Mackesy P. The War for America, 1775-1783

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Dunkirk, 191, 173, 209

Dunning, John, 360, 476

Dupleix, 437

Dutch East Indies, see East Indies, and separate islands

East India Company

patronage and politics, 8, 164, 168, 389

recruiting, 61;

ship-building, 168

trade, 184, 374

defence of India, 178, 251, 391-2, 450, 494, 499

and Pacific enterprise, 374, 380, 499

and Cape, 442 and n.

East Indies, 374, 499, 509, facing page 536. See also India, Indian Ocean

East River, N.Y., 84, 88, 90, 270, 348

'Economical Reform', 305, 360, 362, 370, 469, 471, 517

Economics

as reason for keeping America, 37-8, 103, 158-9, 461

Navigation Acts, 38, 67, 159

economic warfare, 324. See also Naval Stores

Ireland, 304-5;

Pacific trade, 318.

See also West Indies, East India Company, Finance

Eddystone Rocks, 206, 295

Eden, William

and intelligence, 104, 160, 174

1778:

planning after Saratoga, 154-5, 160;

Carlisle Mission, 155, 159, 188-9, 220-1;

proposes removal of Germain, 155

1779:

place-hunting, 247, 263, 265, 301;

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and American plans, 251, 253, 254

later career, 519

mentioned, 22 n., 46-7, 100, 111, 113, 357

Edinburgh, 191, 6

Egmont, Earl of, 74

Egypt, expedition to (1800), 518

Elbe, River, 62

Elibank, Lord, 389

Eliott, Gen. (later Lord Heathfield), 323, 438 n., 516

Elizabeth I, 264

Elk River (Head of Elk), 127, 126

Elliot, Andrew, 257 n.

Sir Gilbert, (8), 468

Commodore, 355

Ellis, Henry, 4

Welbore, 466, 468

Elsinore (Denmark), 191, 395, 479-82

Empire, Holy Roman, 377

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England, defence of, see British Isles

English Harbour (Antigua), 226, 228

Erskine, James Francis, 392

Esopus (Kingston), N.Y., 41, 40 n.

Essequibo, 226, 456

Essex, 206, 209, 290

Estaing, Adm. le Comte d', 190, 192, 195-8, 200-1, 205, 215-20, 222, 225, 231-2, 237, 273-8, 350;

301, 307, 309-10, 312-13, 317, 250-1, 255, 259, 261;

attacks Savannah, 329, 334, 347, 389-90, 496, 513-14

'Europe' (in diplomacy), 1, 38, 160-2, 386, 506

Eutaw Springs, S.C., battle of, 340, 490

Exchequer, Chancellorship of the, 22, 471

Ewald, Capt., 518

Fairfield, Conn., 33

Falkland Islands, 167, 171, 318, 374, facing page 536

Falmouth (Cornwall), 206, 294, 438

N.H., 41, 71

Farmington, Conn., 98 n.

Ferdinand of Brunswick, 48-9, 53, 62, 180, 213, 522 n.

Ferguson, Major Patrick, 341, 345

Ferrol, 191, 280, 285, 322, 478

Finance, British

organisation, 6-7, 517

pressure on war effort, 2, 38, 170-1, 187, 261 and n., 312, 314, 369-70, 399, 435-6, 460, 464, 477

supposed decisiveness in war, 21-2, 184, 190, 279, 384, 386, 396

Finisterre, Cape, 191, 201, 282, 322, 356-7, 388, 397

Fishkill, N.Y., 92, 97-8

Fitzroy, see Southampton

Flanders, 399

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Florida, 184-7, 214, 221-2, 232-3, 237, 244-5, 276, 508;

Spanish ambitions, 279, 315, 386

Florida, East, 84, 226, 100, 148, 232-4, 267, 275, 419, 461, 490, 508-9

Florida, West, 226, 40, 183, 232-3, 274-5;

capture by Spaniards, 416, 435, 505;

in negotiations with Spain, 317, 372, 507-8

Florida, Straits of, 226, 228

Floridablanca, Count, 279, 315, 316 n., 371-2

Fontenoy, battle of, 47, 435

Forbes, Adm. Sir Charles (in 1940), 282

Foreign policy, see British Policy and Grand Strategy

Foreland, South, 206, 478

Fort Clinton, N.Y., 92, 139 and n., 151

Fort Edward, N.Y., 41, 132-5, 137, 140

Fort George, N.Y., (41), 132-3

Fort Lee, 84, 92, 91-2

Fort Montgomery, 92, 98, 139 and n., 151, 329

Fort Moultrie, S.C., 340, 86

Fort Royal (Martinique), 226, 230, 262, 273, 330, 333, 417-18, 456

Fort San Juan (Nicaragua), 226, 374

Fort Stanwix, N.Y., 41, 135

Fort Washington, N.Y., 84, 92, 33, 88, 91-3, 511

Fort William, governorship of, 108, 238

Fortescue, Sir John William, xiv, 274

Forth, Firth of, 260

'Forty-five Rebellion, 47

Fox, Charles James

in opposition, 7, 8, 23, 53, 305, 362, 451, 467;

and Burgoyne, 108, 152, 237, 242;

and Keppel, 202

becomes Secretary of State, 471;

demands Palliser's removal, 472;

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and peace negotiations, 474;

resignation, 474;

in Coalition with North, 519

mentioned, 14, 510

Fox, Henry, 7

France

foreign policy, 1775-8, 1, 27, 29, 103, 160-1, 166, 183

fears for West Indies, 28, 183

and Canada, q.v.

