Mackesy P. The War for America, 1775-1783
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Hudson Valley plan assessed, 143-4
1778:
plans, 154-9, 181-2, 184-7;
British strength, 214 and n, 217, 232-4;
operations, (Howe and Clinton) 212-19, (Floridas and Georgia) 232-4
origins of 'Southern' strategy, see Southern Colonies
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Page 540
1779:
plans, 251-9, 261, 275-6;
reinforcements, 251, 255, 259, 269, 271, 278;
strength, 255, 270-1, 275;
reaction to Spanish intervention, 263-6;
force from West Indies miscarries, 272-3;
operations, (Prevost) 267-8, (Clinton) 268-71;
optimism 268;
causes of failure, 278, 341-2, 344
1780:
plans and reinforcements, 307, 309, 338, 344;
strength, 339, 346, 348, 352, 367;
operations, (south) 341-5, (north) 346-52;
optimism at New York, 346;
French arrival and Rhode Island project, 347-50;
American difficulties and Arnold's treason, 349-51;
expedition to Chesapeake, 352;
its withdrawal, 402-3
1781:
reinforcements, plans and strength, 375-6, 382, 401-3, 405-6, 408, 410, 414, 419, 422, 433;
operations, 98 n., 277, (Chesapeake Rhode Island) 382, 411, (Cornwallis) 404-12, (Clinton) 421-7,
(Yorktown) 427-8;
causes, 428-30, 514;
departure of French and British fleets, 454
after Yorktown:
plans and forces, 435, 443, 444, 460-2, 465 n.;
Commons resolution, 468, 492;
decision to withdraw, 474, 476-7;
preparations, 475, 480;
final operations, 492-3
peace negotiations, 220, 474, 489, 492, 505-9
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See also Militias, Continental Troops, New England, Middle Colonies, Southern Colonies, German
Amherst, Baron
in Seven Years War, 40, 60, 78, 114, 180, 255, 370;
character and abilities, 180-1, 371, 379;
as strategist, 23, 308, 310, 327, 346;
at Ordnance, 19, 326
relations with Germain, 53, 54;
with Carleton, 149;
with North, 181;
with George III, q.v.
and military patronage, 10, 181, 321
views on Americans, 30;
refuses command in America, 40, 214
1775:
consulted on southern operations, 43
1776:
approves Christie's appointment as QMG in Canada, 105
1778:
advice on America, 155;
appointment as Commander-in-Chief, 180-1, 291;
and war plans, 185-6;
home defence, 209;
reluctance to proceed against Burgoyne, 238
1779:
and Keppel trial, 243;
and war plans, 254;
and home defence, 287-93;
and autumn planning, 306, 308, 310, 312, 317, 337
1780:
resists sending reinforcements abroad, 310, 317, 327, 346;
suppresses Gordon Riots, 361-2;
clash with Jenkinson on establishments, 369-71;
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and breach with Holland, 379
1781:
wish to withdraw regiments from fleet, 388;
opposes reinforcement of India, 392;
relief for Minorca, 436;
and naval arrangements, 440
1782:
dismissal, 471.
Later career, 519
Amherst, Gen. William, 404
Amsterdam, 191, 104, 197, 378, 447
Anderson, T. S., cited 151
André, Major John, 351
Anne, Queen, 12
Antigua, 226, 80, 174, 231, 274, 419-20, 423, 441-2, 493;
naval base, 225, 228, 455, 505
Anson, Adm. Lord, 11, 12, 193-4, 297, 318
Antilles
see West Indies;
Lesser Antilles, 225
Apalachicola River, 226, 232
Aranda, Count, 507-8
Aranjuez, Convention of, 262
Arbuthnot, Adm. Marriot, 9, 11 n., 260-2, 270-1, 276-8, 280-1, 309, 325, 328, 332, 341-2, 347-9;
Rhode Island project (1780), 350-2; 377-8, 382, 411;
retirement, 397, 401-2, 420-1;
mentioned, 435
relations with Clinton, 276, 341-2, 347-9, 421;
with Sandwich, 341;
with Germain, 11;
with Rodney, 351-2
character, 341
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Argyll, 2nd Duke of, 12
Armada (1588), 263, 286
Armed Neutrality, 168, 377-8, 382
Army, British
see also Germain Troops, Provincials.
See also British Isles, for defence; and under theatres of war for operations
in politics, 10;
patronage, 9-10, 23, 108, 150, 238, 245, 373, 471-2
administration, 15, 23, 517. See also Supplies
training, 15;
tactics, 77-8, 517-18;
baggage, 78
artillery and engineers, administration of, 14 16;
quality of artillery, 77
strength and distribution, 524-5
establishments, 39-40, 290, 368-71, 374;
recruiting, 40, 61, 110, 368-9, 526;
raising of new regiments, 10, 40, 110, 290, 368-71, 373, 439, 526. See also Casualties
strength returns (form of), 66, 110-11, 137, 222, 223, 410
regiments mentioned, see Regiments
Arnold, Benedict, 79-80, 94-6, 98, 135, 137, 144, 468;
treason, 351-2, 385;
in Virginia, 403, 408-9, 411, 435
Asgill, Capt. Charles, 491
Ashburton, Baron, see Dunning
Association movement (1779-80), 305, 360, 362
Asturias, Prince of the, 28
Augusta, Ga., 340, 405, 408
Austria, 1, 27, 160, 506;
mediation, 378, 382, 384
Austrian Succession, War of the, 19, 162, 241
Ayrshire, Scotland, 373
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Page 541
B
Bahamas, 226, 183, 332, 423, 461, 476, 507, 509
Baillie, Col. William, 391, 392, 439, 494
Baltic
as source of naval stores, 168, 169, 377, 379, 394, 398-9
defence of trade, 382, 392, 394-5, 401, 478-82
Bancroft, William, 104, 160, 192
Barbados, 226, 224, 227-8, 230-1, 250, 330-1, 336, 381, 451, 455, 473, 488, 489 n., 493, 505
Barham, see Middleton
Barras, Adm., 413-14, 423-5, 430, 455 n., 457
Barré, Col. Isaac, 374
Barrington, Visct.
