MacBain Alexander. Etymological Dictionary of Scottish-Gaelic 2nd Edition

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<iar>, after, Ir. [iar], O.Ir. [iar n-], post: [*e(p)eron; Skr. [aparam],

afterwards; Got. [afar], post; further Gr. @G[o@'/piqen], behind, @G[e@'pí],

to, on, Skr. [ápi], Lit. [ape@?], to, on, Lat. [op]. See [air(c)].

<iar>, <an iar>, <siar>, west, Ir. [iar], [siar], O.Ir. [íar], occidens, [aníar]: a

special use of the prep. [iar] above. See [ear] for force.

<iarbhail>, anger, ferocity; from [air] and [boile]?

<iarbhail>, a consequence, remains of a disease:

<iargainn>, pain, Ir. [iargan], groans of a dying man (O'B.); from [air]

and [gon].

--page 211

<iargail>, the west, evening twilight, Ir. [iargúl], remote district,

[iargcúl] (Con.); from [iar] and [cúl], back: "begind", west.

<iargalta>, churlish, inhospitable, surly, turbulent (M`A.), Ir.

[iarcúlta], churlish, backward.

<iargall>, battle, contest, so Ir., O.Ir. [irgal]: [air]+[gal], the [air] being

[air(a)]. See [gal].

<iarghuil>, sound, noise; see [uirghioll].

<iarla>, an earl, Ir. [iarla], M.Ir. [íarla]; from Norse [jarl], Eng. [earl].

W. has [iarll].

<iarmad>, offspring, remnant, Ir. [iarmat], offspring (O'B.), [iarmart],

consequences of anything, [iarmhar], remnant; root [mar],

remain. See [mar].

<iarmailt>, the firmament, for [*fiarmaint], Ir. [fiormaimeint], M.Ir.

[firmeint], E.Ir. [firmimenti (g.); from Lat. [firmamentum]. Cf.

[Tormailt], Norman.

<iarna>, a hank of yarn, Ir. [íarna], a chain or hank of yarn; from

Eng. [yarn].

<iarnaich>, smooth with an iron; from [iarunn].

<iarogha>, great grandson, O.Ir. [iarmui], abnepotes; from [air] and

[ogha]: "post-nepos".

<iarr>, ask, Ir., E.Ir. [iarraim], I seek, ask, [iarrair], a seeking, [iarair]:

[*iarn-ari-], "after-go", root [(p)ar], [per], go, seek, bring, through,

Gr. @G[pei@nra], experience, Lat. [ex-perior], try, Eng. [experience], etc.

(Stokes). See [aire] further for root.

<iarunn>, iron, Ir. [iarann], M.Ir. [iarund], O.Ir. [iarn], W. [haiarn],

[hearn], Corn. [hoern], O.Br. [hoiarn], Br. [houarn], Gaul. [isarnodori],

ferrei ostii: [*eisarno-]; Got. [eisarn], O.H.G. [isarn], Ger.

[eisen], Eng. [iron] (all borrowed from Celtic according to Brugmann,

Stokes, etc.). Shräder regards the [eis] or [îs] of [eisarno-]

as only a different vowel-scale form of I.E. [ayos], [ayes-], metal,

whence Lat. [aes], Eng. [ore].

<iasachd>, <iasad>, a loan, Ir. [iasachd], E.Ir. [iasacht]:

<iasg>, fish, Ir. [iasg], O.Ir. [íasc], [@oesc], g. [éisc]; [*eisko-], [*peisko-]; Lat.

[piscis], fish; Got. [fisks], Eng. [fish].

++<ibh>, drink, M.G. [ibh] (M`V.), Ir. [ibhim] (Con. [íbhim]), O.Ir. [ibim],

O.W. [iben], bibimus, Cor. [evaf], Br. [eva]: [*ibô], [*pibô]; Lat.

[bibo]; Skr. [pibamî].

<ic>, cure, heal, so Ir.; see [ioc].

<ěc>, an addition, [eke], frame put under a beehive (Carm.); Sc. [eik].

<idir>, at all, Ir. [idir], O.Ir. [itir], [etir]: [*enteri], a locative case of

[enter], the stem of the prep. [eadar], q.v.

<ifrinn>, hell, Ir. [ifrionn], E.Ir. [ifern(d)], O.Ir. [ifurnn]; from Lat.

[infernum], adj. [infernus], Eng. [infernal].

<igh>, tallow (Sh.), fat (H.S.D., which marks it as obsolete), M.Ir.

[íth], g. [itha], Manx [eeh]: root [pi], [pei], Gr. @G[píwn], Skr. [pínas], fat.

--page 212

<igh>, <ě>, a burn, a small stream with green banks (Suth.). This is

the Suth. pronunciation of [ůidh], a ford, etc.

<ilbhinn>, a craggy mountain ("Mar ilbhinn ailbhein craige", Oss.

Ballad); if not mere jingle, it means "many peaked":

[iol]+[bheann].

<ileach>, variegated, Ir. [ile], diversity; see [iol-].

<ěm>, butter, Ir. [im] (g. [íme], Coneys), E.Ir. [imb], W. [ymenyn], Cor.

[amenen], Br. [amann], [amanen]: [*emben-] or [*m@.ben-]; Lat. [unguen],

Eng. [unguent], vb. [unguo], I smear: Ger. [enke], butter; Skr.

[áńjas], a salve, ointment.

<im->, about, also with intensive force, Ir. [im-], O.Ir. [im-], [imm-]; it

is the prefixive form of prep. [mu], q.v. Also [iom-].

[imcheist], anxiety, doubt, O.Ir. [imchesti], contentiones; from [im-]

and [cheist].

<imeachd>, journeying, <imich>, go, Ir. [imtheachd], [imthighim], O.Ir.

[imthecht]; from [im-] and [teachd], [tighinn]: <imich> is for [imthigh],

root [tig] [teig] of [tighinn], q.v.

<imisg>, a sarcasm, scandal: [*im-isc]; for [isc], see [inisg].