help for Americans, 70, 104, 127, 173, 386, 412 ff., 422

relations with Americans, 254, 324, 349, 384-5, 387, 414, 428, 505

strategy (general), 104, 194, 199, 231, 262, 390, 494

finances, 103, 105, 184, 384, 386, 506

re-armament and British fears, 171 ff.

intervention in war, 160, 209;

consequences, 144, 159, 166

1778:

strategy, 190-2

1779:

strategy, 279-80

1780:

strategy, 324, 355

1781:

strategy, 372, 386-7, 397, 417, 419;

foreign policy, 372, 505

1782:

strategy, 437, 439, 446, 488, 493;

peace negotiations, 474, 489, 505-9

mentioned,141,147,153

See also Navy, French

Franklin, Benjamin, 29, 36, 51 n., 75, 89, 160, 384, 434, 474

Franklin, Gov. William, 257 n.

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Fraser, Brig. Simon, 140

Frederick the Great, 1, 62

Freehold, see Monmouth

Freeman's Farm (Bemis Heights), N.Y., battles of, 41, 129, 137, 140

French Revolution, 5, 7, 14, 170, 177;

Wars of the, 6, 196, 461, 516-20

Frigates, see Cruisers

Fullarton, William, 373, 380, 390, 500

Gage, Gen. Thomas, 1, 2, 4, 30, 40, 42, 58, 76-7, 99, 108-9, 223

Gainsborough, Thomas, 521

Galloway, Joseph, 251, 253-4

Gambier, Adm., 11, 101, 198, 219 and n., 250, 268

Ganges, River, 437

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Gardiner's Bay, L.I., 81, 93, 348, 351-2

, Island, 276

Garth, Brig., 317, 325, 336, 373, 376, 513

Gates, Gen. Horatio, 127, 129, 135, 137, 139-41, 343-4, 350, 405

Geary, Adm. Francis, 177, 354-60

George II, 48-9

George III

relations with North, 20-4, 27, 154-6, 187, 200, 208-9, 245-8, 263-6, 302-3, 306, 354, 360, 450-1, 463, 465,

468-70, 521

with Germain, 46, 107, 197, 301, 302 n., 462

with Sandwich, 65, 195, 283, 289, 296, 306, 354, 358, 362, 398

with Amherst, 10, 23, 181, 362, 370

with Burgoyne, 107-8, 112-13, 238

with Rodney, 320, 354

with Thurlow, Jenkinson, Robinson, q.v.

on Hillsborough, 303;

on Fox, 362

in politics, 7, 12;

dismisses Grafton, 46;

makes Germain a full Secretary of State, 47

and military administration and patronage, 10, 14, 40, 110, 113, 180-1, 238, 286, 293, 317, 370, 517

constitutional role in war-direction, 23, 148, 289, 305, 379, 399, 469

influence in war-direction, 12, 22-3, 65, 150, 154, 172, 182, 195, 197, 263-6, 284, 289, 295, 306-8, 317, 375,

398-9

determination, and preference for offensive strategy and retention of initiative, 27, 38, 39, 65, 183, 208, 249,

263-6, 284-5, 293, 307-8, 326, 367, 399, 447-8, 513-14

attitude to America and Americans, 33, 38, 150, 184, 460-7, 506

reaction to Bunker Hill, 39

1777:

reluctance to rearm, 110, 171;

resists removal of Carleton, 107;

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relations with Carleton, 149, 462;

approves removal of operations from Carleton's control, 107;

and war plans, 115

1778:

and Burgoyne, 152;

and war plans, 155-6, 182-6;

and terms for America, 184, 187-8, 221, 233;

and despatch of Byron, 195, 199-201;

at Portsmouth, 199-200;

and Channel operations, 207-8;

and declaration of war, 209;

on difficulty of supplying America, 223

1779:

and Keppel affair, 242-3;

and Howes, 244, 246;

opposes concessions to Spain, 249;

and war plans, 251, 253;

rallies Ministry, 263-6;

opposes withdrawal from America, 263, 265-6;

and Channel operations, 284-9, 293, 295-6;

and home defence, 293;

and political crisis, 301-4;

and autumn planning, 306-8;

and diplomatic negotiations, 314-15

1780:

response to French plans, 325;

and Geary's orders, 358;

and dismissal of Barrington, 358-9;

courage in Riots, 361;

and approach to Opposition, 362;

and army establishments question, 370;

and naval preparations for 1781, 375

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1781:

and cession of Minorca, 383;

hope of enemy collapse, 384, 386, 505, 510, 512;

and Channel operations, 399;

and news from America, 434;

on Kempenfelt's action, 447

after Yorktown:

refusal to give up America, 460-7, 506;

and Carleton's appointment, 462-3;

and Germain's retirement, 462-6;

resists North's retirement, 467-70;

and naval operations, 450-1;

on new Ministry, 472-3, 493;

on naval operations, 479, 493;

and peace negotiations, 506, 508, 510, 516

1783:

and new coalition, 510

later reflections, 518

mentioned, 150, 180, 454

George, Lake, N.Y., 41, 60, 114, 132, 137

Georgetown, S.C., 340, 342

Georgia, 84, 226, 340;

connection with Knox, 43-4;

recapture, 225, 232-4, 237, 338, 384, 444;

in 1779 plans, 256-7, 266, 271;

operations, 267-8, 275-8;

1780, 340, 344-5;

1781, rebel recovery, 408

mentioned, 86, 110, 148, 156-9, 339, 401