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339
Index
Abizaid, John, 219, 278
Abrams, Creighton, 158–160, 162, 165, 257,
277, 280
Abu Ghraib, 225
Adaptive Leaders Courses (U.S. Army), 243
Adenauer, Konrad, 122
Afghanistan: Al Qaeda in, 192; corruption
in, 196, 203–204, 206, 207–208; counter-
insurgency in, 1–2, 107, 198–200, 205–206;
counterinsurgency leadership in, 198–200,
205, 210–211, 266; ethnic groups in, 196, 197,
201, 207, 210; Germany’s role in, 195–196;
insurgency in, 196–199, 202, 205; Karzai
as leader of, 193–194, 201–204, 208–209,
210–211; NATO forces in, 203, 204–205;
network-centric warfare in, 4; opium in-
dustry in, 200–201, 202, 206; police forces
in, 197, 201, 203, 207, 209–210; private secu-
rity contractors in, 195–196, 201; reform
eorts in, 196, 203–204; security forces
in, 267; social programs in, 204; Soviet
occupation of, 191; Taliban in, 192–193, 194,
197–198, 206; U.S. civilian involvement in,
279–280; U.S. military involvement in, 194,
198–201, 203, 206, 207, 210–211, 278; war-
lords in, 191–192, 194, 201–202, 209
Afghan Militia Forces (AMF), 194
Afghan National Army, 197, 200, 203, 210;
leadership problems in, 206–207
Aguinaldo, Emilio, 65–67, 68, 79, 89
Akerman, Amos T., 52
Alejandrino, Casto, 93
Alford, Dale, 235–237, 241
Allawi, Ali, 218
Allawi, Iyad, 228
Allen, Henry T., 70
Al Qaeda, 192, 193, 197
Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), 239–240, 241–242,
252–253, 256–257
Al Qaim, Iraq, 235–237
An, Pham Xuan. See Pham Xuan An
ARENA party (El Salvador), 178, 183, 185, 187
Arkansas: during the Civil War, 26–28; Ku
Klux Klan in, 47–50; during Reconstruc-
tion, 37–38, 47–50
Army of Northern Virginia, 36. See also Civil
War
ARVN (South Vietnamese army), 161, 162. See
also South Vietnam
Askariya Mosque, bombing of, 237
Australian Communist Party, 111
Azimi, Abdul Salam, 204
Baathists, in post-invasion Iraq, 217, 222–223
Balangiga, Philippines, 80–81
Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss, 29–30, 279
Bao Dai, Emperor, 134
Barnes, Julian, 226
Barno, David W., 198, 199–200, 270, 280
Bataan Death March, 91
Batangas, Philippines, 83–86
Bates, John C., 69
Battle of the Bulge, 158–159
Bell, J. Franklin, 68–69, 83–86
Binh Xuyen, 134, 136
bin Laden, Osama, 192
Birkhimer, William E., 71
Birtle, Andrew J., 18
340 Index
Black Codes, 35, 42
blacks: and racial tensions during Recon-
struction, 35–36, 41–54, 55–56, 60; violence
against, 45
Blandon, Adolfo Onecifero, 181
Blazer, Richard: leadership skills of, 16–17, 30
Blunt, James G., 22
Bohannon, Charles, 101
Bolani, Jawad Al, 250
Bourne, Georey, 129
Bowen, William C. H., 76–77
Bremer, L. Paul: as head of the Coalition
Provisional Authority, 215–219, 226, 229,
254–255, 256, 279
Briggs, Harold, 116–119, 120, 131, 261, 272
Brown, Todd S., 245
Brownlow, John, 25
Brownlow, William G., 34, 44–45, 47
Bryan, William Jennings, 75
Buddhist protests: during the Vietnam War,
144, 148–149, 150
Burchett, Wilfred, 143
Burton, J. B., 250
Bush, George H. W., 181, 186
Bush, George W., 192, 194, 214, 246; adminis-
tration of, 213, 214, 246. See also Iraq
Bushwhackers, 23
Bussey, Cyrus, 27
Butler, Benjamin, 28–29
Calley, William, 160
Cao Dai, 136
Captain General Gerardo Barrios Military