<imleag>, navel, Ir. [imleacan], [imlinn], E.Ir. [imbliu], acc. [imblind],

[imlec], [imlecán]: [*embiliôn-], [*embilenko-]; Lat. [umbilîcus]; Gr.

@G[o@'mfalós]; Eng. [navel]; Skr. [na@-/bhi], [nâbhîla]; I.E. [onbhelo-],

[nobhelo-].

<imlich>, lick, Ir. [imlighim], [lighim]; [im-lighim]. "about-lick". With

[lighim] is cognate O.Ir. [lígim], I lick, W. [llyaw], [llyad], licking,

Br. [leat] (do.): [*leigô], [*ligo]; Lat. [lingo]; Gr. @G[leígw]; Eng.

[lick]; Ch.Sl. [lizati] (to lick); Skr. [lihati].

<imnidh>, care, diligence, Ir. [imnídhe], O.Ir. [imned], tribulatio: [*m@.bi-men-eto-],

root [men] of [menmna]. Ascoli analyses the O.Ir. as

[*imb-an-eth], root [an], breathe.

<impidh>, a prayer; see [iompaidh].

<impis], [imis], imminence, <an impis>, about to, almost, M.Ir. [imese

catha], imminence of battle, root [ved] of [tňiseach] (Stokes).

<imreasan>, controversy, Ir. [imreasán], O.Ir. [imbresan], altercatio,

[imbresnaim], I strive, W. [ymryson], contention, dispute: [*imbi-bres-],

root [bres] of M.Ir. [bressa], contentions, battles, Br., Cor.

[bresel] (from [bris], break)? Windisch suggests for Gadelic

[*imm-fres-sennim] (prep. [imm] or [im] and [fris], [frith]), from O.Ir.

[sennim], I drive, [*svem-no-], allied to Eng. [swim].

<imrich>, remove, flit, Ir. [imircim], E.Ir. [immirge], journey, expedition:

[*imbi-reg-], root [reg], go, stretch (as in [rach]). Windisch

suggests [imm-éirge], from [éirigh].

<in-], [ion-], [ionn-], a frefix of like force as Lat. [in-], used especially

before medials, liquids, and [s] ([ionn-] only before [s]), Ir. [in-], [ion-],

[inn-], [ionn-] (before [s]), O.Ir. [in-]; it is the Gadelic prep. [in],

[ind], now [an], [ann], in (q.v.), used as a prefix.

--page 213

<inbhe>, quality, dignity, rank, Ir. [inmhe], patrimony, estate, M.Ir.

[indme], rank: [*ind-med-], prep. [ind] ([ann]) and root [m@-], [med], of

[meas]? Ir. [inme], wealth, better [indme] or [indbe] (St.).

<inbhir>, a confluence of waters, Ir. [innbhear], [inbhear], E.Ir. [indber],

[inbir], [inber], W. [ynfer], influxus: [*eni-bero-s] (Stokes), from [eni]

or modern [an], in, and [bero-], stem of [beir], Lat. [fero]. The

combination is the same as Lat. [infero], Eng. [inference].

<inghean>, a daughter, Ir. [inghean], O.Ir. [ingen], Ogam [inigena]:

[*eni-genâ]; root [gen], beget (see [gin]) and prep. [an]; Lat.

[indigena], native; Gr. @G[e@'ggónc], a grand-daughter. Also

<nighean>, q.v. Lat. [ingenuus]?

<inich>, neat, tidy, lively:

<inid>, Shrove-tide, Ir. [inid], E.Ir. [init], W. [ynyd], Br. [ened]; from

Lat. [initium] ([jejunii], beginning of Lent.

<inisg> a reproach; cf. M.Ir. [indsce], O.Ir. [insce], speech: [*eni-sqiâ],

root [seq], say, as in [sgeul], q.v. Gr. @G[e@'/nispe], Lat. [inseque], say,

are exactly the same as Ir. in root and prefix.

<inn->, <ionn->, (<innt-> before [s]), prep. prefix of like force with [frith], [ri],

against, to Ir. [inn-], [ionn-], O.Ir. [ind-] ([int-] before [s]), [inn-], [in-]:

[*n@.de], Gaul. [ande-]: [*ande], from [n@.dh], Goth. [und], for, until,

O.H.G. [unt-as], until; Skr. [ádhi], up to ([n@.dhi]).

<inndrich>, originate, incite:

<inne>, a bowel, entrail, gutter, sewer, kennel (M`A.), Ir. [inne],

[innighe], M.Ir. [inne], [inde], a bowel, viscer (pl.), E.Ir. [inne],

[inde], O.Ir. [inna], d.pl. [innib], viscus, viscera: prep. [in]+?

Cf. Gr. @G[e@'\vteron], a bowel, Ger. [innere], Skr. [antaram]; also

Dial. Eng. [innards] (for [inwards]).

<inneach>, woof, so Ir., E.Ir. [innech]: [*(p)n@.-niko-], root [pan], thread,

Lat. [pannus], cloth, Gr. [pcnós], woof thread on the bobbin?

See further under [anart]. A compound with [in] or [ind] is

possible: [in-neg-], Lat. [in-necto]?

<inneadh>, want (M`F.):

<inneal>, an instrument, arrangement, Ir. [inneal], arrangement, dress,

E.Ir. [indell], yoke, arrangement; G. <innil>, prepare, ready, Ir.

[inniollaim], arrange, E.Ir. [indlim], get ready: [*ind-el-], root

[pel], join, fold, as in [alt], q.v. Ascoli joins O.Ir. [intle], insidić,

[intledaigim], insidior, and G. <innleachd>, q.v.; but gives no

root.

<innean>, an anvil, Ir. [inneóin], E.Ir. [indeóin], O.Ir. [indéin], W.

[einion] [[[engion]?]], Cor. [ennian], Br. [anneffn]: [*ande-bnis], "on-hit",

from [inn-] and [benô], hit as in [bean], q.v. Osthoff gives

the stem [*endivani-], "on-hit", Zd. [vaniti], hit.

<innear>, dung, M.Ir. [indebar]: [*ind-ebar]; cf. E.Ir. [cann-ebor]

(= [cac], O'Cl.), on the analogy of which Stokes suggests that

--page 214

[ind-] of [indebar] is for [find], white, but G. is against this.

