Mackesy P. The War for America, 1775-1783

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1780:

preparations, 328, 333;

command, 353-4, 358-9;

operations (Gibraltar), 322-3, (Channel), 356-9;

recall for refits, 376, 388;

autumn cruise, 388

1781:

preparations and force, 388;

relief of Gibraltar, 381, 388-9, 392-3;

consequences, 381-2, 393, 395-400;

Channel operations, 392-400, 420, 437, 439, 441-2;

consequences of the late cruise, 438-40, 459

1782:

plans, 448-9;

command, 472;

preparations, 477;

operations, 478-9, 509

Channel Islands, 287, 294, 310. See also Jersey

Character of the war, 4-5, 102, 170, 344-5, 351, 379, 417, 482, 490-1, 515

Charlemont, 149

Charles I, 29;

Charles II, 395;

Charles III (of Spain), 279, 315

Charleston, S. C.

blockade of, 102

expedition of 1776, 43-5, 56, 61, 63-4, 69, 76, 86, 100, 113, 245

further plans against (1779), 258, 267-8, 271-2, 277

1780:

siege, 340-1, 346-9, 360, 362, 367;

Cornwallis at, 342-3; 345, 350

1781:

reinforcements from England, 376-7;

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and from Chesapeake, 405;

held against Greene, 408

after Yorktown, 424, 435, 454, 461, 466, 490

proposed withdrawal, 474-5, 487, 492, 494

mentioned, 221, 233, 326, 403 n.

Charlottetown, N.C., 340, 345

Chatham (Kent), 206, 118;

defences, 290, 477

Chatham, 1st Earl of, see William Pitt (the Elder)

2nd Earl of, 522 n.

Chepstow (Monmouthshire), 4

Cherbourg, 206, 294;

in Seven Years War, 107

Chesapeake, 3, 127, 340, 86, 100, 129

in 1777:

122-3, 126, 128, 244;

in 1779:

255, 269, 444;

in 1780:

342, 345-6, 352, 402-3, 405, 411;

in 1781:

382, 385, 402-3, 408-10, 412-14, 423-6, 428, 433-5, 442, 448, 452, 454, 455, 477, 496, 519,

Battle of the Chesapeake, 423-4, 434

See also Naval bases

Chester, Penn., 127, 128

Chichester (Sussex), 206, 290

Chile, 373-4, facing page 536

China, 373-4, facing page 536

Choiseul, Duc de, 1, 27, 104

Christie, Col. (later Major-Gen.) G., 95 and n., 105-7, 420

Churchill, Sir Winston, 282

Clausewitz, 76, 140, 514

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Clinton, Gen. Sir Henry

character and abilities, 144, 213, 221-2, 231, 255, 271, 402, 409-10, 515

views on American forces, 31;

on structure of command, 258-9;

on strategy, 269

refuses to countenance assassination of Washington, 33

relations with Germain, 221-2, 244-5, 268-9, 271, 339, 347, 401-3, 410;

with Arbuthnot, q.v.;

with Cornwallis, q.v.

appointment to America, 77, 264

1776:

diverted from Canada, 76;

Charleston expedition, 44, 63-4, 86;

joins Howe, 86;

in New York operations, 89-90;

occupies Rhode Island, 93

1777:

connection with planning, 117, 124, 140;

and command in Canada, 113;

operations, 137-40, 144, 151, 329

1778:

appointment to American command, 77, 153, 213-14;

Cabinet orders, 156-7, 185-6, 187 n.;

operations, 197, 214-15;

at New York, 216-22;

pessimism, 221-2;

detaches to south, 232-4

1779:

orders, 254-6, 267;

and Peace Commission, 256;

wants troops from West Indies, 258;

operations, 268-70, 513;

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depression, 270-1;

prepares attack on South Carolina, 270-1, 278;

responds to threat to Jamaica, 275;

evacuates Rhode Island, 276-8;

wish to resign, 388-9

1780:

plans, 306-7, 309-10, 314;

at Charleston, 340-1;

opposes restoration of civil

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government, 341-2, 490;

returns to New York, 342;

intentions, 346;

reaction to French arrival, 347-51;

refuses troops for West Indies, 415;

