McGrath Donovan and Marten Lutz - Colloquial Swahili: The Complete Course for Beginners
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-lipa pay -lipisha cause to pay,
or -lipiza make pay
As can be guessed from its name, the causative form expresses the
fact that somebody (or something) causes somebody or something
to do something:
Watoto walisoma.
The children read.
Mwalimu aliwasomesha watoto.
The teacher made the children read.
(also The teacher taught the children.)
In these examples it is the teacher who causes the children to read.
Syntactically, the subject of the base form (watoto) becomes the
object of the causative form, for which a new subject (mwalimu)
is introduced.
The causative ending is mainly used with verbs, but it can also
be used with adjectives and nouns, which then become causative
verbs:
Adjective Causative verb
safi clean -safisha make clean, to clean
-fupi short -fupisha shorten
Noun Causative verb
hakika certainty -hakikisha make certain
shughuli occupation -shughulisha occupy someone
There are a number of irregular causative forms which are not
formed with the causative endings, but rather change their final
consonant, which most often becomes -sh-:
-anguka fall down -angusha throw down, drop
-amka wake up -amsha wake somebody
-kumbuka remember -kumbusha remind
-chemka boil -chemsha make boil
-gawana share -gawanya distribute
Verbs ending in two vowels often insert a -z-, as does lala, ‘sleep’:
-jaa be full -jaza fill
-lala sleep, lie down -laza cause to sleep,
lie down
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Others take -lish- or -lesh-:
-jua know -julisha cause to know,
introduce
Exercise 6
Choose the correct causative verb to fit the gap:
anamkumbusha inamsahaulisha anamlipisha
anaendesha anamwamsha
1 Kathy anamfanya Leo aamke, kwa hiyo Kathy ________ Leo.
2 Subira anamfanya mwalimu akumbuke kuchukua vitabu, kwa
hiyo ________ kuchukua vitabu.
3 Leo anamfanya Subira alipe, kwa hiyo ________.
4 Hawa anafanya gari liende, kwa hiyo ________ gari.
5 TV inamfanya Subira asahau darasa, kwa hiyo TV ________
darasa.
Exercise 7
Give the causative of the verbs listed below:
-soma -andika -sema
-imba -anza -pika
-penda -shangaa -rudi
Reading
Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili (TUKI)
Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili ni sehemu ya Chuo Kikuu cha
Dar es Salaam. Lengo kuu la TUKI ni kuchunguza na kuendeleza
lugha ya Kiswahili. Kuna sehemu tano za kufanya uchunguzi wa
isimu, wa leksikografia (yaani kutunga kamusi), wa istilahi, wa
tafsiri, na wa fasihi.
Sehemu ya Isimu
Sehemu hiyo imechapisha kitabu kuhusu mofolojia ya Kiswahili
kiitwacho Sarufi Maumbo ya Kiswahili Sanifu (1983).
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Sehemu ya Leksikografia
Sehemu hii inahusikana na kamusi za aina mbalimbali. Sehemu
hiyo imechapisha kamusi muhimu kama vile, Kamusi ya Kiswahili
Sanifu (1981), Kamusi Sanifu ya Biolojia, Fizikia na Kemia (1990)
na Kamusi Sanifu ya Isimu (1990). Kamusi ya Kiingereza-Kiswahili
pia ilichapishwa na sehemu hiyo.
Sehemu ya Istilahi na Tafsiri
Sehemu hii ina vitengo viwili: Kitengo cha Tafsiri na Kitengo cha
Istilahi.
Sehemu ya Fasihi
Sehemu hiyo inafanya uchunguzi katika fasihi na desturi za jadi,
hasa fasihi simulizi (nyimbo, hadithi za jadi, misemo, na ushairi),
fasihi andishi (riwaya, hadithi fupi, tamthilia na ushairi), na sanaa
za maonyesho. Maandishi ambayo yamechapishwa na sehemu hiyo
ni Historia ya Ushairi wa Kiswahili (1995), Uchunguzi wa Riwaya
ya Kiswahili na Jamii na Fasihi Simulizi ya Pwani ya Tanzania,
Pamoja na Visiwa vya Pemba na Unguja.
