дальнейшими справками об-

ращайтесь к специальному фразеологическому словарю А. В. Кунина.

Важно устанавливать точно значение условных сокращений. Самые упот-

ребительные даются в англорусских словарях, обычно в приложении. За

расшифровкой других надо обращаться к специальному словарю сокращен-

ных наименований и к энциклопедии. Например, сокращение F,R.$. нельзя

передать простоя транслитерацией Ф.Р.С., так как она ровно ничего не даст

русскому читателю. Словарь сокращений поможет расшифровать это сокра-

щение: Fellow of the Royal Society и даже перевести его: член Королевского

общества, во только толковый словарь или энциклопедия помогут вам уста-

новить, что это традиционное название членов английской академии наук,

которая называется the Royal Society.

Необходимо следить и за написанием собственных имен, не допуская ни-

какой «отсебятины»: географические имена следует проверять по указателю

или атласу, собственные имена по энциклопедии или по газетам. Например,

если в статье встретятся собственные имена Sean и Leicester, то нельзя писать

«с потолка» Сеан и Лейсестер; проверив, о чем и о ком идет речь, нужно на-

писать Шон, Лестер.

После того как вы разберете и переведете таким образом статью (имеется в

виду статья не длиннее 8-10 страниц), можно приступить к отделке перевода

с литературной стороны. Для этого отложите английский оригинал в сторону

и прочтите свой перевод, стараясь взглянуть на него глазами читателя, не

знающего английского языка. Задавайте себе вопросы: ясно ли выражена эта

мысль?, что хочет сказать автор? Вы увидите, что некоторые предложения

могут оказаться не совсем ясными, слишком тяжелыми, а иногда и допус-

кающими двойное толкование, что особенно недопустимо в научной статье.

(Разумеется, если двусмысленность возникла в результате вашего перевода, а

не содержится в самой статье.) Установите, хорошо ли читается перевод, нет

ли тяжелых, нерусских оборотов, назойливого повторения слов типа кото-

рый, чтобы и т. п.

И, наконец, заключительным этапом работы над переводом является свер-

ка с оригиналом, чтобы установить отсутствие пропусков и отхода от ориги-

нала, который мог возникнуть в процессе литературной обработки.

Для работы над переводом вам будут нужны словари. В первую очередь,

это англо-русский словарь под редакцией В. К. Мюллера. Затем нужны сло-

вари английских и американских сокращений, а также словари русской

транскрипции географических наименований США и Британских островов.

Полезно иметь и фразеологический словарь (автор А. В. Кунин).

Кроме того, вам понадобится англо-русский словарь по вашей специально-

сти. Таких словарей издано множество, почти по всем отраслям науки и тех-

ники (геологический, медицинский, строительный, военный, ядерный, лесо-

технический, сельскохозяйственный и многие другие).

В этом заключительном уроке вместо раздела Reading дается ряд текстов

для чтения и перевода, письменного или устного. Выбирайте из них те, кото-

рые соответствуют вашей специальности и кругу интересов. Новые слова,

словосочетания и сокращения, которые встречаются в этих текстах, отыски-

вайте в общих и специальных англо-русских словарях.

Сделайте переводы, чтобы проверить, как вы научились работать со слова-

рями и выходить из трудных положений, в которые постоянно попадают пе-

реводчики, особенно начинающие.

IS THERE A TENTH PLANET?

Is there an undiscovered tenth planet circling the Sun, as big as Earth?

Many Leningrad astronomers believe so. Their opinion is based on a compli-

cated mathematical analysis of the flight trajectory of a comet known in the astro-

nomical catalogues under the index number of 1862-3.

The comet's orbit seems to be distorted by a large unknown gravitational centre.

If, as they think, it is a planet, it would have a diameter of 5,000 to 7,500 miles

and a similar mass and volume as Earth. It would be very much farther out, how-

ever — circling the Sun at a distance of about 5,000 million miles, some 54 times

the distance of Earth from the Sun.

If the orbit coincides with the one calculated, it will be certain proof of the exis-

tence of the unknown planet.

From Soviet Weekly

MYSTERY OF LAKE SOLVED

One of the mysteries of Lake Balkhash, in eastern Kazakhstan, has been cleared

up. This salt lake, as large as half a dozen English counties, always stays at the

same level, though it stands in a desert which rarely gets any rain and is fed by

only a few surface rivers.

It has now been discovered that there are, however, huge rivers underground.

The largest of them carries some 176,000 million gallons a year.

From Soviet Weekly

HIPPO WAS TEN MILLION YEARS OLD

Remains of an extinct hippopotamus have been discovered in the Gobi desert by

a party of Soviet and Mongolian palaeontologists.