School, 170–171, 174
Carpetbaggers, 43, 60
Carter, Jimmy: and human rights as issue in
El Salvador, 169–170; and the Salvadoran
Insurgency, 173; and the Salvadoran junta,
171
Carter, Samuel P., 25
Casey, George W., 227
Casey, George W., Jr., 227–228, 231, 232, 235,
237, 246, 249, 256, 270, 278
Castro, Fidel, 172
Catterson, Robert F., 47–49
Cedar Creek, Battle of, 38
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): in
Afghanistan, 193; and the Salvadoran
Insurgency, 174, 183; and the Vietnam War,
147–148
Chaee, Adna R., 79–80, 81, 272
charisma, 10, 234, 281
Chayes, Sarah, 208
Chester, George, 98
Chiarelli, Peter, 223
Chinese Communists: in Malaya, 109, 115
Chin Peng, 110–111, 112
Christian Democratic Party (El Salvador),
183, 184
Churchill, Winston, 120
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency
Civil Operations and Rural Development
Support (CORDS), 156, 161–162, 166
Civil War: in Arkansas, 26–28; civilian elites
in, 282, 283; counterinsurgencies during,
16–18, 20–22, 23–26, 27–28, 30–32; counter-
insurgency leadership during, 16–22,
24–25, 29–32, 262, 280; diering strategies
proposed during, 30; insurgencies during,
15–17, 18, 23, 26–27, 30–32; in Louisiana,
28–30; in Missouri, 18–22; in Tennessee,
24–26. See also Union army
Clayton, Powell, 47, 49
Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), 215–
219, 226, 229, 255
Cohen, Eliot, 224
Colby, William, 161
Collins, J. Lawton, 136
Combined Action Program (Vietnam), 154–
155, 165, 277
Comintern, 90, 109
Communist Party: in Afghanistan, 191; in El
Salvador, 172–173; in Malaya, 109–113, 115,
130; in the Philippines, 90, 91–92, 93, 96–
97, 105; in Vietnam, 134, 136–137, 140. See
also Chinese Communists; Ho Chi Minh;
North Vietnam; Viet Cong
Conduct of Anti-Terrorist Operations in
Malaya, e, 125–126
Confederacy: insurgent activity on behalf of,
15–17, 18, 23, 26–27, 30, 32; post–Civil War
violence in states of, 33–34. See also Civil
War
Connell, omas W., 80
Conway, James T., 229
Cosgrove, James H., 57
counterinsurgencies: in Afghanistan, 198–
200, 205–206; changing perception of,
1–2; during the Civil War, 16–18, 21, 23–26,
27–28, 30–32; dened, 303n3; eld manu-
als for, 125–127, 242–249, 257; against the
Huk Rebellion, 94–95, 99–107; in Iraq, 1–2,
107, 222–225, 227–238, 251–254; lessons of,
304–305n12; and the Malayan Emergency,
113–130; against the Philippine Insurrec-
tion, 68–86; principles of, 5; during Re-
construction, 46–50; and the Salvadoran
Insurgency, 173–178, 187–189; theories of,
Index 341
2–4; during the Vietnam War, 138–139,
140–144, 145–148, 154, 161, 163–164. See also
counterinsurgency leadership
counterinsurgency leadership: adaptive,
243–244, 257, 260–261, 270, 305n14; in
Afghanistan, 198–200, 205, 210–211; at-
tributes of, 7–13, 24, 30–32, 99, 100–101,
107, 116, 124–125, 131–132, 152–153, 157, 162,
166–167, 220, 223–224, 242, 243, 246–247,
255, 257–258, 259–261, 262, 266–267,
305n13, 305n15; changes in and selection
of, 272–273, 275–276, 329n2; and charisma,
10, 234, 281; and civilian elites, 282–285;
during the Civil War, 16–22, 24–25, 29–32;
and creativity, 9, 260–261; and dedication,
10–11, 259–260; and delegation of authority,
280–281; development of, 265–268; dynam-