Rodney's criticism of, 352;

demand for reinforcement, etc., 349, 368, 376, 401

1781:

Cabinet plans for, 375, 401, 405, 433;

reinforcements, 414;

optimism, 385, 428;

demands refused, 401-2;

and evacuation of Chesapeake, 403, 411 n.;

and Cornwallis's operations, 405, 408, 410, 411;

own intentions, 408-11;

response to enemy movements, 34, 413, 418, 421-3;

reliance on naval superiority, 428;

attempt to rescue Cornwallis, 425-7;

degree of blame for disaster, 428-30;

despatch on capitulation, 434, 435 n.;

permission to return home, 462-3, 466, 471

1782:

final operations and detachment to Jamaica, 490;

Huddy affair, 490-1

later career, 520

mentioned, 9, 56, 103, 212, 216, 223, 225, 229, 261, 266, 326, 367, 420, 512

Clove, the, N.Y., 92, 98 and n.

Clyde, River, 191, 62, 64, 69, 398

Coastal Raiding, see American Colonies

Colchester (Essex), 206, 290

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Collier, Commodore Sir George, 11, 102 n., 268-71, 397

Collingwood, Adm. Lord, 211, 322, 520

Commander-in-Chief (of British Army)

appointment, 10, 14, 180, 517

patronage, 10

in Cabinet, 13, 180-1

exercise of role, 181, 290, 308, 317

See also Amherst

Commerce, see Economics

protection, see Convoys

Commissaries, 82, 213, 216, 223, 402

Communications

despatches, 73, 198, 215-16, 224, 332, 379, 422, 473

packet boats, 73, 198 and n., 215, 224

Comptroller of the Navy, 16, 163-5, 485. See also Palliser, Middleton

Conanicut Island, R.I., 81, 348

Concord, Mass., 81, 2, 30, 78

Congress, 32-3, 55, 58, 74, 87, 93, 110-11, 121, 129, 161, 187, 188-9, 219-20, 237-8, 269, 338, 378, 385, 491

Connecticut, 3, 41, 81, 84, 92, 58, 90-3, 97, 122, 151, 269-70, 413;

militia, 151

Connecticut River, 41, 92, 114-15, 131-5, 254

Continental Troops

necessity of beating, 35-6, 121, 125, 158, 255-6, 268, 404, 407

mentioned, 129, 133, 151, 341, 342-3, 350, 385, 405-6, 427, 489, 511-12

Convoys

British, 62, 66, 68-9, 100, 118-19, 172-4, 179, 204, 207-8, 211-12, 215, 222, 224 n, 225, 228, 260-1, 271-3,

280-1, 283, 286-9, 308-9, 311-13, 322-3, 325, 328-9, 333-4, 336, 339, 346-7, 352, 356-9, 375, 381, 388, 390-3,

395-400, 416-17, 419-20, 423 and n., 429, 437-8, 448, 451, 457-8, 461, 475, 478-83, 490, 493

enemy, 160, 322, 323, 378-9, 388-9, 395, 398, 416-17, 419, 422, 441, 443, 446-7, 451, 455-6, 477-9, 493, 498

Conway, Gen. Henry Seymour, 14, 492 and n., 507

Cook, Capt. James, 178, 373

Coote, Sir Eyre, 489, 494-6, 500

Coppering, see Navy, British, and Navy, French

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Cordoba, Adm., 281, 284, 311, 397, 400, 478-9, 483

Cork, 191, 43-4, 63, 69, 215-16, 223-4, 228, 280, 388-9, 397, 437;

victualling depot, 67, 280, 325, 388, 399

Cornwall, 206, 290-1, 294, 340 n.