This is the first such discovery in the Gob i — hitherto such fossils have been

discovered only in North America. The Gobi hippo lived about seven to ten million

years ago. At that time the Gobi desert was a hot marshy plain covered with rich

vegetation.

From Soviet Weekly

THE LEGEND

A legend has long been current that the town of Yangikent in the Syr-Darya

delta in Central Asia was abandoned by its inhabitants because of a plague of

snakes.

The ruins of the town were first discovered by Russian travellers in 1741, but

there was no clue to why it had been abandoned. There were no traces of conquest.

The most recent tombstones were dated 1362.

From Soviet Weekly

GRAVEYARD OF GIANTS

A rich grave, almost 5,000 years old, has been found inside a hill in the Northern

Caucasus.

It is made of slabs of volcanic rock, some of them weighing over a ton.

It contained the bodies of a man and a woman, together with household utensils

and golden ornaments and jewellery, possibly of Sarmatian and Hunnish origin.

One of the most interesting points was the height of the man: oyer 7 ft 2 1/2 in.

He would have been a giant today, let alone 5,000 years ago, when most re-

searchers suggest that men and women were generally very much shorter than at

present.

From Soviet Weekly

ROBOT ZAAN SORTS OUT THE REJECTS

A robot recruit to British industry was shown to the public in London.

The creature's name is Zaan, and its talent is for sorting out small objects by

their colour. In particular, it is designed for the food industry to pick out foreign

bodies and sub-standard candidates from rivers of beans or nuts or potato flakes. It

can separate rejects at the rate of 200 rejects a second.

This sort of work has been done in the past by four or five men sitting alongside

a conveyor belt picking out tiny peanuts or bad fried potato flakes from satisfactory

ones. Men can pick out rejects at a rate of about one a second; it is tedious work. It

costs £ 50 a ton to sort dehydrated food flakes by hand.

There are machines which can sort small objects by size and shape, for instance

rejecting a bean with a maggot hole which is detected by intelligent needles. But

the Zaan Colour Sorter inspects the small particles with photo-electric eyes and

casts out any which are the wrong colour or the wrong brightness.

Unlike human sorters, the machine is unaffected by emotional problems, fatigue,

eye-strain, the tea-break, or the conversation next door. The inventors claim that it

is cheaper, more hygienic, and more accurate than traditional methods of sorting.

From The Times

CANCER STUDY

The mechanism by which cancer spreads from one place in the body to many,

has been the subject of intensive research by scientists for many years. What may

be an answer to that question — and a suggestion as to how metastasis might be

inhibited — came from the Institute for Cancer Research.

Speculation on how cancer spreads throughout the body has included the possi-

bilities that it does so through the migration of whole malignant cells from the pri-

mary tumor mass, or through viruses that are released from dying cancer cells.

The report in the journal Science suggests a third possibility. This is that cancer

ceils or viruses leak their genes — in the form of deoxyrebonucleic acid, or DNA

— into the bloodstream, and the DNA then travels to places where it invades nor-

mal cells and transforms them to malignant ones.

To test this hypothesis scientists injected mice with DNA from polyoma cancer

virus and from a pneumococcal bacterium and compared the results.

They found that DNA from tumor viruses was much more resistant to body de-

fences than the bacterial DNA. The reason for this, they said, may have had some-

thing to do with the closed-ring form of the tumor-type DNA molecules. They said

their results indicated that this DNA could still produce its cancerous effects.

Thus, the report said that "tumor-inducing DNA can be transported in biologi-

cally active form from one part of the body to another."

From The New York Times

MANIPULATING THE BRAIN

Some persons were disturbed last week over a report of experiments in which

the behavior of animals and people was influenced by electrical stimulation of se-

lected regions of their brains.

According to the report, weak currents made to flow through electrodes im-

planted in the brains of monkeys and cats enabled scientists to "play" the animals

like little electronic toys. They yawned, climbed, ran, turned, slept, mated and

changed their emotional states from passivity to rage and vice versa, all on electri-

cal command.

In one of the most spectacular experiments, a Spanish fighting bull was stopped

in full charge by a stimulus radioed to an electrode implanted in its brain, which

inhibited aggressiveness.

People, too, have undergone such stimulations in the course of diagnosis and

therapy for severe cases of epilepsy. Electrical stimulation of certain regions of

their brains have produced feelings of intense pleasure and of severe anxiety, a loss

of ability to think or express themselves, a sudden increase in word output and pro-

found feelings of friendliness.