O'Dav. has [find-ebor], dung; so Meyer, but not O'Dav.!

<innil>, prepare, ready; see [inneal].

<innis>, an island, Ir. [inis], O.Ir. [inis], W. [ynys], Cor. [enys], Br. [enez],

pl. [inisi]: [*inissî], from [n@.ss], Lat. [*inssa], [insula], Gr. @G[nc@nsos]

(Dor. @G[na@nasos]). The connection of the Celtic, Lat., and Gr.

is almost certain, though the phonetics are not clear.

Strachan suggests for Celtic [*eni-stî], "in-standing", that is,

"standing or being in the sea".

<innis>, tell, Ir. [innisim], E.Ir. [innisim], [indisim]: [*ind-fiss-], from

[fiss], now [fios], knowledge; root [vid]. Cf. [adfíadim], narro

([*veidô]), [infíadim]. [vet] (St.)?

<innleachd>, device, mechanism, Ir. [inntleachd], device, ingenuity:

[*ind-slig-tu-], root [slig] of [slighe], way? Ascoli joins O.Ir.

[intle], insidić, [intledaigim], insidior, and W. [annel], a gin, Cor.

[antell], ruse, Br. [antell], stretch a snare or bow, and Ir. [innil], a

gin, snare. The O.Ir. [intliucht], intellectus (with [sliucht],

cognitio), is considered by Zimmer to be a grammatical word

from Lat. [intellectus]. Stokes disagrees. Hence <innlich>, aim,

desire.

<innlinn>, provender, forage: "preparation", from [innil], prepare.

<innsgin>, mind, courage (H.S.D. form MSS.), also in A.M`D.'s

song, "[Am breacan uallach]"; [innsgineach], sprightly (Sh.,

O'R.):

<inntěnn>, mind, Ir. [inntinn]: [*ind-seni-]; root [sen] or [senn], as in

Ger. [sinn], sense? Kluge, however, gives [*sentno-] as the

earliest form of the Ger. Possibly it may be a plural from

O.Ir. [inne], sensus, meaning the "senses" originally. The

Gadelic words can scarcely be from a depraved pronunciation

of Lat. [ingenium].

<inntreadh>, <inntreachduinn>, a beginning, entering; from Eng.

[entering].

<iob>, a raw cake, lump of dough (H.S.D. for N.H.); also <uibe>,

q.v.

<ioba>, pl. <iobannan>, tricks, incantations (Arg.); see [ubag].

<iobairt>, an offering, sacrifice, Ir. [íodhbuirt], M.Ir. [édpart], O.Ir.

[edpart], [idpart]: [*aith-od-bart-], root [bert], [ber] of [beir], q.v. Cf.

W. [aberth] (= [ad-bert]), a sacrifice.

<ioblag>, a victimised or despised female, a trollop (Glenmoriston):

<ěog>, pay, remedy, <iocshlaint>, a cure, salve, remedy, Ir. [íocaim],

pay, remedy, <iocshlaint>, a cure, salve, remedy, Ir. [íocaim],

pay, remedy, [íocshláinte], a cure, remedy, E.Ir. [ícaim], heal,

pay, O.Ir. [íccaim], heal, W. [iachäu], to cure, [iach], sound, Cor.

[iach], sanus, Br. [iac'h], healthy, O.Br. [iac]: [*jakko-], sound;

Gr. @G[a@'/kos], a cure; Skr. [yaças], grandeur. The long vowel of

--page 215

the Gadelic forms is puzzling, and these have been referred

to [*isacco-], from [iso-], [eiso-], Gr. @G[i@'aomai], heal, Skr. [ishayati],

refresh.

<iochd>, clemency, humanity, Ir. [iochd], clemency, confidence, M.Ir.

[icht], protection, E.Ir. [icht], progeny, children: [*pektus], root

[pek], [pak], Lat. [pectus], breast, [paciscor], paction; allied to [uchd].

For [iochd], progeny, cf. Norse [átt], family (Rhys). See [aicme].

<ěochdar>, the lower part, bottom, Ir. [íochdar], O.Ir. [íchtar]. It is

formed from [ěos], [ís], down, on the analogy of [uachdar]. See

[ěos].

<iod>, alas! Cf. Eng. [tut]. Also <ud>, oh dear!

<iodhal>, an image, Ir. [íodhal], O.Ir. [ídal]; from Lat. <idolum>, Eng.

<idol>.

<iodhlann>, a cornyard, Ir. [iothlann], granary, O.Ir. [ithla], g. [ithland],

area, W. [ydlan], O.W. [itlann], area: [*(p)itu-landâ], "corn-land";

O.Ir. [ith] (g. [etho]), corn, W., Cor. [yd], Br. [ed], [it]; Skr.

[pitu], nourishment, eating, Zend [pitu], food. For further connections, see

[ith], eat. For [-lann], see [lann].

<iodhnadh>, pangs of child-birth, Ir. [iodhana], pangs, E.Ir. [idu], pl.

[idain]: [*(p)idôn-]; Got. [fitan], travail in birth.

<ěogan>, deceit, fraud:

<ioghar>, <ioghnadh>; see [iongar], [iongnadh].

<iol->, prefix denoting "many", Ir. [iol-], O.Ir. [il], multus: [*elu-], [*pelu-],

many; Got., O.H.G. [filu], Ger. [viel], many; Gr. @G[polús], many;

Skr. [purú]. the root is [pel], [plâ], [plę], as in G. [lŕn], [lěon], Eng.

[full], etc.

<iola>, a fishing station, fishing rock, fishing bank (Heb. and

N.H.); Shet [iela].

<iolach>, a shout, pćan, Ir. [iolach], merriment, O.Ir. [ilach], pćan;

W. [elwch], a shout. [*elukko], root [pel], roar; @G{pelagos]? (St.).

Cf. Ag.S. [ealá], oh, alas.

<iolair>, eagle, Ir. [iolar], M.Ir. [ilur], for [irur], [*eruro-s], W. [eryr], Cor.,

Br. [er]; Got. [ara], O.H.G. [aro], Ger. [aar], Ag.S. [earn]; Lit.

