Mackesy P. The War for America, 1775-1783

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coastal raids, 150-1, 213

plans to crush, 35, 58-60, 94, 97, 110, 112, 114-15, 117, 131-2, 254-5, 404

relinquishment advocated, 158

mentioned, 42, 93, 121, 269, 339

Newfoundland, 3, 28, 212, 279, 326, 436, 461, 474, 478;

France and, 262, 315, 414, 508

New Hampshire, 3, 41;

militia, 132, 134, 140;

masts, 158, 169; 254

New Haven, Conn., 92, 33, 98 n.

New Holland, 373, facing page 536

New Jersey, 3, 84, 92, 127, 90, 91, 93, 97-8, 101, 103, 105, 110-12, 121-5, 137, 150, 254, 338, 346, 422, 490-1;

loyalists, 112, 125, 255;

militia 215, 490

New London, Conn., 81, 270

Newmarket (Suffolk), 360

New Orleans, 226, 185, 232-3, 266, 274, 317-18, 337, 382

Newport, R.I., 3, 81, 218-20, 276, 347-8, 413

New Providence (Bahamas), 226, 332, 476, 490

New Rochelle, 84, 91, 98 n.

New York (State), 3, 41, 84, 92, 127;

loyalists, 36, 42, 122, 135;

in 1777 operations, 135-44;

mentioned, 58

New York (City), 3, 84, 92, 127

civil affairs, 5, 254-6, 342 n., 490, 511

importance of, 35, 42, 97, 408, 466

as naval base, 93, 105, 156, 186, 408, 425

loyalists, 90, 476, 490-1;

waggons built at, 82;

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atmosphere of headquarters, 402

defences, 97, 137, 413, 466, 492

mentioned, 34-5, 69, 80, 98, 150, 212-13

1776:

operations, 82-93, 100, 384;

1777:

in plans, 110-11, 115, 122, 132, 143-4;

operations, 135, 137-9, 144;

1778:

in plans, 185-6, 189, 198 and n., 201-2;

operations, 214-19;

provisions, 216, 223;

mentioned, 225, 231-2, 234, 237;

1779:

in plans, 254, 261;

operations, 268-71, 274-8; 253;

1780:

in plans, 376;

operations, 346-52;

Washington's designs against, 350;

Rodney at, 334, 381, 402, 415;

mentioned, 325-7, 332, 340, 342;

1781: 403, 408-14, 419, 421-2, 424-5, 428-9;

after Yorktown, 433-5, 444, 454, 461, 465 n.;

1782, proposed evacuation, 474-6, 480, 487-8, 492, 494;

final operations, 492-3

New Zealand, 373, facing page 536

Nicaragua, 226, 266, 317-18, 335-7, 372, 382

Lake, 318, 335-6

Nile, battle of the (1798), 196, 217

Ninety-six, S. C., 340, 345, 405, 408

Noailles, Marquis de, 104, 188

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Nore, the, 206, 57, 395

Norfolk, Va., 3, 340, 156, 342

Normandy, 206, 192, 196, 279, 287

North, Lord (later Earl of Guilford),

political support, 7-8, 467, 520

relations with Germain, 52, 57, 107, 153 and n., 160, 251-2, 462-6;

with Rodney, 318, 353-4;

with Carleton, 149. See also George III, Sandwich, Amherst, Robinson, Jenkinson

character and abilities, 20-1, 154, 195, 208-9, 247, 359, 460, 465, 520-1

characteristics as war leader, 20-4, 46, 54, 154, 180, 195, 209, 245-7, 309, 465, 517;

political pre-occupations, 174, 182, 195, 514;

financial pre-occupations, 22, 182, 187, 261, 303, 311, 370, 464,

and cabinet responsibility, 13, 209

appointments and patronage, 21, 174, 181, 245-7, 264-5, 353-4, 420, 434, 452

opposition to rearmament, 105, 110, 170-4

doubts of victory, 38, 105, 153;

wish to resign, 21, 154, 360, 460 ff.

1775:

on need of large land force, 39;

advocates raising new regiments, 40

1776:

Peace Commission, 71

1777:

fears for Burgoyne, 123

1778:

political problems, 147, 153-4, 199

and war plans, 154-5, 182, 187

overture to Franklin, 160

and Carlisle Mission, 159, 187-9

sceptical of invasion, 195-6, 200

and despatch of Byron, 196-7, 199-201

hopes for naval battle, 208;

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vacillations, 208-9;

and declaration of war, 209

and American supplies, 216;

opposes evacuating New York, 221

1779:

windows broken, 242;

and Palliser, 242

and war plans, 251-3, 261, 263

and ministerial appointments, 245-7, 264-5;

demoralisation, 263-6, 302-5

opposes delay in pressing, 284

and Channel operations, 287-9, 296;

and home defence, 290

political difficulties, 301-4;

neglects Irish question, 303-5

and autumn planning, 306, 310-12, 314

and overture to Spain, 315, 372

1780:

response to French plans, 326;

and Channel command, 358-9

rides political crisis, 359-60, 362-3;

and Gordon Riots, 361;

creates Commission of Accounts, 149, 517;

obtains dissolution, 362-3

and Amherst, on army establishments, 370;

and breach with Holland, 379

1781:

on necessity of fighting on, 385;

and Channel operations, 399;

and autumn planning, 440, 449;

and news of Yorktown, 434-5

1782:

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and American policy, 462-5, 468

and Germain's resignation, 462-6

collapse of his Ministry, 436, 460-70;

his resignation, 466-70

1783:

coalition with Fox, 510, 519

dismissal and last years, 520

mentioned, 6, 113, 158, 471

Northamptonshire, 440, 451

Northcastle (Mt Kisco), N.Y., 92, 98 n.