ics of, 6; and empathy, 10; experience as
factor in, 12, 279; failures of, 19–20, 39–41,
48–50, 58–59, 68, 69, 81–83, 92–93, 114–115,
130–131, 140, 166, 173–174, 184, 189, 199, 209,
224–225, 254–256, 262, 265, 272–273; and
exibility, 8–9, 260–261; foreign inuence
on development of, 267–268, 272, 275–278;
hierarchical nature of, 5–6; and the Huk
Rebellion, 99–107; importance of, 3–8, 12–
13, 87–88, 126–127, 223–224, 244, 268–274,
285–286, 304n11; improving, 259–261; and
indigenous elites, 282–285; and initiative,
8, 259–260; and integrity, 11, 259–260; and
intelligence collection in Vietnam, 157; in
Iraq, 219–221, 222, 224, 226–228, 231, 234–
237, 239–242, 246–258; and judgment, 9,
260; and lines of authority, 278–280; and
the Malayan Emergency, 113–118, 120–130;
Marines in positions of, 219–220; methods
of, 281–282; and organization, 11, 260; and
personality type as indicator of ability,
262–263, 269–271, 330n4; persuasion as
aspect of, 277–278; and the Philippine
Insurrection, 67–79, 87–88; and political
considerations, 271; during Reconstruction,
35, 36–37, 47–50, 52–54, 60–61; recruitment
of, 261–265; and the Salvadoran Insurgency,
176–178, 180–182, 184, 187–189; seniority
as basis for, 68–69; and shared identity, 12;
and sociability, 10; turnover of, 273–274;
during the Vietnam War, 141–144, 154, 159,
161–162, 166–167, 265–266. See also decen-
tralization of command
Counterinsurgency Leadership Survey, 210,
248, 249, 271–272, 273, 287–301, 324n15,
325n35
Cowen, Myron, 98
Crane, Conrad, 248
creativity, 9, 260–261
Cristiani, Alfredo, 184–185, 186–187
Crocker, Ryan, 250
Crook, George, 18
Cuba, 65, 172
D’Aubuisson, Roberto, 178, 180, 183, 185, 275
Davidson, Phillip B., 159
Davies, omas A., 22
Davis, Jeerson, 26
Davis, Stephen W., 236–237
Day, John H. A., 82–83
decentralization of command, 5–6, 261, 271–
272, 280–281; in Afghanistan, 199, 206–207;
in Iraq, 219, 280–281; and the Philippine
Insurrection, 70–71, 87–88; and the Salva-
doran Insurgency, 176; in the Union army,
18, 36; and the Vietnam War, 160, 280–281
dedication, 10–11, 259–260
Dehghanpisheh, Babak, 233
Del Tufo, Vincent, 121, 122
Demby, J. H., 47–48
Democratic Alliance (Philippines), 93
Democratic Party, during Reconstruction,
55–56, 57–58, 59
Dempsey, Martin, 224, 251
Denver, James W., 22
deployment, length of, 274
DePuy, William, 152
DeSaussure, Edward H., 152
Dewey, George, 63, 64
Diamond, Larry, 216
Diem, Ngo Dinh. See Ngo Dinh Diem
Draude, omas V., 152–153
Duarte, José Napoleón, 183–184, 185, 188, 275
Dulles, Allen, 136
Dulles, John Foster, 136
Duong Van Minh, 145
Durbrow, Elbridge, 137, 138, 166, 277
Duryea, Lyman C., 182, 189
DynCorp, 201
Easter Oensive (Vietnam), 163
Economic Development Corps (EDCOR),
103–104
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 136
elections, 284–285
Elements of Military Art and Science (Hal-
leck), 20
El Salvador: CIA operations in, 174, 188, 275;
Cuba and Nicaragua as inuences in, 172;
death squads in, 178, 180, 181, 184, 185–186,
187; elections in, 183–184, 185, 188, 284–285;
342 Index
El Salvador (continued)
human rights abuses in, 170, 176, 181, 186–
187, 267–268; junta in, 170, 171; leadership
in, 275; reforms in, 171–172, 184; revolu-