on his office, 15;
character, 39 and n., 40, 61, 75;
and Germain, 53, 180;
on appointing a Commander-in-Chief, 180;
on American strategy, 35, 38-40;
opposes Charleston expedition, 44;
and military patronage, 10;
retirement, 248;
mentioned, 85, 358
Barrington, Adm. Samuel, 9, 229-31, 251, 274, 306-7, 329;
disappointed of sinecure, 353-4;
refuses command in Channel, dismissed, 354, 358-9, 363;
later career 359, 472, 478, 498
Barrington, Shute (Bishop of Llandaff; later of Durham), 358
Bases, see Naval Bases
Batavia (East Indies), 499, facing page 536
Bath, 206, 312, 444
Bathurst, Earl, 53, 153, 182, 302-3, 379, 399
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Baum, Col., 134
Bavaria, 33, 62, 161 elector of, 51 n.
Beachy Head (Sussex), 206, 310;
Battle of, 301
Bear Mountain, N.Y., 92, 98, 139 n.
Beaufort, S. C., 340, 268, 278
Beaumarchais, 29
Bedford Group, 7, 18, 38, 153 n., 247, 301-2, 468-9. See also Gower, Thurlow, Rigby, Weymouth
Belgium, 436. See also Flanders
Belle Isle, 191, 442, 478
Bemis Heights, N.Y., 41, 137, 140
Bencoolen (Sumatra), 499, facing page 536
Bengal, 495, 500;
Bay of, 496
Bennington, Battle of, 41, 134-6, 138
Bentham, Jeremy, 6
Berkeley Square, 472
Berkeley, Lieut. George Cranfield, R.N. (later Adm. and Baron), 240 and n.
Berkenhout, Dr John, 31
Bermuda, 100, 228, 347, 420, 461, 476, facing page 536
Bickerton, Adm. Sir Richard, 450-1, 459, 493 n., 494-6, 498-9
Biron, Marshal, 320
Biscay, Bay of, 191, 98, 211, 282, 347, 356, 388, 442, 446
Blackheath (Kent), 289, 436
Blane, Sir Gilbert, 178
Blockade, 173;
of American coast, see American Colonies;
commercial, 377-8, 417.
See also Brest
Bloomsbury, 361, 434;
'Bloomsbury Gang'
see Bedford Group
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Bolton, Duke of, 241
Bombay, 495, 437, 496, 499
Bordeaux, 191, 173, 441, 446-7, 478
Bordentown, N.J., 92, 112
Borneo, 374, facing page 536
Boston, 3, 41, 81;
political importance, 35, 221;
reinforced, 2, 4;
withdrawal ordered, 42;
and delayed, 56;
siege and evacuation, 56, 65, 80, 102;
consequences of delayed withdrawal, 69, 82, 85;
in plans for 1776-7, 58;
proposed offensive towards (1777), 111;
loyalists, 80, 83;
blockade of, 100 and n.;
mentioned, 1, 40, 98 n., 197, 217, 219, 231, 259, 326, 346, 413, 422, 493
Bouillé, Marquis de, 232, 455
Boulogne, 206, 293
Bound Brook, N.J., 92, 124
Braddock, Gen. Edward, 78
Brandywine, Battle of, 127, 128-30, 139, 153
Brede's Hill, 4
Brest, Brest fleet, 191, 206;
in naval strategy, 192;
watch and blockade of, xv, 193-4, 281, 391, 395-6, 440-1, 447, 451, 453, 494, 513, 519;
in 1776: 104;
in 1778: 185, 195-201, 205-8, 210;
in 1779: 249, 251, 261-2, 272, 280-1, 289, 294, 297, 308, 311, 313;
in 1780: 322, 324-5, 328, 332, 334, 356, 381, 388-9;
in 1781: 386-7, 391, 395-6, 400, 437-41, 450-1, 453, 459;
in 1782: 477-8, 498
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Breymann, Col. von, 134, 140
Brimstone Hill (St Kitts), 455-6
Brisbane, Capt., 293
Bristol, 206, 184, 280, 312, 397;
Channel, 398 Earl of, 241, 283
British Isles, Defence of
invasion threats and fears, 174, 180, 182, 190, 192, 194-6, 199-200, 204, 307-8, 324, 327-8, 356, 392, 514
home defence, 172, 174, 181, 196-7, 209-10, 250, 279-93, 392, 449, 477
British Policy and Grand Strategy.
For operational planning, see under separate theatres of war
planning machinery, 14-24, 154-5, 181, 306, 308, 480, 484-5.
See also Secretaries of State, Commander-in-Chief, Admiralty, Germain, George III, Sandwich.
for 1775-7: 2, 37-8, 70, 104-5, 173-5, 178
for 1778:
plans to meet French intervention, 181-6, 225;
need of naval victory, 208;
difficulty of pulling out of America, 212
for 1779: 249-51, 255, 259-66, 278
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