Mona Baker & Gabriela Saldanha. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2nd edition)

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meanpreventingthepartiesconcernedfromacquiringfamiliaritywitheach

other’sconventionsofpolitenessandcorrectness.Opinionsthereforevary

amongtrainersconcerningtheroleofthecommunityinterpreterandthenotion

ofefficiencyintheinterpretingcontext.Ultimately,efficiencycanonlybe

measuredagainstaparticulargoal,andgoalsofcoursediffer,coincideandare

generallynegotiatedinfacetofaceinteraction.

Somescholarsconsideritthecommunityinterpreter’sprofessionaldutyto

informeach(orone)ofthepartiesaboutwhatisconsideredappropriate,

normal,rationalandacceptablebyanotherparty.Shackmansaysofthe(UK)

communityinterpreterthat‘sheisresponsibleforenablingtheprofessionaland

client,withverydifferentbackgroundsandperceptionsandinanunequal

relationshipofpowerandknowledge,tocommunicatetotheirmutual

satisfaction’(1984:18).Empiricalresearchhasalsoshownthatinpractice

interpretersareinclinedtopreventpossiblethreatstoasmoothexchangefrom

surfacingininteraction(Jansen1995;Wadensjö1998;Davidson2002).Asa

result,theinteractingpartiesmayexperience‘mutualsatisfaction’atonelevel,

butatthecostofanillusorymutualunderstanding.Researchhasalso

demonstratedthatinterpreterstendtogivehigherprioritytotheirroleas

coordinators,ratherthantranslators(ofspokendiscourse),inthesensethat

theydevotemuchefforttosustaininginteraction,sometimesatthecostof

accuracyinrenderinginterlocutors’utterances(Wadensjö1992,1998,2004).

Thissituationdoeshaveitsdangers:inassumingthepositionofthe‘expert’on

languageandculture,andhencetakingcontroloftheinteraction,thecommunity

interpreterrunstheriskofdeprivingthemonolingualpartiesofpower(and

responsibility),followingapatronizingmodel,moreorlessdecidingforthem

whattheyoptimallywanttoachieveinandbytheirencounter.Thisbecomes

evidentwhenweconsiderthatthemonolingualpartiesininstitutionalsettings

mayoccasionallylacktheinterestandmotivationtoactuallytalktooneanother.

Forinstance,asuspectmeetingapoliceofficerorachildmeetingadoctormay

prefertoremainsilent.Professionaltrainingcanbedesignedtoraiseawareness

oftheseandotherissuesspecifictothecommunityinterpreter’swork.Asa

rule,mosttrainingaimstoensuretheinterpreter’scommitmenttoaprofessional

codeofethicsandguidetogoodpracticethatinvolvessupportingexisting

standardsonhowthemonolingualparties’needsandexpectationsshouldbe

met.

Mostprogrammesprovidetraininginconsecutiveandsimultaneousinterpreting.

Theypayvaryingdegreesofattentiontonotetakingtechniquesandto

developingrelevantskillsforsighttranslation,aswellasforwrittentranslation.

Theygenerallyalsoincludeacomponentoninterpretingtheory,inadditionto

practicalexercisesandlinguisticandterminologytraininginthelanguagesin

question.Practicalexercisesinvolveroleplay,languagelaboratoryworkand

analysisofaudioandvideorecordingsofinterpretingpractices.

Guidelinesinstructingpublicserviceofficialsandothersonhowtocommunicate

throughcommunityinterpretersareprovidedbyvariousinstitutions,suchas

NAATI(theNationalAccreditationAuthorityforTranslatorsandInterpreters)

inAustraliaandtheInstituteofLinguistsintheUK.Theseguidelinesinclude,for

instance,advisingofficialstospeakdirectlytotheotherpartyratherthansaying

tothecommunityinterpreter‘tellhimto…’,etc.Suchguidelinesareboth

influencedbyandreflectedinexistingtrainingprogrammes,wherecommunity

interpretersareinstructedtospeakinthefirstperson.Usersofcommunity

interpretingservicesarealsoadvisedtopausefrequentlysoasnottotaxthe

interpreter’smemory,toplanaheadforinterviewsinwhichtheassistanceofan

interpreterisrequired,toavoiddiscussingissuesdirectlywiththeinterpreterin

ordernottoexcludetheotherparty,andtohireaccreditedcommunity

interpreterswhereverpossible.

Accreditationofcommunityinterpreters

Inmanycountries,anumberofuniversityprogrammesthatspecializein

interpretertrainingofferadegreeoracertificateuponcompletionofagiven

course.Thesedegreesareseldomdesignedspecificallyforcommunity

interpreting.Sometypesofcommunityinterpreting,suchaslegalinterpreting,

arerelatively

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morelikelytobeincludedinadegreeprogrammethanothers,suchassocial

service,healthandmentalhealthinterpreting.

