Парахина А.В., Шляхова В.А. Английский язык для дистанционного обучения. Книга 3
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Complex Subject
Complex Subject встречается:
à) со сказуемыми в страдательном залоге:
is (are) said - говорят
is (are) known - известно
is (are) supposed - предполагают
is (are) assumed - допускают
is (are) reported - сообщают
is (are) considered - считают
is (are) found - найдено
is (are) believed - полагают
is (are) stated - утверждают
Например: He is said to know English w ell.
Говорят, что он хорошо знает английский язык.
b) со следующими глаголами в действительном залоге:
seem, appear - кажется,
prove - оказывается,
happen - случается.
Например: He happened to be at the laboratory.
Случилось так, что он был в лаборатории. (Он случайно
был в лаборатории.)
She seems to have seen this film.
Кажется, она видела этот фильм.
c) со словосочетаниями:
is (are) likely - вероятно,
is (are) unlikely - маловероятно,
is (are) sure (certain) - несомненно, безусловно
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Например: He is sure to come here in time.
Он, безусловно, придет сюда вовремя.
They are unlikely to have seen the city.
Малове роятно, что они видели город.
Grammar exercise
I Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на форму инфини-
тива.
1. Many people are known to go in for sports. 2. She is said to be a good
student. 3. She is said to have been a very good actress. 4. The text is be-
lieved to be quite difficult. 5. The article is believed to have be e n pub-
lished on time. 6. The doctor is supposed to come in 2 hours. 7. The doctor
is likely to have already come. 8. They are believed to be carrying out ex-
periments in the laboratory now. 9. They seem to have already carried out
their experiments. 10. They are believed to have been carrying out their ex-
periment for already 3 hours. 11. The delegation is reported to arrive in the city
tomorrow. 12. The delegation is reported to have arrived in the city yesterday.
13. Theodore Dreiser is known to be a well-known American writer. 14. His
books are known to have been translated into many languages. 15. He is
known to have been working for all his life at this problem.
Предтекстовые упражнения
(The exercises to be done before reading the text)
I. Переведите на русский язык следующие интернациональные слова.
Проверьте по словарю перевод выделенных слов.
colony, subject, final, original, central, continent, nation, national, federa-
tion, federal, constitution, president, congress, senate, prairies, tropical, arctic,
natural, industrial, formal, resolution, document, delegate, popular, interest, pro-
fession, professional, mile, declaration, resources, order.
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II. Переведите слова на русский язык. Обратите внимание на суф-
фиксы.
final - финальный, конечный finally __________
steady - постоянный steadily __________
original - первоначальный originally __________
natural - естественный naturally __________
to establish - учреждать establishment __________
to develop - развивать development __________
to govern - управлять, править government __________
to celebrate - праздновать celebration __________
to prohibit - запрещать prohibition __________
to declare - провозглашать, дек-
ларировать
declaration __________
to found - основывать foundation __________
to delegate - делегировать delegation __________
a slave - раб slavery __________
free - свободный freedom __________
III. Прочитайте слова и переведите предложения на русский язык.
to found - основывать. The USA was founded on July 4th 1776.
to establish - учреждать. Thirteen English colonies were established in the
previous century.
tax - налог. They had to pay heavy taxes on tea and paper.
to declare - декларировать, провозглашать. They declared their inde-
pendence.
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in favour of - в пользу. The War of Independence ended in favour of the
colonists.
to interrupt - прерывать. The development of the United States of Amer-
ica was interrupted by the Civil War.
to celebrate - праздновать.
Inde pe nde nce Day - День независимости. Independence Day is cele-
brated on July 4.
to sign the resolution - подписать резолюцию. The resolution was
signed.
to approve - одобрять. The document was approved by the delegates.
firework s - салют, фейерверк. Fireworks became a part of the celebration.
to prohibit - запрещать. The state laws prohibit many types of fireworks.
slave - раб.
slavery - рабство. Slavery became a shame (позор) to the American Na-
tion.
to regard (to consider) - считать, рассматривать.
to revolt - восставать. The colonists revolted.
to increase - увеличивать.
power - мощь, власть. The USA increased its power after the War of In-
dependence.
to solve - решать. The problem was solved.
to decide - принимать решение (решать). He decided to go to the coun-
try.
wheel - колесо. America is a nation on wheels.
de s e rt - пустыня.
near - близко, близкий.
nearly - почти.
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IV. Переведите глаголы на русский язык.
order - приказ, порядок to order ________
end - конец to end ________
active - активный to activate ________
head - голова to head ________
V. Напишите вторую и третью формы глаголов, переведите.
Infinitive Past Indefinite Participle II Перевод
to found ________ ________ ________
to know ________ ________ ________
to grow ________ ________ ________
to become ________ ________ ________
to find ________ ________ ________
to be ________ ________ ________
to win ________ ________ ________
to break ________ ________ ________
VI. Переведите слова с помощью словаря.
1. region, district;
2. way, highway, road, street;
3. to break, to break out, to begin, to start;
4. to found, to establish;
5. near, nearly.