The scientist who reported these findings was Dr. Jose Delgado of Yale Univer-

sity's School of Medicine. In a lecture, Dr. Delgado discussed some aspects of this

work that might worry persons outside this field of research.

He emphasized, first, that the implantation of the electrodes in the brain and the

passage of weak currents through them neither hurts (brain tissue is insensitive)

nor causes any functional damage.

Such studies, Dr. Delgado believes, may enable scientists to discover the "cere-

bral basis of anxiety, pleasure, aggression and other mental functions, which we

could influence in their development and manifestation through electrical stimula-

tions, drugs, surgery and especially by means of more scientifically programmed

education."

Dr. Delgado believes that control of human behavior on a large scale would not

work because the effect of a stimulus can be changed or even overridden by the

subject's own desires, emotions, etc. This has been shown in experiments on both

animals and people. For example, monkeys in which aggressive behavior was elec-

trically stimulated did not just attack any other member of the colony, but made

"intelligent" attacks only on rivals, sparing their "friends".

Dr. Delgado thinks it will be necessary to develop new theories and concepts to

explain the biological bases of social and anti-social behavior. These, he said, "for

the first time in history can be explored in the conscious brain".

From The New York Times

FISH STORY

A special kind of fishing expedition was organized in Ohio. Its goal was to col-

lect specimens, most of them known as placoderms, that lived some 300 million

years ago.

What had brought about the project was the cutting of a highway into Cleveland.

Giant earth-moving machines would cut through a formation of world-wide fame,

the Cleveland shale. For more than a century it had been known as a rich source of

fossil fish from the Devonian period. Specimens, collected where rivers had cut

through the shale, were prized possessions of the British Museum in London, the

American Museum of Natural History in New York and other centres.

Cleveland's Museum of Natural History conducted the new hunt which, it was

hoped, would provide the first complete remains of fossil fish that mark nature's

initial experiment with movable jaws. Some of these species had been partially re-

constructed into creatures of frightening appearance.

From The New York Times

SCIENTISTS STUDY NATURE PARKS

Special nature reserves are being created in three .areas of the Soviet Union —

in the forests round Moscow, the south Russian steppe and the Kara-Kum desert —

for observation of changes in the earth, air and water.

All changes brought about by human activity will be recorded and studied with a

view to preventing man-made ecological upsets.

The Soviet Union conducts such studies with the other socialist countries and a

number of western ones.

From Soviet Weekly

TRAINS HALTED BY PROTEST

Eastern region rail services were halted last night after drivers stopped work in

sympathy with a driver who was dismissed.

The driver, who is based in Leeds, was acting in line with a decision by Eastern

Region staff not to implement changes in working schedules arising from British

Rail's economy measures.

After refusing to take out a train in accordance with a new schedule, he was sent

home, and 400 drivers at the Leeds Holbeck depot decided to stop work until he

was allowed to start work again. The action was supported by drivers in the Lon-

don area.

On the Southern Region, the National Union of Rail-waymen is recommending

members to stop work for part of Thursday afternoon to coincide with the funeral

of a guard (зд. проводник) who was stabbed to death.

From Morning Star

TIDAL WAVE EXPERTS WORKING TOGETHER

Experts from the Soviet Union, the United States and Japan have left Vladi-

vostok aboard the research vessel Pegasus to study tsunami — the devastating tidal

waves produced by undersea earthquakes in the Pacific.

There is regular exchange of information between the tsunami study centres in

Sakhalin and Honolulu. Sakhalin transmits data from observers in Kamchatka and

the Kuril islands. These He in a zone where four-fifths of all earthquakes in the

world occur. These earthquakes sometimes originate only 100-125 miles from So-

viet shores, a distance a tidal wave can cover in 20-30 minutes.

But Soviet stations give warning of possible danger within seconds of the quake.

From Soviet Weekly

NORTH SEA OIL IS POLLUTING THE BALTIC

The oily waters of the North Sea are polluting the Baltic.

This is the verdict of studies conducted by expeditions aboard the research ship

Oceanograph. The waters of the North Sea now contain far greater amounts of

harmful substances, particularly oil and oil products.

In the past the picture was quite the reverse. The currents passing through the

Skagerrak and Kattegat brought oxygen into the Baltic and served as a ventilator

for its waters at great depths.

The pollution of the North Sea has been caused by the rapid increase in oil ex-

traction there. Large quantities of oil have escaped on to the northern European,

particularly Scandinavian, continental shelf.

Urgent and efficient measures are needed to decrease the quantities of harmful

waste thrown into the sea. All the states of northern Europe would agree with that,

of course, but many aspects of the problem remain unsolved.