tionary fervor in, 169. See also Salvadoran
Insurgency
Emory, William H., 56–57
empathy, 10
enemy-centric school, 3, 4
Estrada, William, 25
Etherington, Mark, 227
Ewing, omas, Jr., 22–23
experience as leadership attribute, 12, 279
Fahim, Muhammad, 196, 201
Fallujah Brigade, 230
Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
(FMLN), 172, 185, 186–187
Farragut, David Glasgow, 28
Feith, Douglas, 214, 215, 254
Feleo, Juan, 93
Finn, Robert, 195
First Reconstruction Act, 41
exibility, 8–9
FMLN. See Farabundo Martí National Libera-
tion Front
Focused District Development program
(Afghanistan), 207, 210
Ford, Gerald, 163
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 45–46
Fort Benning, Georgia: Salvadoran ocer
training at, 174–175
Franks, Tommy, 214–215, 220, 254
Freedmen’s Bureau, 36, 37–38, 39, 44
Frémont, John C.: as Civil War general, 18–20,
29, 31
Frist, Bill, 222
Fullerton, J. S., 37
Funston, Frederick, 68–69, 78
Galula, David, 3
Galvin, John R., 175
Gambar, Abboud, 251
García, José Guillermo, 177, 178, 180
Gareld, James A., 58
Garner, Jay, 214, 215, 254
Gates, Robert, 249, 251
Gavrilis, Jim, 221
Gent, Edward, 111, 112, 113
Germany: and Afghanistan, 195
Getty, George W., 40
Grant, Ulysses S., 19, 23–24, 30, 36; leadership
skills of, 24, 37, 262; as president, 50–51, 52,
54–55, 56, 61
Grin, Charles, 40
guerrilla warfare: during the Civil War, 15–18,
21, 25, 26–27; dened, 303n3; and the Huk
Rebellion, 91, 93; in Malaya, 109–110, 115–
116; during the Philippine Insurrection, 67,
75–76, 83; during Reconstruction, 33–34;
during the Vietnam War, 137–138, 167. See
also insurgencies
Gurney, Henry, 113–114, 115, 119–120, 122, 131,
281
Hagee, Michael, 220
Halberstam, David, 144–145
Halleck, Henry W., 30, 36; leadership skills of,
20–22, 31, 36–37
Hancock, Wineld S., 35
Haqqani network, 197
Harkins, Paul, 142–143, 165, 277
Harrison, Marcus La Rue, 27
Hay, John, 23
Hayes, Rutherford, 59
Haynes, Jerey M., 207
“hearts and minds” theory. See population-
centric school
Heintzelman, Samuel P., 39, 40
Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, 197
Hickey, Chris, 234
Hindman, omas C., 26–27
Hirsh, Michael, 233
Hoa Hao, 136
Hobbes, omas, 16
Hobbs, Leland, 98, 99
Ho Chi Minh, 109; as leader of North Viet-
nam, 134, 139
Hope, Ian, 205
Horn, Bernd, 198
Hue massacre, 161
Hukbo ng Bayan Laban so Hapon. See Huk
Rebellion
Huk Rebellion, 91–97; counterinsurgency
eorts against, 94–95, 99–107; peasant
support for, 91, 93–96; U.S. eorts in oppo-
sition to, 91–92, 98–100, 101, 103, 105, 106,
107, 276
human rights violations: in El Salvador, 170,
176, 181, 267–268
Hussein, Saddam, 213
initiative, 8, 259–260
insurgencies: in Afghanistan, 196–199, 202,
205; civic action as response to, 72–73, 75,
86–87; during the Civil War, 15–17, 18, 23,
26–27, 30, 32; dened, 303n3; and the Huk
Rebellion, 91–97; in Iraq, 226, 229–231,
237–240, 241–242, 256; leaders of, 3–4;
and the Malayan Emergency, 111–113, 115,
Index 343
119, 129; and the Philippine Insurrection,
66–67, 73, 74–75, 78–79, 80–81; during
Reconstruction, 44–54; reform as response
to, 2–3; Salvadoran, 172–173, 178–180, 183,
185–186; against the Soviets in Afghanistan,
191; during the Vietnam War, 139–140, 141.