Insomecountries,accreditationisavailablethroughprofessionalorganizations;

inothersitisavailablethroughstatecontrolledinstitutions.IntheUSA,a

RegistryofInterpretersfortheDeaf(RID)wasestablishedin1964.RIDoffers

twocertificationsforDeafinterpreters,theCertifiedDeafInterpreter(CDI)and

theConditionalLegalInterpretingPermitRelay(CLIPR)(seeSIGNED

LANGUAGEINTERPRETING).TheCDIisageneralistexamandtheCLIP

Risalegalspecialistexam.Thereisnocorrespondingregistryortestingfor

spokenlanguageinterpretersintheUSA,buttheAmericanTranslators

Association(ATA)hasanInterpretersDivisionthatconstitutesanetworkof

professionalsinthefield.Swedenwasamongthefirsttoorganizenational

accreditationforcommunityinterpreters,whichhasbeenavailablesince1976

andisawardedbyastateinstitution,theSwedishLegal,Financialand

AdministrativeServicesAgency.Onceauthorized,interpretersmaytake

additionaltestsforspecialistqualificationsas‘courtinterpreter’and‘health

servicesinterpreter’,respectively(Idh2007).AccreditationinNorwayand

Denmarkisalsoundertakenbyagovernmentalbody.InAustralia,accreditation

ofcommunityinterpretershasexistedsince1977.ItisprovidedbytheNational

AccreditationAuthorityforTranslatorsandInterpreters(NAATI).NAATI

accreditedinterpreterscanbecomemembersoftheAustralianInstituteof

InterpretersandTranslators(AUSIT).InNewZealand,accreditationhasbeen

availablesince1987forcommunityinterpretersinEnglish–Maori.These

interpretersarecertifiedbytheMaoriLanguageCommissionafterpassing

languageexamsonly.Forotherlanguages,interpreterscanreceiveaccreditation

throughtheAustralianNAATI,generallyacceptedasprovidingadefacto

standard.

InSouthAfrica,theSouthAfricanTranslatorsInstitute(SATI)conducts

accreditationexamsforconferenceinterpretersaswellasforsignlanguage

interpretersand,startingmainlywiththeworkoftheTruthandReconciliation

Commission,alsofor‘liaisoninterpreters’(intheCommission’sterminology).In

theUnitedKingdom,theInstituteofLinguistsEducationalTrustisthemain

awardingbody;itoffersvocationallyrelatedqualificationsinawidevarietyof

languages.TheseincludetheInterpretingDiplomainPublicServiceInterpreting

(accreditedforEngland,WalesandNorthernIreland).ANationalRegisterof

PublicServiceInterpreters,NRPSILTD,hasexistedsince1994(Corselliset

al.2007).

Communityinterpretersinsociety

Theprofessionalizationofcommunityinterpreting(includingsettinguptraining

programmes,systemsofcertificationandprofessionalassociations)reflectsan

officialconcernforthelegalandsocialwelfareofMINORITY,immigrantand

refugeepopulations.Communityinterpretingenablesthosewholackfluencyin

andknowledgeofthemajoritylanguage(s)andculture(s)toreceivefulland

equalaccesstopublicservicefacilities.Supportfortheprofessionalizationof

communityinterpretingcanalsobeseenasreflectingtheauthorities’concernfor

ensuringtheirownabilitytocarryouttheirdutieswhendealingwithpeoplewho

areunableorunwillingtocommunicateintheofficiallanguage(s).Forinstance,

adoctorcanonlyprovideadequatehealthcareifthepatientsareableto

discusstheirproblemsclearlyandfrankly;confidentialitymustthereforebe

guaranteed.Professionalcommunityinterpretersareobligedtoensurethatthe

confidentialityofanyinteractioninwhichtheyareinvolvedisalwaysmaintained.

Inthissense,communityinterpretersformanintegralpartofthesocialservice

systemofamodernsocietyandareinstrumentalinensuringthatallpartieshave

equalaccesstoandcontroloverthosesystems.Civilrightsandcivil

responsibilitiesaretwosidesofthesamecoin.Professionaltrainingmayfocus

onavoidingerrorsandomissionsthatmightbecostlytothepublicpurse,but

seenfromawiderperspective,communityinterpretingisnotjustaboutenabling

efficientcommunicationtotakeplace:itisalsoboundtoplayacrucialrolein

socialprocessesofsegregationandintegration.