[erélis], Prus. [arelie]; also Gr. @G[o@'/rnis], a bird.

<iolar>, down (Perthshire), also <urlar>: a degraded adverbial form

of [urlar]? Or for [*ior-ar], [*air-air], "on-by"?

<iolla>, view, glance; [gabh iolla ris], just look at it; cf. [ealla].

<iollagach>, frolicsome; see [iullagach].

<iollain>, expert (H.S.D.; Sh., O'R. <iollan>); from [ealaidh].

<iom->, the broad-vowel form of the prefix [im-], q.v.

<ioma>, <iomadh>, many, many a, Ir. [ioma], [iomdha], E.Ir. [immad],

multitudo, O.Ir. [imbed], copia, [immde], multus (*imbde),

[immdugud], exuberantia: [*imbeto-], from the prep. [imbi], [embi],

now [im-], [mu], about (Z.@+[2] 64). Bez. queries if allied to Lat.

--page 216

[pinguis], thick, Gr. @G[pahús], but [@gh], [@ghu] gives in Gadelic a

simple [g] (Ost. [Ind. For.]@+[4]). Also G. <iomad>, many, <iomaididh>,

superabundance, Ir. [iomad], a multitude, much. For [d] cf.

[liuthad].

<iomadan>, concurrence of disasters, a mourning:

<iomagain>, <iomaguin>, anxiety: [*imb-ad-goni-], root [gon] of [iargain]?

<iomain>, a driving (of cattle, etc.), Ir. [iomáin], tossing, driving,

E.Ir. [immáin], a driving ([*embi-agni-]), inf. to [immagim],

circumago; Lit. [amba@-ges], going around, windings; root [âg], [ag],

drive; Lat. [ago], Gr. @G[a@'/gw], etc.

<iomair>, a ridge of land, Ir. [iomaire], E.Ir. [immaire], [imbaire]:

[*embi-ario-], root [ar], plough; see [ar].

<iomair>, need, behove: "serve"; Ir. [timthire], servant, O.Ir.

[timmthirim], I serve. For force, cf. [feum]. The root is [těr],

land?

<iomair>, employ, exercise, play, noun <iomairt>, Ir. [imirt], a game,

E.Ir. [imbert], O.Ir. vb. [imbrim], infero, etc.: for [imb-berim],

root [ber] of [beir], q.v.

<iomall>, a border, limit, Ir. [imiol], E.Ir. [imbel], W. [ymyl]: [*imb-el],

"circuit", root [el], go, Lat. [amb-ulare], walk, which reproduces

both roots. See further under [tadhal]. Hence <iomallach>,

remote.

<iomarbhaidh>, a struggle, Ir. [iomarbhaidh], E.Ir. [immarbág]:

[*imm-ar-bág-]; root [bâg], strive, Norse [bágr], strife, O.H.G.

[bâga], vb. [pâgan]. See [arabhaig]. M`A. gives <iomarbhuědh>,

hesitation, confusion.

<iomarcach>, very numerous, superfluous (Carswell's <imarcach>), Ir.

[iomarcach], M.Ir. [imarcraid], superfluity (also "carrying",

from [immarchor], [cor], place, as in [iomarchur]). M`A. gives

the meaning as "in many distresses, distressed", and the

root as [arc] of [airc].

++<iomarchur>, a rowing, tumbling, straying, Ir. [iomarchur] (O'B),

E.Ir. [immarchor] (= [imm-ar-cor], from [cor] or [cuir], put), carrying,

errand.

<iomchan>, carriage, behaviour:

<iomchar>, carriage, behaviour, Ir. [iomchar], E.Ir. [immchor]; from

[imm-] and [cuir], q.v.

<iomchoire>, blame, a reflection; from [iom-] and [coire].

<iomchorc>, regards, salutation, petition, also G., Ir. <iomchomharc>,

O.Ir. [imchomarc], interrogatio, salutatio: [*imm-com-arc-],

from [arc], ask, W. [archaff], I ask, [erchim], Cor. [arghaf], M.Br.

[archas], will command: [*(p)arkô], ask, root [perk], [prek], [pr@.k];

Lat. [precor], Eng. [pray], [prosco] (= [porcsco]), demand; Ger. [frage],

[forschung], question, inquiry; Lit. [praszýti], beg; Skr. [pracnas],

question.

--page 217

<iomchuidh>, proper, Ir. [iomchubhaidh], M.Ir. [immchubaid]; from

[iom-] and [cubhaidh], q.v.

<ěomhaigh>, an image, Ir. [iomhaigh], M.Ir. [iomáig], [imagin], Cor.

[auain]; from Lat. [imago].

<iomlag>, the navel; see [imleag].

<iomlaid>, and exchange, Ir. [iomlut]; possibly from the G. root [lud],

go (see [dol]).

<iomlan>, whole, E.Ir. [imshlán], quite whole.

<iompaidh>, a turning, conversion, Ir. [iompógh], O.Ir. [impúd],

[impúth], W. [ymod], a turn: [*imb-shouth], O.Ir. [sóim], averto:

[*soviô], root [su], [sou], Lat. [sucula], windlass. It has also been

referred to the root [sup], Lat. [dissipo], Lit. [supů], swing.

<iomradh>, fame, report, Ir. [iomrádh], O.Ir. [immrádud], tractatio,

cogitatio; from [iom-] and [rŕdh], say.

<iomrall>, an error, wandering, Ir. [iomrolladh], [iomrulladh], E.Ir.

[imroll], mistake: [*ambi-air-al], root [al], [el], go, as in [iomall].

<iomram>, <iomramh>, rowing, Ir. [iomramh], [iomrámh] (O'B.), E.Ir.

[immram], vb. [immráim]; from [iom-] and [rŕmh].

<ion>, fit, <ion->, prefix denoting fitness, Ir. [ion-], prefixed to passive

participles, denotes fitness (O'D., who quotes [inleighis], curable,

[inmheasta], believable): a particular use of [in-], in-, which see.

[ion is iomlan], almost perfect (Hend.).