So far as the Baltic is concerned, the states along its shores — the USSR, Po-

land, Denmark, the German Democratic Republic, the Federal Republic of Ger-

many and other European states — have worked out a convention to prevent its

pollution.

From Soviet Weekly

SCIENTISTS FIGHT OLD AGE

At the Institute of Gerontology in Kiev, a branch of the Soviet Academy of

Medical Sciences, scientists are waging an offensive against old age.

We begin to age far earlier than we think. The process of "descending develop-

ment" begins in the early thirties.

As a biological species, man ought to live 100-120 years, but for various reasons

we lose the last 30 or 40.

We can now, however, to some extent, lengthen life. In experiments on animals,

we have learned to prolong it by a third or more.

One aspect of the institute's work is the discovery and testing of substances

which will produce a physiological effect — combinations of vitamins which the

aging body needs and preparations with microelements and amino-acids

Some of these are giving promising results.

In some republics, like Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia, people over 80 are

forming a distinct and evergrowing group of the population.

Old age is a contradictory process. On the one hand the body adapts itself in

some ways, while, on the other, certain faculties atrophy and die.

It appears that our brains and muscles tend to stay young the more actively and

regularly we use them.

A correctly chosen profession, doing as much work as we are fit for, sensible

meals and purposeful, not passive, leisure are all things that help the body adapt.

It has long been remarked that there are in the world some places where people

live longer, are less frequently ill, and are able to work almost to the end of their

days.

There are areas like that in the USSR, and the Kiev Institute of Gerontology has

made a special study of some of them, examining some 40,000 people aged 80 and

over.

They questioned centenarians (that is, people over 100 years old) about them-

selves, and also about their forebears and the way they lived, what they ate, what

work they did, and so on.

The laboratory of social gerontology has summed up the work done by over a

thousand doctors.

They found, for instance, that as a rule centenarians live in rural areas, and that

more than half of them are engaged in farming. Only one in twelve of them are

vegetarians, but half never smoke or drink anything alcoholic. It is interesting that

very few of them have been divorced.

The Kiev institute is engaged in joint undertakings with doctors in Bulgaria, the

German Democratic Republic and Hungary.

The more joint study there is, the more exchange of information, and the more

exchange of personnel, the sooner will problems that affect so many millions be

solved.

From Soviet Weekly

MONTH IN THE COUNTRY?

Two lorry drivers working on a new road being cut through the Siberian forests

were found recently after being lost in the taiga for nearly a month.

The two, Anatoly Laptev and Vladislav Inshin, had gone hunting with no more

that 20 cartridges between them.

After firing off all their cartridges, they met two bears. Fortunately these local

residents appeared to have dined well and did not attack them.

Another encounter proved lucky. It was the half-buried carcass of a huge elk, re-

cently killed by a bear and stored for future meals.

Meanwhile their comrades were looking for them. A helicopter and an AN-2

plane circled over the forest from morning to night.

The two men saw the helicopter, but had no way of signalling it. Their matches

had run out as well, and rubbing two sticks together only blistered their fingers.

At the beginning of the fourth week, they found a hunter's winter hut, with stores

of dry bread, matches and salt.

After bringing in wood, Laptev left his comrade, who had sprained an ankle, and

went on, looking for help. He finally emerged near the Educhanka, a river falling

into the Angara some 60 miles below the village from which their hunting expedi-

tion had started.

Even then it took another two days to find the hut, which could not be seen from

the air.

From Soviet Weekly

NAPOLEON'S SWORD

Among the many weapons in the State History Museum in Moscow is Napo-

leon's sword. It has its own history.

Manufactured by the best armorers of Versailles, it has a Damascus steel blade

on which is inscribed: "To Napoleon Bonaparte, the First Consul of the French Re-

public." The hilt is inlaid with mother-of-pearl, and has bronze and filigree work as

ornamentation. At the end of the hilt is a lion's head and a ring. The scabbard is of

black leather, ornamented in bronze. The signature of Boutte—the armorer —is

engraved on the scabbard. The only time Napoleon ever parted with his sword was

under the following circumstances.

When the French army was routed and the allied troops entered Paris, on March

31, 1814, the high command decided to exile Napoleon to the Island of Elba.

Among the three allied commissars who were to accompany him was Count Pavel

Shuvalov, aide-de-camp of Alexander I. When he learned that an attempt was to be

made on Napoleon's life at one of the ports through which they would pass, Count

Shuvalov offered to change clothes with Napoleon, and gave him his army great-

coat. As a token of gratitude Napoleon presented him with his sword.

