Mackesy P. The War for America, 1775-1783

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1775:

becomes Secretary of State, 18, 46-7;

measures to relieve Quebec, 57, 80

1776:

plans for Canada, 60;

for America, 60, 85, 89

preparations, 61-4, 66, 68-70, 94-5

authorises abandoning Charleston expedition, 64, 86

and Peace Commission, 70-2, 105

and appointment of commanders, 77

expects war with France, 173;

hope of victory in America this year, 104-5

approves Howe's caution, 83, 105

1777:

plans, 110-18, 122-4, 136;

supplies and reinforcements, 118-201;

wish to raise new regiments frustrated, 110;

appointment of Burgoyne, 113;

awaits news, 123-4;

share of responsibility for disaster, 141-3

1778:

supplies, 119

handling of Burgoyne, 152-3, 238;

and of the Howes, 153

death of wife, 153, 283

strategic views after Saratoga, 154-6;

feelers to Franklin, 160;

first orders to Clinton, 156-7, 252

response to French intervention, 187;

revised orders to Clinton, 186, 225

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and naval strategy, 195-200;

and warning to Lord Howe, 198, 215

combats Clinton's pessimism, 221-2

presses for attack on Georgia, 233-4

1779:

windows broken, 242

provokes Howe enquiry, 244, 301

and disposal of Board of Trade, 247, 301-2

and war plans, 250-6, 258, 262, 267-8, 273-5, 278, 350;

orders to Clinton, 254-6, 268-9, 271;

new Peace Commission, 257;

supplies and reinforcements, 260

hopes for south, 267, 271, 276

West Indian strategy for 1780, 273-4, 317, 329, 330, 334-5

on evacuation of Rhode Island, 276

autumn planning, 306, 310, 314-17;

and Spanish negotiations, 310, 314-17, 371;

shipping and supplies for 1780, 310-16;

political distraction, 306

1780:

Spanish negotiations, 372-3;

and Pacific scheme, 315 n, 373;

response to French plans, 324-8;

fears for West Indies, 327-8

rebukes Dalling, 335;

on Nicaraguan failure, 337, (493)

supplies and reinforcements, 327, 339, 346, 367;

on cause of difficulties, 367

his American plan in action, 341-2, 344

on failure to attack Rhode Island, 349

and preparations for 1781, 376

and breach with Holland, 378-9

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1781:

on limited resources, 382;

hopes for southern colonies, 385, 401-3, 405, 409, 433;

and French plans, 391;

and Clinton, 401-3

disappointment at evacuation of Chesapeake, 402-3;

alleged orders on Chesapeake, 411 n.

relies on Rodney to save America, 417-18, 433;

fears for America, 418, 433-4

on Channel operations, 434

and news of Yorktown, 434-5, 460

and autumn planning, 440 and n, 442, 444, 454

and American policy, 460-4, 476

1782:

and Thomas Graves, 452-3;

and West Indian arrangements, 452-3

retirement, 462-8, 520-1;

last years, 519, 521-2

mentioned, 132-3, 136, 158, 293, 302, 404, 422, 430

Germantown, Penn., battle of, 127, 129, 132, 152

German troops

negotiations for, 40, 61-2 and n., 110-11, 117 and n., 392 and n., 487;

political consequences, 72

need of, 61-2, 110-11;

limitation, 65;

numbers, 62 and n., 271, 376, 414

embarcations and shipment, 62, 119, 260, 346, 376, 392, 414, 422, 433

baggage in the field, 78, 121

Hanoverians, 39, 110, 392 n., 438-9, 495, 501

Hessians, 33, 62 and n., 64, 69-70, 85-6, 88, 93, 112, 118, 130, 152, 215 n.

Brunswickers, 62 and n., 64, 69-70, 94, 96, 131, 134, 141 and n.

Waldeck, Hanau, Ansbach-Bayreuth, 62 n.

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Anhalt-Zerbst, 62 n., 149

mentioned, 134, 213 n., 231, 233-4, 274, 404, 426, 518

Germany, 48, 66, 436

Ghazipur, 520

Gibbon, Edward, 4, 6, 38, 265 n., 471

Gibraltar, 191

value of, 192, 381-2

under Southern Department, 17;

garrison, 39

Spanish interest in, 28, 262, 279, 315, 355, 381, 386

1778:

194-7, 199-201, 204, 207, 216

1779:

danger, 249, 280, 288;

blockaded, 307;

measures to relieve, 308-9, 311-13, 514

1780:

relief, 322-3, 325, 329, 438 n.;

influence of effort on strategy, 324-5, 328, 333, 338, 355

in negotiations with Spain, 371, 372 and n.

1781:

second relief, 381, 386, 388-9, 391, 395;

consequences of effort, 381-2, 393, 429;

438, 446

1782:

siege operations, 479, 482-3;

urgency, 482;

third relief, 479-84, 487

in peace negotiations, 372, 482, 489, 506-8

mentioned, 167, 355, 516

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Gladstone, W. E., 22

Glasgow, 373, 374

Gloucester, Duke of, 180

Va., 340, 412, 427, 429

Gneisenau, 518

Gordon Riots, 360-2, 372 n., 460

Gosport (Hants.), 206, 279

Goree, 249, 261, facing page 536

Gower, Earl, 7, 38, 159, 181, 189 n., 198, 247;

resigns, 301-4; 399, 435, 519

Grafton, Duke of, 22, 46, 53, 469, 481 n., 507

Graham, Thomas (Baron Lynedoch), 373

Granby, Marquis of, 48;

friends' hostility to Germain, 51, 53, 521-2.