<ion->, negative prefix [an] before [b], [d], [g], Ir. [ion-], O.Ir. [in-]; see [an]

for derivation. The primitive [n@.] before [b], [d], [g]. becomes [in] in

Gadelic.

<ionad>, a place, Ir. [ionad], [ionnad]; the E.Ir. has [inad] only, pointing

to modern [ionadh]:

<iona(dh)>, in <c'iona>, <c'ionadh>, whether: [co] and [ionadh] or [iona],

E.Ir. [inad], place. See above. The Modern Ir. is [ca hionad].

<ionaltair>, a pasturing, pasture; from [in-] and [*altair], a shorter

form of [altrum]. Cf. for form Ir. [ingilim], I pasture, from [in-]

and [gelim], I eat (root [gel], as in G. [goile]). [iomair ionailt],

browsing rig (Carm.).

<ionann>, alike, Ir. [ionnan], O.Ir. [inonn], [innon], [inon]. Possibly for

[*sin-ôn], [*sin-sôn], "this-that"; see [sin], and [sôn] of O.Ir. is for

[*sou-n], [*sou], hoc, Gr. @G[ou@`@n-tos] (for root, see [sa]). Cf. for form

Lat. [idem] = [is-dem], Gr. @G[o@` au@'tós].

<ionbhruich>, broth; see [eanraich].

<ionga>, g. <ingne>, pl. <ěngnean>, <ěnean>, a nail, Ir. [ionga], g. [iongan],

O.Ir. [inga], g. [ingen], W. [ewin], Cor. [euuin], Br. [ivin]: [*engînâ]

(Stokes); Lat. [unguis]; Gr. @G[o@'/nux], g. @G[o@'/nuhos]; Got. [nagljan],

Eng. [nail]; Skr. [nakhá]. Fick gives the I.E. root as [no@gh],

[n@.@gh], with stems [no@ghlo-], [n@.@ghlo-],

--page 218

<iongantach>, wonderful, so Ir. [ingantach]; formed from the noun

[iongnadh], wonder.

<iongar>, <ioghar>, pus: [*in-gor], root [gor] of [guirean], q.v. Dr Cam.

compared Gr. @G[@'/hwr], blood of the gods (Gael, No. 548).

[*ping-aro-], [pi], swell?

<iongnadh>, wonder, so Ir., O.Ir. [ingnád], [ingnáth] (adj. and n.); for

[in-gnáth], "not wont"; see [ion-] (neg. prefix) and [gnŕth].

<ionmhas>, treasure, Ir. [ionmhas], [ionmhus], E.Ir. [indmass]; from

[in-] and [-mass] of [tomhas], measure, q.v. Ascoli connects it

with O.Ir. [indeb], lucrum, M.Ir. [indbas], wealth.

<ionmhuinn>, dear, Ir. [ionmhuin], O.Ir. [inmain]: [*eni-moni], root

[mon], [men], mind, remember, for which see [cuimhne]. See

[muinighin].

<ionn->, prefix of the same force as [fri], [ri]; see [inn-] further.

<ionnairidh>, a watching at night; from [ionn-] and [aire].

<ionnaltoir>, a bath, Ir. [ionnaltóir] (O'R.), bather (Con.); see

[ionnlad].

++<ionnas>, condition, status, <ionnas gu>, insomuch that, so that,

<cionnas>, how, Ir. [ionnus], so that, O.Ir. [indas], status: [*ind-astu-],

"in adstatu", from [ad-sta], root [sta]. Zeuss @+[2]

derives it from [ind] and the abstract termination [-assu] ([-astu-]),

seemingly giving it the idea of "to-ness".

<ionndruinn>, missing: [*ind-reth-in], "wandering"; see [faondra].

<ionnlad>, washing, Ir. [ionnlat], O.Ir. [indlat], Ir. vb. [innuilim], M.Ir.

[indalim]. There is also an E.Ir. [indmat], washing of the

hands. From [*ind-luttto-], [*lutto] from [lu], [lov], bathe, Lat.

[lavo], etc.?

<ionnsaich>, learn, E.Ir. [insaigim], seek out, investigate, noun

[saigid], seeking out, [saigim]: [in-] and [sag], root [sag], seek; Lat.

[sa!-gio], am keen, [sagax], acute; Gr. @G[c@`géomai], lead; Got. [sôkjan],

seek, Eng. [seek]; I.E. [sâg], [sag]. The G. <connsaich> is from

[co-in-saigim], [sagim], say, dispute; Got. [sakan], dispute, Eng.

[forsake], [sake].

<ionnsuidh>, attempt, approach, Ir. [ionnsuigh], E.Ir. [insaigid], a visit;

from [in-] and [saigid], seeking out, visiting. See [ionnsaich].

Hence the prep. [dh'ionnsuidh].

<ionntag>, a nettle; see [deanntag].

<ionntlas>, delight (H.S.D.); from [in-] and [tlŕth]?

<ionntraich>, miss (Dial.); see [ionndruinn].

<ionraic>, righteous, Ir. [ionnruic], O.Ir. [inricc], dignus: [*ind-rucci-]

(Ascoli); possibly [*rucci-] is for [*rog-ki], root [rog], [reg] of

[reacht].

<ioraltan>, harmless tricks: [*air]+[alt].

<ioras>, down; from [air] and [ěos]. Dial. <uireas>.

<iorbhail>, infection, taint: [*air]+[bail], "on-issue".

--page 219

<iorcallach>, a robust man: "Herculean"; from <Iorcall>, Hercules,

a Gaelic word formed from the Latin one.

<iorghuil>, fray, strife, so Ir., O.Ir. [irgal]; from [air] and [gal], q.v.

Also <iorgull>.

<iorrach>, quiet, undisturbed:

<iorram>, a boat song: [*air-rám], "at oar" song. Cf. [iomram] for

phonetics.