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VII. Найдите слова, противоположные по значению.
1. tropical, 2. cold, 3. heat, 4. increase, 5. decrease, 6. arctic, 7. slavery, 8.
freedom, 9. to end, 10. to begin.
VIII. Найдите слова, одинаковые по значению.
1. to found, 2. to solve, 3. frequent, 4. to consider, 5. to decide, 6. to estab-
lish, 7. often, 8. to regard.
Text
The United States of America
The United States of America is known to have been founded on July 4th,
1776, when thirteen English colonies, which had been established during the
previous century and a half, decided that they could no longer regard themselves
as subjects to the British Crown.
When George III, King of England and his Government in London ordered
the colonists to pay heavy taxes on tea and paper, they revolted and declared
themselves independent. The War of Independence is known to have ended in
favour of the colonists. Since 1783 the USA has steadily increased its power,
and the original thirteen states have now grown to fifty. The development of the
United States of America is considered to be interrupted by the Civil War be-
tween the Northern and Southern States in the 1860’s. The struggle of the
American colonies for political and economic freedom from Great Britain acti-
vated the anti-slavery movement. Slave revolts were frequent. Slavery became a
shame to the American nation.
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The problem was not solved even in Congress and the Civil War between
the North and the South broke out.
This war is known to be won by the Northerners (or “Yankee”, as they
were called) in 1865, and since that time the country has become more and
more important.
The USA is a federation of 50 states which was established by the Consti-
tution in 1787. Each state has its own government and its own capital city. The
federal government is headed by the President and the Congress consisting of
the Senate and the House of Representatives. Washington is the capital of the
USA. It is situated on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia.
America lies in the central part of the North American Continent with the
Atlantic Ocean to the East, the Pacific Ocean to the West, Canada to the North,
and Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to the South.
The United States covers an area of 3,022,387 square miles and includes
fifty states and the District of Columbia, the seat of the national government.
The climate of the
USA is various. One can
find high mountains and
prairies, tropical heat and
arctic cold, valleys and de-
serts because the nation oc-
cupies nearly half of the
continent. There are indus-
tries of every kind. The
country is rich in mineral
resources. America is a
country of roads and cars and is a nation on wheels.
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Послетекстовые упражнения
(The exercises to be done after reading the text)
IX. Найдите в тексте и выпишите эквивалентные словосочетания:
1) они решили, что не могут больше считать себя субъектами Британ-
ской Короны;
2) приказал им платить огромные (непомерные) налоги на чай и бума-
гу;
3) они взбунтовались и провозгласили независимость (себя независи-
мыми);
4) закончилась в пользу колонистов;
5) тринадцать штатов выросли до пятидес яти;
6) федеральное правительство возглавляется Президентом и Конгрес-
сом;
7) всевозможные отрасли промышленности;
8) страна дорог и автомобилей.
X. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие Complex Subject и
переведите их на русский язык.
XI. Переведите текст.
Inde pe nde nce Day
Independence Day is one of the chief holidays of the United States. It was
adopted in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776. On that day thirteen colonies sent their
delegates to the Congress and the document was approved and signed by the
delegates and the president of the Congress.
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This document is known as the Declaration of Independence and declared
the establishment of the USA. Since then the Fourth of July is always celebrated
by the Americans as the anniversary of national independence.
Fireworks, sporting events in honour of the day became parts of the cele-
brations in most cities of the USA. But state laws prohibit many types of fire-
works because the state government is afraid of fires especially in Houston, the
hottest city of America.
XII. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. When was the USA founded?
2. How many colonies declared themselves independent?
3. How many states has the USA now?
4. When did the Civil War between the Northern and Southern States take
place?
5. Who won the war?
6. Is the USA a federation?
7. By whom is the federal government headed?
8. What does the Congress consist of?
9. What is the climate of the USA?
10. What city is the capital of the United States of America?
11. What date is considered as Independence Day?
12. How do Americans celebrate their Independence Day?
XIII. Переведите предложения с русского на английский язык (про-
верьте себя по ключу)
1. США были основаны 4 июля 1776 года.
2. Тринадцать колоний провозгласили себя независимыми.
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3. В 1860-х годах между северными и южными штатами была граж-
данская война.
4. Гражданскую войну выиграли Северные штаты.
5. Сейчас Америка представляет собой федерацию 50 штатов.
6. Федеральное правительство возглавляется Президентом и Конгрес-
сом.
7. Конгресс включает в себя Сенат и Палату Представителей.
8. День Независимости отмечается 4 июля.
9. Столица США - Вашингтон.
Ke y
1. The United States of America was founded on July 4th, 1776.
2. Thirteen colonies declared themselves independent.
3. In the 1860s the Civil War between the northern and Southern states
took place.
4. The Civil War was won be the Northerners.
5. At present the USA is a federation of 50 states.
6. The federal government is headed by the President and the Congress.
7. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
8. Independence Day is celebrated on July 4.
9. The capital of the USA is Washington.