Vocabulary
taasisi institute, institution
lengo objective, aim, goal (pl. malengo)
-kuu (adj.) great, important, main
-chunguza examine, inspect, analyse; do research
-endeleza assure the progress of/the continuance of/
the development of
lugha language
isimu linguistics
-tunga compose, arrange, put together
kamusi dictionary
istilahi terminology
tafsiri translation
-chapisha print, publish
sarufi grammar
maumbo shape, form, structure, design, layout
sanifu (adj.) standard, proper, acceptable, artful, crafted
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-husikana be concerned with, be relevant to
kamusi dictionary (-ies)
muhimu (adj.) important, urgent
vitengo units (sing. kitengo)
desturi custom(s), way(s)
-a jadi (adj.) ancestral
hadithi story, narrative, an account
misemo sayings, idioms (sing. msemo)
ushairi poetry
riwaya novel
tamthilia drama, play
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10 Sherehe ya
arusi
A wedding celebration
In this unit you will learn:
• how to extend an invitation
• to provide additional information about people or things using
the tensed relative ‘who’, ‘which’
• to emphasize the most important aspects of what you are
saying by using the emphatic copula ndi-
• the amba- relative
• the general relative
Dialogue 1
Rosa (Mamantilie) and Hawa are talking about a wedding celebra-
tion
1 Why was Rosa asked to attend the wedding?
2 Why was Hawa invited to the wedding?
3 Where will the wedding take place?
B
I
. R
OSA
: Wikiendi hii nitakwenda kwenye sherehe ya arusi.
Niliombwa na wazee wa biarusi kuwasaidia mata-
yarisho ya chakula. Kwa kweli ndiye baba yake biarusi
aliyeniomba kuhudhuria kwenye sherehe hiyo ya arusi.
B
I
. H
AWA
: Mimi pia nitahudhuria kwenye sherehe ya arusi
wikiendi hii. Nilialikwa pamoja na kikundi changu cha
wanamuziki, kuimba nyimbo kwenye sherehe hiyo.
Ndiye biarusi mwenyewe aliyenialika.
B
I
. R
OSA
: Jamani! Labda sisi sote tunakwenda kwenye sherehe
hiyohiyo.
B
I
. H
AWA
: Sherehe hiyo ya arusi nitakayoihudhuria itakuwapo
Sinza.
B
I
. R
OSA
: Vilevile nitakwenda kwenye sherehe ya arusi pale
Sinza. Watu wale watakaooana wanaitwa Bi. Subira na
Bwana Yusufu.
B
I
. H
AWA
: Bila shaka tumealikwa kuhudhuria kwenye sherehe
hiyohiyo.
B
I
. R
OSA
: Mpishi, mwimbaji, basi twende arusini!
Vocabulary
wikiendi weekend (also mwishoni mwa wiki)
sherehe celebration, party
arusi wedding
wazee elders, parents (cf. Mzee, term of address)
biarusi bride (cf. bibi arusi)
matayarisho preparations
ndiye it is him (see Language structure below for the
emphatic copula)
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aliyeniomba who asked me (see Language structure below for
relative constructions)
-hudhuria attend, be present
-alikwa be invited (cf. -alika, invite)
labda maybe, possibly
sisi sote we all, all of us
nitakayoihudhuria which I will attend (see Language structure)
-oana marry each other
watakaooana who will marry each other (see Language
structure)
Language use
Extending invitations
arusi wedding mwaliko invitation
sherehe party -alika invite
tafrija reception, party -karibisha invite
Tunakualika katika arusi, sherehe, tafrija . . .
We are inviting you to the wedding, party, reception . . .
Alimkaribisha rafiki yake kwa chakula cha jioni.
He invited his friend for dinner.
-hudhuria attend
-kubali mwaliko accept an invitation
-kataa mwaliko decline an invitation
Nasikitika kukuarifu kwamba sitaweza kuhudhuria katika
tafrija.
I am sorry to inform you that I will not be able to attend
the reception.
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Well-wishing
hongera congratulation
Kumpa mtu hongera.