In 1912 the sword was shown at an exhibition for the centenary of the Patriotic

War of 1812. After the exhibition it was returned to Countess Vorontsova-

Dashkova, nee Shuvalova, and was preserved for a long time at her estate in the

Ukraine.

In 1926, a Red Army officer, whose name is not known, presented Napoleon's

sword to the Museum of the Red Army as the weapon he used in the war. A little

later one of. the museum's staff discovered the inscription and the sword was given

to the State History Museum.

From Canadian Tribune

APPOINTMENT IN SAMARRA

Death speaks: "There was a merchant in Baghdad who sent his servant to market

to buy provisions, and in a little while the servant came back, white and trembling,

and said, "Master, just now when I was in the market-place I was jostled by a

woman in the crowd and when I turned I saw it was Death that jostled me. She

looked at me and made a threatening gesture; now lend me your horse, and I will

ride away from this city and avoid my fate. I will go to Samarra and there Death

will not find me." The merchant lent him his horse, and the servant mounted it, and

he dug his spurs in its flanks and as fast as the horse could gallop he went. Then

the merchant went down to the market-place and he saw me standing in the crowd

and he came to me and said, "Why did you make a threatening gesture to my ser-

vant when you saw him this morning?" "That was not a threatening gesture," I

said, "it was only a start of surprise. I was astonished to see him in Baghdad, for I

had an appointment with him tonight in Samarra."

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ № 1

КЛЮЧ К КОНТРОЛЬНЫМ РАБОТАМ

Урок 2

III. I see a book. I see a child, I take a box. I take my notebook. He opens a

book. He opens a good book. He takes a black pencil. They see children.

Урок 3

II. Tell me. Tell us. Tell them. Tell her. Tell him. Find him. Find it. Find her.

Find them. I see them. They see me. We see him. He sees her. You see us. She sees

you.

Урок 4

II. I see your house. You see my house. He sees her house. She sees their house.

We give you their letters. Read her letter. Give me your pencil. I open my book.

He opens his book. We open our books. They open their books.

Урок 5

II. 1) возле дома,

к дому, от дома; 2) за столом, на столе, к столу; 3) на ре-

ке, вверх по реке, к реке, в реку

III. I must see this ship. We must translate these words. I can open this gate.

You may take this lamp. They may come. You may tell this to our workers. He can

work well. You can (may) give these letters to your friend.

Урок 6

I. letters, miles, children, libraries, visitors, cities, gates, railways

II. The letter is .,, . He has a letter ... .We have .... Our city is .... We have .... Our

works has .... The new carriages are .... The locomotive is . .. This building is ,....

This place is ... . The foreign workers are.... The tower ... has a clock ... . the clock

is very big. These men are ... . Over a hundred people are ... . These sheets are ... .

We often have .... Our city has .... The gate is ... . The works is ,,, . (Заметьте, что

gate и works требуют глагола в ед. числе.)

III. существительное; определение; башенные

IV. Когда будете подниматься на холм, смотрите направо. Как видите, это

очень хорошая железная дорога. Как он говорит, ее общая длина составляет

1000 миль. Питер такого же возраста, как Джон. Вы должны составить план

так, как я вам говорю. Когда ворота открываются, судно входит в док. Эта

книга так же хороша, как- та книга, которая есть у вас. Он здесь бывает так

же часто, как вы.

V. letter-carrier письмоносец от letter письмо, carry носить + суффикс -er.

New-comer приезжий от new новый, come приходить + суффикс -ег (тот, кто

только что прибыл, новый человек.)

Урок 7

I. There are five pencils on the table. There are many good new houses in this

city. There are a hundred animals on this farm. There are many red flowers here.

II. Они держат животных и птиц. Они выращивают овощи и цветы. Дере-

вья хорошо растут здесь. Северный ветер делает наш дом прохладным, но не

холодным (... сохраняет в нем прохладу). Мы должны выращивать некоторые

другие культуры. Мы должны составить свои планы и некоторые таблицы.

Положите таблицы на мой стол. Мы должны напоить животных. На двери

новая пружина. Вы должны держать руки в тепле. В этом доме слишком теп-

ло. Наш дом тоже очень теплый. Наши цветы хорошо растут. Мы выращива-

ем овощи и некоторые другие культуры. Ветер становится прохладным.

Урок 8

I. Who studies mathematics? What does the boy study? Where does the boy

study? Does the boy study mathematics in his room?

II. Do they know almost ...? Do the boys speak ...? Must we buy ...? Do children

eat...? Is this works ...? Do our girls dress well? Is the wind cool? Do they grow

apples .,.? Do they also like ... ?