++<ěos>, down, Ir. ++<íos>, in phrases <a něos>, from below, <sěos>, to below,

so Ir.; O.Ir. [ís], [íss], infra, W. [is], comp. [isel], sup. [isaf], Br. [is],

[iz], [isel], comp. [iseloch]: [*enso] or [*endso], from [en], now [an], in;

Lat. [i@-mus], lowest, from [*ins-mus], from [in]. Stokes cfs. rather

Skr. [adhás], under (n@.dhas), Eng. [under], giving the prehistoric

form as [*insô]; and there is much in favour of this view for

the meaning's sake, though most philologists are on the side

of [en] or [end], now [an], being root. Lat. [imus] or [infimus] would

then follow the Celtic.

<ěosal>, low, Ir. [iosal], O.Ir. [ísel]: [*endslo-s]; see [ěos] above.

<iosgaid>, hough, poples, Ir. [ioscaid], M.Ir. [iscait], E.Ir. [escait]:

<iosop>, hyssop, Ir. [íosóip]; from Lat. [hyssopum], whence Eng.

<ěotadh>, thirst, Ir. [íota], O.Ir. [ítu], g. [ítad]: [*isottât], root [is], desire,

seek; Gr. [i@'ótcs], wish, [i@`/meros], desire; Ch.Sl. [iskati], seek;

Skr. [ish], seek, Zend. [ish], wish.

<iothlann>, cornyard; see [iodhlann].

<ěre>, progress, state, degree of growth, O.Ir. [hire], [ire] ([íre]), ulterior:

[*(p)ereio-], from [per], through, over; Gr. @G[perai@nos], on the other

side. Stokes makes the proportional comparison of these

forms thus:- [(p)ereios]: @G[perai@nos] = [(p)arei] (now [air]): @G[paraí].

<iriosal>, humble: [*air-ěosal], q.v.

<iris>, hen-roost, basket or shield handle, M.Ir. [iris], pl. [irsi], suspender,

shield handle, stchel strap: [*are-sti-], from [air] and

[sta], stand. See [ros], [seas].

<is>, is, Ir., O.Ir. [is], O.Ir. [iss], O.W. [iss], [is] = Gr. @G[e@'stě]; Lat. [est], is;

Eng. [is], etc.

<is>, and, Ir., E.Ir. [is]; seemingly an idiomatic use of [is], is. Consider

the idiom; "Ně e sin is mise an so" - "He will do it

and I here"; literally: "He will do it, I am here". It is

usually regarded as a curtailment of [agus], and hence spelt

variously as <a's>, <'us>.

<isbean>, a sausage; from Norse [íspen], a sausage of lard and suet

(= [í-spen], from [speni], a teat).

<isean>, a chicken, young of any bird, Ir. [iséan], E. Ir. [essíne], O.Ir.

[isseniu], pullo: [*ex(p)et-nio-]? Root [pet], fly; that is, [*ex-én-],

[én] being [eun], bird,

<isneach>, a rifle gun; from [oisinn], corner? Meyer suggests from

[isean], young of birds, comparing "fowling-piece".

--page 220

<ist!> whist! Eng. [whist!] [hist!] Lat. [st!] Onomatopoetic.

<ite>, a feather, Ir. [iteóg], O.Ir. [ette]: [*ettiâ], [*pet-tiâ], root [pet], fly;

Gr. @G[pétomai], I fly; Lat. [penna], a wing ([*pet-na]), Eng. [pen];

Eng. [feather], Ger. [fittich]; etc. See [eun]. W. [aden], wing, is

near related. <iteachan>, a spool, weaver's bobbin.

<iteodha>, hemlok. Cameron (29) suggests a derivation from <ite>,

the idea being "feather-foliaged".

<ith>, eat, Ir., O.Ir. [ithim]: [*itô], [*pitô], I eat; Ch.Sl. [pi@'tati], feed:

Skr. [pitu], nourishment, Zend [pitu], food; further Gr. @G[pítus],

pine. Also ++<ith>, ++<ioth>, corn, as in [iodhlann], q.v.

<iubhar>, yew, Ir. [iubhar], E.Ir. [ibar], Gaul. <Eburos>; Ger. [eberesche],

service-tree ([*ebarisc]). So Schräder. It does not seem that

Ir. [eó], W. [yw], Br. [ivin], [*ivo-], Eng. [yew], can be allied to

[iubhar]. Hence <iubrach>, a yew wood, stately woman, the

mythic boat of Fergus Mac Ro in the Deirdre story.

[Eboracum]?

<iuchair>, a key, Ir. [eochair], E.Ir. [eochuir], Manx [ogher], W. [egoriad],

key, [egor], [agor], opening: [*ekűri-]; root stem [pecu-], fastening,

whence Lat. [pecu], cattle, Eng. [fee]. Cf. W. [ebill], key, auger.

<iuchair>, the roe, spawn, Ir., M.Ir. [iuchair]: [*jekvuri], Lat. [jecur],

liver?

<iuchar>, the dog-days:

<iugh>, a particular posture in which the dead are placed:

<iůl>, guidance, Ir. [iul]; cf. [eňlas].

<iullag>, a sprightly female, <iullagach>, sprightly:

<iůnais>, want, E.Ir. [inguáis], O.Ir. [ingnais], absence: [*in-gnáth],

from [gnáth], known, custom; see [gnŕth]. Aslo <aonais>.

<iunnrais>, stormy sky:

<iunntas>, wealth:

<iurpais>, fidgeting, wrestling; cf. [farpuis].

++<iursach>, suspensory (Oss. Ballads), applied to the mail-coat.

From [iris]. H.S.D. gives the meaning as "black, dark".

<iuthaidh>, <fiuthaidh>, <iůthaidh>, arrow, gun, etc.:

<iutharn>, hell; for [*ifhern], a side-form of [ifrinn].

<lŕ>, <latha>, day, Ir. [lá], g. [laoi], O.Ir. [lathe], [laithe], [lae], g. [lathi], d.

[lau], [lóu], [ló]: [*lasio-], root [las], shine; Skr. [lásati], shines; Gr.

@G[láw], behold.

<lŕban>, <lŕban>, mire, dirt, Ir. [lábán]; also <lŕib>. Cf. for root

[lŕthach] ([*lŕth-bo-]).

<labanach>, a day-labourer, plebeian, Ir. [labánach] (O'B., etc.; Sh.);

from Lat. [labor]?