Cornwallis, Gen. Earl

character and abilities, 404, 406, 514-15

relations with Germain, 403;

with Clinton, 345-7, 402-5, 408-11

1776:

in Charleston expedition, 44, 64;

in New Jersey, 93, 103, 105;

1777:

and plans, 125;

in operations, 124-9;

1778:

operations, 215; 1779,

embarks for South Carolina, 272, 275-6;

1780:

commands in South Carolina, 342;

operations, 342-5;

decides to invade North Carolina, 344-5

1781:

ministerial expectations of his operations, 375-6, 385, 401, 415, 433;

draws Leslie from Chesapeake, 402-3;

views on southern strategy, 404, 408, 410;

operations, 405-12, 414, 421-2, 424-8, 434-5, 443, 452, 460, 512, 519

later career, 520

mentioned, 9, 34, 121, 257

Cornwallis, William (Capt., later Adm.), 11, 347, 520

Corsicans, 436

Corunna, 191, 279-80, 478

Corruption, 7, 82

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Cowpens, Battle of, 340, 405, 406

Cramahe (Lieut.-Gov. of Quebec), 79, 113 n.

Crillon, Duc de, 482-3

Cromwell, Oliver, 169

Crown Point, N.Y., 41, 2, 57-60, 96, 107, 109, 116

Cruisers

shortage of, 70, 171-4, 190, 195-6, 198, 339, 352, 451

in operations, 91, 99-101, 126, 179, 192-3, 196, 200-1, 216, 218, 228, 230-1, 243, 260, 273, 276, 285, 287, 293,

309, 311, 322-3, 331, 333-4, 348, 391-2, 396-8, 416, 422, 437-8, 446-8, 450, 453, 457, 478

Cuba, 226, 229, 233, 333, 419, 423, 493;

in Seven Years War, 241, 258

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Cuddalore, 495, 496, 499-500;

battle of, 459, 500

Cumberland, Duke of, 47

Cumberland, Richard, 51-2, 55, 320, 356, 522;

mission to Spain, 316 and n., 355, 357, 372, 386, 507 and n.

Dalling, Gen. 6, 266, 275 and n., 276, 334-7, 374, 382, 416, 444, 492 n.

Dalrymple, Sir John, 315 n, 335, 373, 375 n.

Capt. William, 275, 335, 373

Brigadier, 348-9, 376

Damer, George, 404

Danbury, Conn., 92, 151, 256

Darby, Adm. George, 261, 282-3, 295, 415;

character, 359, 400

1780:

appointed to Channel command, 358-9;

cruise, 388

1781:

relief of Gibraltar, 381, 386, 388-9, 391-4, 514;

Channel operations, 394-7, 400, 434, 437, 439-40, 442-3, 459

1782:

removed, 472

Dartmouth, Earl of, 18, 38, 43-4, 47, 59, 71, 101, 153 n., 200, 399

Deane, Silas, 104, 385

Delaware, 409;

Delaware River, 3, 92, 127, 93, 100-1, 109, 111-12, 121-3, 126, 129-30, 137, 197-8, 201, 215-16, 255, 422

Demarara, 226, 456

Denby, Lord, 474

Denmark, 377

Deptford, 170

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Derby, Earls of, 107-8, 522

Derry, Bishop of, 288

Despatches, see Communications

Digby, Adm. Robert, 263, 282, 311, 322-3, 325;

appointed to American command, 397; 418, 421, 425, 429, 433;

after Yorktown, 444, 448, 454, 457, 475, 492-3

Discipline, 9, 241; naval, 10-12.

See also Navy and Army (patronage), Channel fleet, and Sandwich (relations with officers)

Disease, 6, 176-8, 193, 211, 229 and n., 271-2, 280, 282, 284, 294, 333-4, 336, 347, 357, 376, 397, 437-8, 443, 455,

459, 461, 478, 498-500, 526-7

scurvy, 6, 177-8, 193, 357, 397, 438, 443, 500

Dockyards

administration, 16;

pressure on, 69, 95, 102, 167, 169-70, 204, 398;

shipwrights, 63, 167, 169-70, 203-4;

defence of, 292, 398, 477;

efficiency of, 509