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Northern Department, see Secretaries of State

Northern Powers, see Russia, Sweden, Denmark and Armed Neutrality

North River, see Hudson

North Sea, 191, (206), 382, 393-4;

1781 operations, 394-5, 398-9, 401, 443, 448-9;

1782: 479-81

Norway, 191, 392, 481

Nottingham, 74

Nova Scotia, 3

smuggling through, 37, 158

mentioned, 40, 100, 204, 220-1, 237, 254, 349, 454, 461

British determination to retain, 184-7, 233, 424

See also South Sea

Packet boats, see Communications

Palliser, Adm. Sir Hugh

residence, 54;

background, 241

Lieut.-Gen. of Marines, 74

relations with Sandwich, 74, 242-3, 521

and naval preparations, 167, 168 n., 176

and relief of Quebec, 1775: 57

and plans for 1776: 57-8, 64

1778: 199-200;

and Keppel, 202, 208, 239-42, 331, 359; 424

subsequent career, 242-3, 320, 353-4, 358, 399, 472-3

mentioned, 70, 99, 156, 173, 212, 282, 293, 295

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Pall Mall, 54, 242, 434, 522

Panama, 373, facing page 536

Paris, 191, 4, 159-60, 174, 192, 197, 199, 287-8, 319-20, 374, 377, 385, 400, 434, 473-4

Paris, Peace of (1763), 1, 183, 232, 505-6

Parker, Capt. Sir Hyde, 294

Parker, Adm. Hyde, 9, 313, 329-31, 393-5, 398, 472, 519

Parker, Adm., Sir Peter, 44-5, 63, 100, 229-30, 251, 266, 275, 333 n., 335, 401, 415-16, 421, 423, 429-30, 479, 519-

Parliament

financial controls, 6, 517

reform of, 305, 362, 467

mentioned, 152, 435, 509

House of Commons:

balance of parties, 7-8, 246, 460, 463;

West India interest, 183 n.;

importance of seat in, 9;

constitutional importance, 468-9

Proceedings, 174-5, 241, 369-70, 446, 460, 466, 507, 510;

Lords, 175, 810, 240-1, 283, 302, 360, 374, 510, 521;

Commons, xv, 136, 142, 147, 149, 154, 160, 193, 199, 237-40, 244, 263-4, 353, 354 n., 359-60, 371, 385,

460, 466-7, 484, 492, 506, 510

Parliamentary History, xv, 47, 459

Pasley, Capt. (later Adm. Sir Thomas), 390

Patronage, 5, 7, 8-12, 15, 21, 74, 108, 163, 164, 202, 246-8, 301-2, 321, 331, 421, 472, 517.

See also Army, Navy, Admiralty, East India Company, Marines, Treasury

attack on, see Economical Reform

Patterson, William, quoted, 65

Paulus Hook, N.J., 84, 92, 90, 97, 217, 271, 338

Paymaster-General, 7, 369

Peace Commissioners, see also America advice in 1779 plans, 250, 253-5, 258

Peedee River, S. C., 340, 343

Peekskill, N.Y., 92, 91, 126, 139, 151

Pelham, Henry, 9, 12

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Pembroke, Earl of, 51 n., 521

Peninsular War, 85, 404-5

Pennsylvania

see also Philadelphia 3, 92, 127, 93, 97, 110-11

loyalists, 122, 214, 223, 253, 409

in 1777 plans, 114-15, 117, 122-3, 135, 137, 143;

operations, 127-30, 151, 157

in 1778 plans, 158, 185, 213, 237

in 1780: 346

Penobscot, Maine, 3, 41, 271, 339, 384, 461

Pensacola, Fla., 226, 183, 232, 266, 274, 416

Percy, Lieut.-Gen. Earl, 77, 85, 88

Perth Amboy, N.J., 84, 92, 112, 121, 125

Peterborough, 3rd Earl of, 12

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Philadelphia, Pa., 3, 92, 127;

importance, 35, 221;

seat of Congress, 87, 89, 349;

threat to, 1776, 91-3, 255;

in 1777 plans, 117, 121-5, 143, 144;

operations, 128-30

in 1778 plans, 155-7, 185, 189, 197-8, 245;

operations, 212, 214-16, 220, 225

in 1779 plans, 253

in 1781 plans, 409-10; 422;

operations, 414

mentioned, 109, 111-12

Philippines, 373-4, facing page 536

Phillips, Gen. William, 33, 96, 131, 141 n., 408, 409

Pigot, Adm. Hugh, 472-3, 476, 492 n., 493, 510

Lord, 473

Pigot, Gen. Sir Robert (brother of Hugh), 218

Pirbright (Surrey), 198

Pitt, Thomas, 466-7

Pitt, William (the Elder), 7, 8, 9, 17, 18, 19, 21 and n., 22, 28, 48-50 and n., 54, 55, 75, 113, 119, 142, 153-4, 175,

180, 182-3, 194, 301, 477

Pitt, William (the Younger), 19, 21, 22, 35, 196, 289 n., 337, 480, 506, 516-17, 519, 520, 522

Planning, see British Policy and Grand Strategy, and Secretaries of State

Plate, River, proposed expedition, 44, 374-5, 376, 380, 389

Plymouth, 191, 206; 99, 179, 192, 198-9, 201-2, 210;

invasion threat, 1779, 281, 289-94; 328-9, 396, 397, 400, 420, 433, 445, 449, 473, 477

dockyard, 170, 210, 292-3, 398, 450

Poland, 1

Pompton, N.J., 92, 97-8

Pondicherry, 495, 380, 495

Porten, Sir Stanier, 472