See also Rutland Connection

Grand Cul de Sac (St Lucia), 226, 231

Grant, Gen. James, of Ballindalloch:

character, 230-1; 112, 125, 229;

St Lucia operations, 231-2; 250, 257-60, 262;

1779 operations, 272-5; 310;

leaves West Indies, 329, 420

Grantham, Baron, 506

Grasse, Adm. le Comte de, 193, 261-2, 387, 389, 390, 392-4, 396;

in 1781 campaign, 413-14, 417-19, 422-4, 428-30, 433;

after Yorktown, 435, 437, 439, 441, 443-4, 448-51, 454, 477, 489-91, 495

Grattan, Henry, 305

Graves, Adm. Samuel, 11, 71, 74, 99-100, 241, 252

Graves, Adm. Thomas, 101, 282;

to America, 325-9, 347-8, 350, 353, 397, 514;

in 1781 campaign, 421-6, 429-30, 434, 442, 456;

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and Ministry, 452, 453 n., 462;

to West Indies, 454;

later career, 519,

Gravesend (Kent), 206, 210

Green Mountains, N.Y. (Vt.), 41, 114, 134

Greene, F.V., 47

Greene, Gen. Nathanael, 93, 98, 128;

and André, 351;

in south, 405-9, 490

Greenland trade, 394

Greenwich Hospital, 243, 282, 353-4, 358, 472, 521

Gregson, Robert, 156 n., 294, 320

Grenada (W.I.), 226, 225, 227, 273, 301, 307, 310, 418

Grenadines, 226, 418

Grenville Group, 8, 38

George, 188

Thomas, 473-4, 518

William Wyndham, Baron, 194, 335, 375 n., 518

Grey, Gen. Sir Charles, 124, 256, 492

Grey, William de (1st Lord Walsingham), 362 n.

Griffin, Adm. Thomas, 241

Grimaldi, 27

Gros Islet Bay (St Lucia), 226, 230, 330

Grosvenor, Thomas, 469

Guadeloupe (W.I.), 226, 331, 333, 456, 458, 507-8

Guatemala, 226, 335

Guichen, Adm. le comte de, 324, 327, 330-3, 352, 388;

in 1781, 395-7, 419, 438, 446, 450-3, 464, 477-8, 484

Guilford, N. C., 340, 405;

battle of, 406

Guines, comte de, 29

Gunfleet, the, 206, 395

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Hague, the, 197, 247, 378

Haiti, 226, 182, 274-5, 333, 336

Haldimand, Gen. Sir Frederick, 148, 221-2, 266-7, 271, 276, 314, 338, 404, 510 n.

Halifax, N.S., 3;

as base, 42, 156;

mentioned, 43, 82-3, 85, 156, 182, 185, 197-8, 201, 212, 218, 221, 231, 255, 259, 276-8, 308, 326, 352, 420,

422, 435, 455, 474, 476

Hampton Roads, Va., 340, 156, 411

Hanoverians, see German troops

Hardwicke, Earl of, 9, 203 and n.

Hardy, Adm. Sir Charles, 281-90, 293-7, 308-9, 353-4, 388, 400

Harland, Adm. Sir Robert, 243 and n., 282, 359, 471

Harlem, 84, 90;

River, 422

Harris, James (later 1st Earl of Malmesbury), 314, 377 n., 383

Harris, James, M.P., 52

Hartford, Conn., 92, 98

Harvey, Gen., 38, 44, 85, 123, 152, 180, 407

Harwich, 206, 478

Haslar Hospital, 177-8

Hastings, Marquess of, see Rawdon

Havana, 226, 202, 275, 324, 328, 333, 416

Haverstraw, N.Y., 92, 97 n.

Havre, le, 206, 281, 287, 320

Hawke, Adm. Lord, 167, 177, 193, 207, 297, 355, 356, 445

Head of Elk, 127, 126

Heister, Gen., 69

Hell's Gate, N.Y., 84, 91

Henry VI, 305

Hertford, Lord, 447

Hessians, see German Troops

Highlands (of New York), 92;

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fortifications, 58, 98;

strategic importance, 97-8, 143-4, 512;

in 1777, 122, 126, 137-9, 143-4, 329;

in 1779, 254, 270; 1780, 350;

1781, 409, 414;

mentioned, 91, 151

Highland troops, 62, 64, 69, 85, 100, 117, 267 See also Regiments

Hillsborough, Earl of, abilities, 303;

becomes Secretary of State for Southern Dept., 18, 246-7, 303;

in office, 371, 374, 440, 442 n., 463;

and Spanish negotiation, 315-16, 372;

and breach with Holland, 379;

and retention of Gibraltar, 372, 382, 508;

mentioned, 21 n., 23 n., 47, 466, 474

Hillsborough, N.C., 340, 345, 406

Hinchingbrooke, 358, 521

Hobkirk's Hill, S.C., 340, 408

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Holland

declining status, 1, 380

transports hired in, 66

evades Treaty obligations, 314;

supplies enemy, 70, 314, 356, 377-9, 394, 398

breach with, 374, 377-9, 394, 460;

consequences, 166, 368, 378-80, 382, 401, 494, 496

intelligence from, 287.