Mackesy P. The War for America, 1775-1783

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for 1780:

winter planning, 306-18;

general trend to Caribbean, 323, 338

West Indies and Spanish Main, 306-18, 323-9, 373, 514

Knox memorandum, 310;

stretched resources, 338

negotiations with Spain and Russia, 310, 314-8

effect of Channel cruise, 311

relief of Gibraltar, 308-9, 311-13

response to French plans, 323-9, 332, 333 n., 514

limitation of effort in America, 307, 309, 338;

hopes of victory in America, 360

breach with Holland, 356, 377-9;

measures against, 379.

See also Holland

for 1781:

strain on resources, 367, 375, 382, 386, 401

Spanish negotiations, 371-3, 377, 381-2, 384

Pacific scheme, 371-3;

cancelled, 379-80

America and West Indies, 375, 382, 393-4

denuding of home waters, 401

Cape expedition, 380

relief of Gibraltar, 381, 389, 391

Russia:

offer of Minorca, 383-4;

Armed Neutrality, 377

grounds for hope of victory:

French finances, 484, 486;

American weakness, 376, 382, 304-5, 422, 433

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response to French intentions, 391-4

reinforcement of India, 391-2

strength maintained in North Sea, 398

for 1782:

winter planning, 436-47:

West Indies, 418n, 439-47;

relief of Minorca, 436-8;

India reinforced, 439, 441-2, 498-9;

America, 443-4, 460-2;

naval interception, 439-43, 446-7, 450-1

Commons resolution on America, 468;

decision to withdraw from America, 474-6;

West Indies, 464, 474, 476-7, 486

home waters, 479-82

Knox's advice, 464

Shelburne's autumn planning, 487-9

final achievements of North Ministry, 498-9

peace negotiations, 372, 482, 489, 505-9. See also American Colonies

conclusion, 512-14

Brittany, 206, 287

Broglie, Comte de, 279

Brooklyn, N.Y., 84, 83, 87-9, 105

Bruce, Col., 402-3

Brueys, Adm., 217

Brunswick Troops, see German Troops Duke of, 141, 213

Brussels, 191, 104, 311, 400, 437, 447

Buckhurst, see Stoneland Lodge

Bull's Bridge, Conn., 92, 98 n.

Bunker Hill, Mass., 81, 4, 27, 30, 38, 46, 71, 80, 83, 87, 93, 99, 112, 232

Burgoyne, Gen. John

character and abilities, 107-9, 136, 515;

tactical views, 77, 133;

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earlier career, 107-8

in Parliament, 9, 10, 136, 142, 149

relations with Germain, 46, 106-7, 109, 113, 153, 238, 402, 522 n.;

with Gage, 108-9;

with George III, q.v.;

with Carleton, 106-7, 109, 135, 142;

with Howe, 108;

with Fox, q.v.

1775:

views, 42, 70-1;

returns in winter, 56, 60

1776:

and plans for year, 58-60;

appointment to Canada and departure, 60, 76, 264;

intended as field commander, 76;

returns to England, 107-9

1777:

appointment to command advance from Canada, 107-9, 113;

his plans, 112, 113-16, 130, 136, 142, 144;

their relation to Howe's operations, 117, 122, 125, 129, 135-9;

his orders, 115-16;

operations, 130-41, 144;

his contribution to the disaster, 142-3

1778-9:

treatment by Ministry, 152-3, 237-9

later career, 471, 520

Burke, Edmund, 7, 246, 248, 305, 362, 471, 517-18

Bushey (Herts), 57, 464

Bussy, Marquis de, 437, 442, 478, 498-500, 505-6

Bute, Earl of, 49

Byng, George, 467

Byng, Adm. the Hon. John, 49, 196, 203 and n., 305, 241, 472

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Byron, Adm. the Hon. John, 9, 198.

1778:

appointment to American command and departure, 198-202, 204-5, 207, 237, 514;

arrival in America, 212, 218-19, 250, 350;

to West Indies, 232, 259.

1779:

West Indian operations, 260-2, 272-3; 310;

return to England, 274, 329

Cabinet

role in war direction, 12-24, 159, 308, 315, 316 n., 371, 485

Cabinet responsibility and its use to protect individual ministers, 13, 172, 200, 205, 209, 259, 283-4, 288, 315,

327, 399, 440, 452, 505, 509

meetings (general), 13, 246, 306, 378, 399, 482

numbers, 12-13, 471, 474, 480, 484

procedure, 12-13, 182, 187, 264, 289, 327, 361, 399

meetings and proceedings (particular), 107, 111, 113, 153 and n., 155, 156, 171-3, 175, 180, 182, 185, 189 n.,

194-202, 211, 252 and n., 259, 261, 264, 284, 288-9, 302-4, 306, 309-11, 314, 317, 326, 327, 356, 361,

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362, 370-1, 372, 374-5, 378-9, 381, 383-4, 392, 396-402, 415-16, 418 n., 437-8, 439 n., 440, 442-4, 449, 451-2,

