Mackesy P. The War for America, 1775-1783
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Howe, Gen. Sir William
character and abilities, 75-6, 78, 151-2, 512, 515
in Commons, 9, 75, 149;
political views, 74
relations with Germain, 56, 70, 75, 105, 149-51, 153
on need to arm supply ships, 68
treatment of Americans, 33-4, 87, 511;
relations with loyalists, 83, 152, 157, 253, 511
1775:
views on Boston, 42;
appointment as Commander-in-Chief, 40, 74, 76-7, 264
1776:
asks for reinforcements, 61;
disapproves Charleston expedition, 63-4;
evacuation of Boston, 80, 82-3;
plans 58-60, 75;
as Peace Commissioner, 71, 76;
operations, New York and New Jersey, 82-93;
at Fort Washington, 33;
negotiations with rebels, 87, 89, 97, 150;
caution, 83-5, 88, 93
1777:
his plans, 109-12, 116-18, 121-4, 157;
their relation to Burgoyne's operations, see Burgoyne;
his instructions from home, 117-18;
and supplies and transport, 118;
operations, 127-30;
orders Clinton to abandon Highlands, 144;
resigns, 147, 149-51;
Cabinet accepts resignation, 153, 155;
few letters from, 123, 150
views on attacking southern colonies, 157-8
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1778:
rejects coastal raiding, 151, 213;
winters in Philadelphia, 212-13;
leaves America, 213
aftermath, 1778-9:
53, 237, 244-5, 286, 301
1782:
Lieut.-Gen. of Ordnance, 471;
1793:
serves in England, 520
mentioned, 44-5, 69, 74, 78, 132, 137, 214, 229, 257, 477
Huddy, 490
Hudson River, 3, 41, 84, 92
strategic importance, 42, 58-9, 98, 143-4, 158, 347, 350-1
in Seven Years War, 40;
in 1776:
83, 89-93, 408;
in 1777:
plans, 110, 112, 114-15, 117, 121-4, 143-4, 408;
operations, 126, 131-41;
in 1779:
254, 258, 269-70;
in 1781:
409, 413-14, 422;
mentioned, 69, 97
Hughes, Adm. Sir Edward, 251, 261, 325, 380, 489, 496-500
Humberston, Thomas Mackenzie, 373-4, 380
Hume, David, 6
Huntington Bay, L.I., 92, 348
Hussy, Father, 316 and n., 356, 371-2
Hutchinson, Gov. Thomas, 20, 291 n.
Hyder Ali, 380, 390, 391, 429, 437, 439, 494-7, 505
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I
Illinois, 45, 266
Independence, Declaration of, 6, 87, 104
India, 495, xv, 167, 175, 178, 183, 192, 198-9, 203, 246, 303, 325, 368, 373-4, 424;
France and, 262;
forces, 251, 261
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1779-80: 380, 391
1781: 381, 390;
reinforcements, 391-2; 435-9, 441-2, 446-7, 450-1, 454
1782: 459, 472, 479, 487-9, 498, 505
1781-3:
operations, 494-500
in peace negotiations, 506, 508-9
Indian Ocean, 18, 181, 249, 261, 324, 380, 386, 391, 429, 439, 497, 516
Indians, North American, 35, 58, 59, 85, 95-6, 107, 114-15, 130, 134, 137, 140, 158, 254-5
Mosquito, 266, 275, 335, 337, 493
Indian Wars, 78
Intelligence
organisation, 104, 192, 316 n., 391, 447, 513
secrecy, 185-6, 189, 311-12, 323, 328, 437
intelligence received, etc., 20, 104, 160, 174, 192, 195-7, 201, 208, 251, 261-2, 287, 310-11 and n., 324, 377,
391, 394, 397, 398, 400, 439, 453, 459, 477
See also American Colonies
Invasion, see British Isles
Ireland
Germain in, 47
refuses foreign troops, 61-2;
military establishment, 39, 44, 62, 286, 376;
source of recruits, 179, 368, 371
defence, 195, 398-9, 471
unrest, 196, 246, 286-8, 302-6;
threat to, 286-8
mentioned, 311, 491
Irwin, Gen. Sir John, 46, 286, 471
Isthmus, Central American, 275. See also Nicaragua, Honduras
J
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Jamaica, 226;
importance, 225, 307
disease, 6, 178
defence problem, 182, 225-9, 259, 442
Spanish interest in, 279
1779:
threat to, 249-50, 274-6, 278;
in plans, 266;
operations, 275
1780:
in general plans, 301, 308, 310, 312-14, 373;
reinforcements, 323, 325, 513;
forces and operations, 334-7;
hurricane, 381
1781:
reinforcements, 375-6, 415;
and fall of Pensacola, 416;
Spanish plans to attack, 386, 415;
and Yorktown concentration, 419-20, 423 and n., 425, 429-30, 457 n.