--page 221

<labhair>, speak, Ir. [labhraim], E.Ir. [labraim], O.Ir. [labrur], [labrathar],

loquitur, W. [llafar], vocalis, [lleferydd], voice, Corn. [lauar],

sermo, Br. [lavar], Gaul. river [Labarus]: [*labro-], speak; Gr.

@G[lábros], furious, @G[lábreúomai], talk rashly. Bez. prefers the

root of Eng. [flap]. Others have compared Lat. [labrum], lip,

which may be allied to bothe Celtic and Gr. (@G[labreúomai]).

Hence G. and Ir. <labhar>, loud, O.Ir. [labar], eloquens, W.

[llafar], loud, Gr. @G[lábros].

<la-bhallan>, water shrew (Suth.), <la-mhalan> (Forbes):

<lach>, a wild duck, Ir., E.Ir. [lacha]; cf. the Lit. root [lak], fly.

<lachan>, a laugh; from the Sc., Eng. [laugh].

<lachduinn>, dun, grey, tawny, Ir., M.Ir. [lachtna], grey, dun; cf.

Skr. [rakta], coloured, reddened, rańj], dye, whence Eng. [lake],

crimson.

<lŕd>, <lňd>, a load, Ir. [lád]; from the M.Eng. [laden], to lade.

<lad>, a mill lead; from the Eng. [lead], [lade]. For the N.H. meaning

of "puddle", see <lod>.

<ladar>, a ladle; from the Eng. [ladle] by dissimilation of the liquids.

<ladarna>, bold, so Ir., M.Ir. [latrand], robber, W. pl. [lladron],

theives; from Lat. [latro], [latronis], a thief.

<ladhar>, a hoof, fork, so Ir., E.Ir. [ladar], toes, fork, branch:

[*plađro-n], root [pla], extend.

<lag>, a hollow, Ir. [log], a pit, hollow: [*luggo-], root [lu@g], bend; Gr.

@G[lugízw], bend; Lit. [lugnas], pliant. Stokes gives the basis as

[*lonko-], root [lek], [lenk], bend, Lit. [lŕnkas], a curve, [lanka], a

mead, Ch.Sl. [laku@u], bent; but this would give [ŕ] in G.; Ger.

[lücke], gap, blank.

<lag>, weak, Ir. [lag], E.Ir. [lac], M.Ir. [luice] (pl.), W. [llag], sluggish:

[*laggo-s], root [lag]; Lat. [langueo], Eng. [languid]; Gr. @G[laggázw],

slacken, @G[lagarós], thin; Eng. [slack], also [lag], from Celtic. Cf.

@G[lákkos].

<lŕgan>, sowens: [*latag-ko-]? Root [lat], be wet, Gr. @G[latax], drop,

Lat. [latex]. See [lŕthach].

<lagh>, law, Ir. [lagh] (obsolete, says Con.); from the Eng. The

phrase <iar lagh>, set in readiness for shooting (as of a bow) is

hence also.

<laghach>, pretty, Ir. [lághach], [laghach] (Donegal); cf. M.Ir. [lig],

beauty, root [leg], Lat. [lectus], chosen, Eng. [election]? Cf. O.W.

[lin], gratia. Kluge says Eng. [like].

<lŕidir>, strong, Ir., E.Ir. [láidir]:

<laigh>, <luigh>, lie, Ir. [luigh], E.Ir. [laigim], O.Ir. [lige], bed, W. [gwe-ly],

bed (Cor. [gueli], Br. [guele]), Gaul [legasit] (= posuit?): [*logô],

--page 222

[legô], to lie, [*legos], bed, I.E. root [le@gh], lie; Gr. @G[lehos], bed,

@G[léhetai], sleeps (Hes.); Got. [ligan], Ger. [liegan], Eng. [lie], etc.

<laimhrig>, landing place, harbour: from N. [hlađ-hamarr], pier or

loading rock, Shet. [Laamar]. Also [lamraig].

<laimhsich>, handle, Ir. [laimhsighim]: [*lám-ast-ico-], from [*lamas],

handling, from [lŕmh], q.v.

<lainnir>, brightness, polish, E.Ir. [lainderda], glittering, glancing;

also <loinnear>, bright, q.v.

<lainnir>, a falcon (Carm.):

<laipheid>, an instrument for making horn-spoons:

<lŕir>, a mare, Ir., O.Ir. [láir], g. [lárach]: [*lârex]. Stokes suggests

connection with Alban. [pelé], [pe@-lé], mare.

<lairceach>, stout, short-legged, fat, <lairceag>, a short, fat woman:

<lŕirig>, a moor, sloping hill, a pass; cf. M.Ir. [laarg], fork, leg and

thigh, O.Ir. [loarcc], furca. Often in place names:

<laisde>, easy, in good circumstances; cf. Ir. [laisti], a heavy, stupid

person; from [las], loose?

<laisgeanta>, fiery, fierce; from [las], q.v.

<laithilt>, a weighing as with scales, Ir. [laithe], scales: [*platio-], root

[plat], [plet], as in [leathan].

<lamban>, milk curdled by rennet (Dial.); see [slaman].

<lamh>, able, dare, Ir. [lamhaim], E.Ir. [lamaim], O.Ir. [-laimur], audeo,

W. [llafasu], audere, Cor. [lavasy], Br. [lafuaez]: [*plamô], a short-vowel

form of the root of [lŕmh], hand, the idea being "manage

to, dare to"? Stokes says it is probably from [*tlam], dare,

Gr. @G[tólma], daring, Sc. [thole]; see [tlŕth]. Windisch has compared

Lit. [lemiů], [lemti], fix, appoint.

<lŕmh>, hand, Ir. [lámh], O.Ir. [lám], W. [llaw], Cor. [lof], O.Br. [lau];

[*lâmâ], [*plâmâ]; Lat. [palma], Eng. [palm]; Gr. @G[palámc]; Ag.S.

[folm], O.H.G. [folma]. Hence <lŕmhainn>, glove, E.Ir. [lámind].