461-4, 472, 476-7, 480-1, 487, 492, 506-9

not informed on preparation of Carlisle Mission, 159;

nor of overtures to Spain, 315, 316 n., 372

Cadiz, 191, 192, 199, 200, 280, 284, 287, 311, 322, 328-9, 332-4, 355-7, 386, 388-9, 391, 394, 396-7, 437-8, 477,

488 in 1800, 426

Calais, 206, 5, 372, 434

Calcutta, 495, 380

Calne, (Wilts.), 466

Camden, S.C., 340, 342, 345, 408;

Battle of, 343-5, 385, 405

Earl of, 507

Campbell, Lieut.-Col. (later Major-Gen. Sir Archibald):

Georgia expedition, 233-4, 256-7, 267;

in Jamaica, 337, 444, 471, 493-4;

views, 337, 475-6;

later career, 520

Campbell, Brigadier John, 233, 266, 274-5, 416

Canada

consequences of French ejection, 1;

French policy towards, 27, 183, 231, 326, 349, 424, 489

civil affairs, 76-7, 96;

smuggling to New England, 158

British determination to retain, 184, 186, 187, 233

expectations of Canadian help, 46, 58, 59 and n, 77, 85, 106, 130-1, 133-4, 148, 461

mentioned, 220-3, 266, 269, 271, 408, 461, 475, 512

1775:

forces and operations, 45, 56-7, 77, 79

1776:

siege and relief of Quebec, 77, 79-80, 94;

consequences of American invasion, 82, 85, 95;

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plans for campaign, 57-60;

advance to Lakes, 94-6

1777:

command system, 113;

reinforcements, 118;

plans, 109, 112-16;

operations, 130-41.

See also American Colonies, Burgoyne

1778:

reinforcements, 156;

Carleton replaced, 148-9

1779:

plans, 255, 266

1780:

no reinforcements, 314, 338;

fears for, 326

1781:

weaknesses, 368

1782:

404, 474;

in peace negotiations, 505-6

Canary Islands, 487, facing page 536

Cantofer, 315

Cape Cod, 3, 422

Cape Fear, 3, 44, 86;

River, 406

Cape of Good Hope, 17, 262, 373, 375, 498-9, 509;

expedition of 1781, 380, 381, 386-7, 389-90, 442, 494-6, facing page 536

Cape Horn, 318, 373, 487-8, facing page 536

Cape Verde Islands, 390, facing page 536

Carenage (St Lucia), 226, 232

Caribbean, see West Indies, etc.

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Caribs, 52, 227

Carleton, Gen. Sir Guy (later Lord Dorchester), character and abilities, 76-7, 94-5, 106, 148-9, 491-2, 511

relations with Germain, 56, 57, 76-7, 105-9, 113, 147-9, 237, 462;

relations with Amherst, 149;

with Burgoyne, q.v.;

with Shelburne, 148

as Governor, 76-7

on American manners, 34

mentioned, 69, 82, 97, 131

his expectations of Canadian support, see Canada

1775:

separate command in Canada, 40, 76-7;

and American invasion, 57

1776:

defence of Quebec, 77, 79-80;

part in plans for year, 42, 58-60;

offensive, 93-6, 107, 148, 511

1777:

supersession by Burgoyne, 107-8;

and plans, 114-16, 122;

in operations, 134;

on causes of disaster, 142

1778:

resignation, 147-9;

subsequent conduct, 149, 237

1781-2:

appointed to command in America, 462-3, 466, 471;

orders, 474, 476;

ordered to command West Indian offensive, 476-7;

Shelburne's hopes, 487-8;

operations etc., 487, 491-2, 494;

resigns, 492

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Carleton, Major (brother of Sir Guy), 105-6, 148

Carlisle, Earl of

on Peace Mission, 1778-9, 159, 189, 220

advice on American strategy, 1779, 254

obtains Board of Trade, 247-8, 301-2

mentioned, 5, 31, 126, 268, 357, 462, 434-5, 471

Carlisle Mission, see American Colonies

Carlisle Bay (Barbados), 230

Carmarthen, Marquis of, 521-2

Carnatic, 495, 380, 391, 429, 495, 505

Carolinas, 275, 401, 404, 408, 411, 415, 424, 434, 460, 512

Carolina, North, 3, 340

Loyalists, 43, 86, 267, 345, 406

and Charleston expedition of 1776, 43-4, 86

later plans to recover, 158, 269

1779:

operations, 267;

1780:

proposed invasion, 342;

343, 346, 384;

operations, 345;

1781:

Cornwallis's operations, 405-8

Carolina, South, 3, 340;

importance, 233

loyalists, 86, 341-5, 466

expedition of 1776. See Charleston

later plans to recover, 156, 158. See also Southern Colonies

renewed plans against, 266, 269, 271-2

expedition of 1779-80, 277-8; 367;

operations, 1780, 340-5, 376, 385, 460;

civil affairs, 341-4, 349, 512-13

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1781:

plans, 404, 408-9;

American recovery of, 406-8

mentioned, 110, 257, 338, 384