1782:
enemy plans to attack, 437, 439-40, 455-6, 488-9, 490, 493, 505-6;
forces, 439;
measures to defend, 440, 442-4, 448, 450, 452-4, 456-9, 488-90
mentioned, 23, 401, 421, 471, 475-6
James II, 7, 305
James River, Va., 340, 423-4
Jamestown, Va., 340, 425, 428
Jarmac, Comte de, 434
Java, 499, facing page 536
Jena, battle of, 518
Jenkinson, Charles (later 1st Earl of Liverpool)
on America, 37, 158-9
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criticises Germain, 53
relations with King and North, 247-8, 265, 304, 305, 370
as Secretary at War, 367;
clash with Amherst, 369-71;
on duties, 15;
effect of exclusion from Cabinet, 371;
exercise of patronage, 10
refuses Secretaryship of State, 463, 465-6
later career, 519
Jersey (Channel Is.), 206, 260, 287
Jervis, Capt. John (later Earl of St. Vincent), 173, 204, 243 n., 478, 509, 519-20
Johnson, Sir John, 85
Johnstone, Capt. George: dual with Germain, 50;
on Peace Commission, 251;
on Portuguese coast, 315, 356;
overture to Spain, 315, 372
River Plate Expedition, 374, 389;
Cape Expedition, 389-90, 442, 496-7, 499
character and abilities, 389-90
Johnstone, Sir John, see Johnson
Jones, John Paul, 195, 212, 312, 378
Thomas, 253, 511
Junius, 108
K
Kalb, Major-Gen. Baron de, 343
Keith, Adm. Visct, 426
Kemble, Col., 335-6
Kempe, John Tabor, 257 n.
Kempenfelt, Capt. (later R. Adm.) Richard
views, 239, 283, 285, 296-7, 354-5
appointment and character, 282-3
in Channel fleet, 359, 460;
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1781, interception of Guichen, 443, 446-8, 450, 453, 478, 484, 498
on 1782 plans, 449
Kent, 209, 290
Ken Wood, 361
Keppel, Adm. Augustus (later Visct.)
character and connections, 9, 202-3, 206-7, 241, 321, 472-3
relations with Sandwich, 74, 196, 202-3, 205, 208, 210, 239;
views on, 296;
relations with King, 203, 207, 239, 472-3
Middleton's views on, 165, 485-6
views on naval operations, 177, 193, 262
appointment to Channel command, 171
1778 campaign:
advice and fears, 185, 195-6, 200, 203-7, 281;
instructions, 204, 207, 209, 493;
takes command, 178, 199;
operations, 169, 176, 184, 194, 207, 210-11, 285, 295, 309, 331, 355
1779:
court-martial, 12, 99, 239-43, 251, 424, 519;
consequences, 243-6, 282-3, 331;
on Hardy's operations, 281-2
1780:
on Channel operations, 332-3, 381;
on Darby, 359;
pressure on behalf of, 354, 358
1781:
on naval arrangements, 393, 446
1782:
peerage, 472, 520;
becomes First Lord, 471;
and Palliser, 472-3;
and Rodney,
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472-3;
and evacuation of America, 475;
home operations, 480-1;
and Shelburne, 484 n.;
Pacific plan, 487;
peace negotiations, 507, 509;
resigns, 509
Keppel, Gen. William, 202, 209, 243-4
family, 53, 202, 241
Keppelite faction in navy, 243 n., 282, 285, 296-7, 341
Kingsbridge, N.Y., 84, 92, 98
Kings Ferry, N.Y., 92, 97, 270
King's Mountain, N.C., 340, 344-5
Kingston, N.Y., 41, 140-1
Kinsale (Ireland), 191, 212
Knaresborough (Yorks.), 243
Kips Bay, N.Y., 84, 89
Knole (Kent), 47, 54
Knowles, Adm. Sir Charles, 241
Knox, William
interest in southern colonies, 43-4, 157-8, 188
negotiations with Sandwich and Admiralty, 328, 357, 440-2, 447, 452
1779:
memo. on war, 310, 314, 338, 371, 464
1780:
on breach with Holland, 378
1781:
memo. on cession of Minorca, 383
1782:
and Germain's retirement, 464;
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own dismissal, 466, 472;
on Shelburne, 472;
on new Ministry, 474
Knyphausen, Gen. Wilhelm von, 128, 215
Kosciousko, Gen. Thaddeus, 96
L
Labourdonnais, Adm., 494
Lafayette, Marquis de, 5, 104, 128, 326, 333, 410, 414, 433
Lancaster, Chancellor of the Duchy of, 471
Lancaster, Penn., 127, 129
Landguard Fort (Suffolk), 478
Landing craft, 63, 87, 89, 94, 314, 336;
French, 196
Land's End, 206, 479
Langara, Adm., 322, 353, 356, 372 and n., 418
Laughton, Sir Charles, 341
Laurens, Henry, 378, 384
Lauzun, Duc de, 414
Lee, Gen. Charles, 91-2, 107-8, 120, 215;
on Gen. Howe, 151
Lt.-Col. Henry, 271, 406
Leeward Is., 182, 185, 225 ff., 250, 259;
commanders, 444, 471, 473.
For operations etc., see West Indies
Leghorn, 191, 436
Leicester House, 48
Lerwick (Shetland Is.), 392
Leslie, Gen., 352, 402-3, 405
Lestock, Adm. Richard, 241, 331
Levant trade, 194
Leveson-Gower, Capt., 243 n.
Lexington, Mass., 41, 81, 4, 30, 46, 500