See also counterinsurgencies; Ku Klux
Klan; Viet Cong
integrity, 11, 259–260
Iraq: civilian elites in, 282, 283–284; “clear
and hold” strategy in, 231–232, 233, 256;
Coalition Provisional Authority in, 215–
216; counterinsurgency eorts in, 1–2,
107, 222–225, 227–238, 244–245, 251–254;
counterinsurgency leadership in, 220–221,
222, 226–228, 231, 234–237, 239–242, 246–
258, 266, 278; de-Baathication of, 216–218,
254–255, 282, 283–284; and disbanding of
security forces in, 216–218; insurgency in,
226, 229–231, 237–240, 241–242, 256; Iraqi
leadership in, 249–251, 257–258; leader-
ship vacuum in, 218–219; network-centric
warfare in, 4; Petraeus as commander in,
226–227; planning for postwar occupation
of, 214–215; police in, 218, 232; police re-
cruitment in, 240; post-invasion chaos in,
215; sectarian violence in, 232–233, 237–239,
252–253; Shiite militias in, 232–233, 252;
training of Iraqi military leaders in, 226–
227; troop surge in, 246, 252; U.S. advisers
to, 226–227, 251; U.S. civilian involvement
in, 279–280; U.S. invasion of, 213–215; U.S.
military forces in, 218–258, 278
Iraqi Police Service (IPS), 218; leadership of,
232
Iraqi security forces (ISF), 255–256, 267, 276;
in Fallujah, 230, 231; problems inherent in,
228, 231–232
Jaafari, Ibrahim Al, 232, 238
Jabar, Bayan, 232–233
Jackson, Stonewall, 15
Jae, Greg, 226
Jalali, Ali, 194–195
Japan: invasion of Malaya, 109–110; invasion
of the Philippines, 90–91
Jayhawkers, 19, 21
Jennison, Charles, 19
Jewell, Marshall, 43
Jim Crow laws, 42
Johnson, Andrew: as military governor in
Tennessee, 24–25; as president, 35, 36, 41
Johnson, Harold K., 151
Johnson, Lyndon, 149, 151, 156, 166
Johore, Malaya, 117–118
Jomini, Baron Henri, 20
judgment, 9, 260
Jung, Carl, 262
Jurney, William, 241
Kaplan, Robert D., 199
Karnow, Stanley, 144–145
Karzai, Ahmed Wali, 204
Karzai, Hamid: corruption under, 203–204;
counterinsurgency eorts of, 197; as leader
of Afghanistan, 193–194, 201–204, 207–211,
271, 272, 276
Keane, Jack, 222
Kellogg, William P., 54–55, 56, 59
Kelly, James R., 35
Kennedy, Joseph, 122
Khakrezwal, Muhammad Akrem, 201
Khanh, Nguyen, See Nguyen Khanh
Kiteld, James, 239
Komer, Robert, 156, 161
Krulak, Charles, 270
Ku Klux Klan: in Arkansas, 47–50; counter-
insurgency against, 35, 47–50, 52–54; fed-
eral prosecution of, 51–52; as insurgency,
44–54; in South Carolina, 51, 54; in Tennes-
see, 47
Ku Klux Klan Act, 52
Kurilla, Erik, 234–235
Ky, Nguyen Cao. See Nguyen Cao Ky
Lane, James, 19, 22, 23
Lansdale, Edward: as adviser to South Viet-
namese government, 136, 165; and the Huk
Rebellion, 98, 99–100, 103, 105, 106, 107
Laos, 141
Lapham, Robert, 92
Laurel, José, 96, 105
Lava, Jesus, 95, 104
leader-centric warfare, 3, 285–286. See also
counterinsurgency leadership
Lee, Robert E., 30, 36
LeMoyne, James, 187
Liberty Place, Battle of, 56
Lincoln, Abraham, 24, 52, 271, 282; and Fré-
mont, 19, 20; policy of conciliation, 16
Linn, Brian, 71, 72
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 145–147, 166, 277
Loudon County, Virginia, 16–17
Louisiana: during the Civil War, 28–30; dur-
ing Reconstruction, 54–57
Luzon, Philippines: during the Huk Rebel-
lion, 92–93; during the Philippine Insurrec-
tion, 69, 72
Lyon, Nathaniel, 18
Lyttelton, Oliver, 120, 123