To give someone congratulations.
Ninakutakia furaha ya sikukuu ya kuzaliwa.
I wish you happiness on your birthday.
Tunamtakia heri ya mwaka mpya.
We wish her luck for the New Year.
Language structure
The tensed relative
Relative clauses are useful for providing additional information
about people or things you talk about. For example, if you talk
about a singer (mwimbaji) and you want to say that she is from
Tanga (anatoka Tanga) and that she likes coffee (anapenda
kahawa), you can do this by using two separate sentences, or by
using a relative clause within one sentence:
Mwimbaji anatoka Tanga. Anapenda kahawa.
The singer comes from Tanga. She likes coffee.
Mwimbaji anayetoka Tanga anapenda kahawa.
The singer who comes from Tanga likes coffee.
The fact that anayetoka Tanga is a relative clause is signalled by
the use of the referential concord -ye-, showing that the relative
clause refers to the singer. It is she, after all, who is from Tanga.
Relative clauses, or more precisely, so-called tensed relative
clauses, are formed by placing the ‘referential concord’ between
the tense marker and the verb stem (or the object marker if
present). The referential concord agrees with the class of the ‘head’
of the relative (that is the noun to which it refers), and there are
referential concords for every class. In fact, they are, except for
-ye-, identical to the concords used in the third demonstrative (Unit
6, Dialogue 1):
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M-WA
ye – o Mtu anayetoka Tanga . . .
The person who comes from Tanga . . .
Watu wanaotoka Tanga . . .
The people who come from Tanga . . .
N
yo – zo Barua inayotoka Tanga . . .
The letter which comes from Tanga . . .
Barua zinazotoka Tanga . . .
The letters which come from Tanga . . .
JI-MA
lo – yo Behewa linalotoka Tanga . . .
The carriage which comes from Tanga . . .
Mabehewa yanayotoka Tanga . . .
The carriages which come from Tanga . . .
M-MI
o – yo Mti unaotoka Tanga . . .
The tree which comes from Tanga . . .
Miti inayotoka Tanga . . .
The trees which come from Tanga . . .
KI-VI
cho – vyo Kitanda kinachotoka Tanga . . .
The bed which comes from Tanga . . .
Vitanda vinavyotoka Tanga . . .
The beds which come from Tanga . . .
U
o Ufunguo unaotoka Tanga . . .
The key which comes from Tanga . . .
Funguo zinazotoka Tanga . . .
(same as N class plural)
The keys which come from Tanga . . .
PA-KU-MU
po – ko – mo Mahali panapoitwa Tanga . . .
The place which is called Tanga . . .
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KU
ko Kuimba kunakotoka Tanga . . .
The singing which comes from Tanga . . .
This form of relative clause is called tensed relative because it can
be used with the most important tenses, present -na-, past -li-, and
future -ta- (which becomes -taka-), as well as the negative marker
-si-:
Mwimbaji anayependa kahawa . . .
The singer who likes coffee . . .
Mwimbaji aliyependa kahawa . . .
The singer who liked coffee . . .
Mwimbaji atakayependa kahawa . . .
The singer who will like coffee . . .
Mwimbaji asiyependa kahawa . . .
The singer who doesn’t like coffee . . .
For all other tenses, a different relative clause strategy (the amba-
relative discussed after the next dialogue) has to be used.
Exercise 1
Fill in the appropriate referential concord to complete the
sentences below:
E.g. Mwanafunzi yule aliyefika jana ametoka Marekani.
1 Wanamuziki wali_____toka Bagamoyo wanataka chai.
2 Treni ina_____toka Dodoma imechelewa.
3 Katika lugha ya Kiingereza kuna maneno mengi yana_____toka
lugha za Kiafrika.
4 Chungwa lile nili_____kupa lilinunuliwa na kaka yako.
5 Vitabu vili_____andikwa na mwalimu vimenunuliwa na wana-
funzi.
Exercise 2
Translate this paragraph into Swahili:
The person who came yesterday gave me a book which I will read
tomorrow. This book, which I shall read, is written in Swahili. The
words which are written in this book will help me with learning
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