[lŕmh], axe (Ross), [lŕmhaidh] (Suth.); [lŕmhag], a small hatchet

(Arg.), M.Ir. [laime], axe; O.Slav. [lomifi], break, [*lam], Eng.

lame (St.).

<lamhrag>, a slut, awkward woman, <lamhragan>, awkward handling;

from [lámh]: "underhand".

<lŕn>, full, Ir., O.Ir. [lán], W. [llawn], O.W. [laun], Cor. [leun], [len], Br.

[leun]: [*lâno-], [*plâno-], or [pl@.@--no-] (Brug.), root [pl@.@-], [plâ], [pel];

Skr. [pűrn@.ás], full; further Lat. [plęnus]; Gr. @G[plc/rcs], @G[polús],

many; Eng. [full], etc. See also [iol], [lěon], [lěnn].

<lŕnain>, a married couple, Ir. [lánamhain], E.Ir. [lánamain], O.Ir.

[lánamnas], conjugium: [*lag-no-], root [log], [leg], lie, as in [laigh]?

Stokes divides the word thus: [lán-shamain]. For [samhain],

assembly, see [samhainn].

<lŕnan>, rafter beam, from [lŕnain].

<langa>, a ling; from Norse [langa], Sc. [laing], Eng. [ling].

--page 223

<langadar>, seaware with long leaves (Lewis):

<langaid>, a fetter, fetters (especially for horses), <langar>, Ir. [langfethir]

(O'B.; Lh. has ++[langphetir]), E.Ir. [langfiter] (Corm. Gr.,

"English word this"), W. [llyfethar], M.W. [lawhethyr]; from

Eng. [lang] (long) and [fetter]. The Sc. has [langet], [langelt],

which is the origin of G. [langaid].

<langaid>, the guillemote (Heb.); from Sc. (Shetland) [longie], Dan.

[langivie] (Edmonston).

<langaiseachadh>, pulling a boat along by a rope from the bank:

<langan>, lowing of the deer; from the Sc., Eng. [lowing]?

<langasaid>, a couch, settee; from Sc. [langseat], [lang-settle], "long

seat".

<lan>, a blade, sword, Ir. [lann], also "a scale, scale of a fish, disc"

(Arg., M`A.): [*lag-s-na]? Root [lag], as in E.Ir. [laigen], lance,

W. [llain], blade, Lat. [lanceo], Gr. @G[lóghc], lance-point. Thur.

([Zeit. 28]) suggests [*plad-s-na], "broad thing"; Gr. @G[plaqánc],

Ger. [fladen], flat cake, further G. [leathann], broad, etc. O.Ir.

[lann], squama, is referred by Stokes to [*lamna], allied to Lat.

[lamina], [lamna]; which would produce rather O.Ir. [*lamn],

Modern [lamhan]. Ir. [lann], gridiron, is doubtless allied to

O.Ir. [lann].

<lann>, an inclosure, land, Ir. [lann], E.Ir. [land], W. [llan], O.W. [lann],

area, ecclesia, Br. [lann]: [*landâ]; Teut. [land], Eng. [land].

See [iodhlann].

<lannsa>, a lance, Ir. [lannsa]; from the Eng.

<lanntair>, a lantern, Ir. [laindéar]; from the Eng.

<laoch>, a hero, Ir. [laoch], a soldier, hero, E.Ir. [láech], a hero,

champion: [*laicus], soldier, "non-cleric", E.Ir. [láech], laicus,

W. [lleyg]; all from Lat. [laicus], a layman, non-cleric.

<laogh>, a calf, so Ir., E.Ir. [lóeg], W. [llo], Cor. [loch], Br. [leué], M.Br.

[lue]: [*loigo-s], calf, "jumper", root [leí@g], skip, Got. [laikan],

spring, Lit. [láigyti], skip, Skr. [réjati], skip (see [leum] further).

It is possible to refer it to root [leigh], lick: "the licker".

<laodhan>, pith of wood, heart of a tree, Ir. [laodhan], [laoidhean];

also G. [glaodhan], q.v.

<laoighcionn>, <lao'cionn>, tulchan calf, calf-skin; from [laogh] and

++[cionn], skin, which see under [boicionn]. <crann-laoicionn>,

wooden block covered with calf-skin (Wh.).

<laoidh>, a lay, so Ir., E.Ir. [láed], [láid], O.Ir. [lóid]: [*lűdi-]? Alliance

with Teutonic [liuţ], Eng. [lay], Fr. [lai], Ger. [lied], is possible if

the stem is [lűdi-]; cf. for phonetics [draoidh] and ancient

[drűis], [drűidos], Druid, Gaul. Lat. [druidć] (Stokes).

<laoineach>, handsome; cf. [loinn].

<laoir>, drub lustily (M`A.), <laoireadh>, rolling in the dust (H.S.D.).

Cf. [léir].

--page 224

<laoiscionn>, thin membrane inside of sheep and cattle (Lewis);

N. [lauss-skin], loose skin?

<laoisg>, a group, crowd (disparagingly) (Skye):

<laom>, a crowd, lodge (as corn), Ir. [laomdha], bent, M.Ir. [loem],

crowd, heap:

<laom>, a blaze, Ir. [laom]; from Norse [ljómi], ray, Ag.S. [léoma], Sc.

[leme], to blaze.

<laom>, go to shaw (as potatoes) (Skye):

<laom-chrann>, main beam of a house (Wh.):

<laosboc>, a castrated goat:

<laoran>, a person too fond of the fire-side:

<lapach>, benumbed, faltering; cf. [lath]. [lapanaich], bedraggle

(Perth).

<lŕr>, the ground, Ir., O.Ir. [lár], W. [llawr], O.Cor. [lor], O.Br. [laur],

solum, Br. [leur]: [*lâro-], [*plâro]; Eng. [floor], Ag.S. [flór], Norse

[flór], Ger. [flur]; root [plâ], broad, broaden, Lat. [plânus], Eng.

[plain], etc.

<lŕrach>, a site, Ir. [láithreach], O.Ir. [láthrach]; from [lŕthair], q.v.

<las>, loose, slack, W. [llaes]; from Lat. [laxus], Eng. [lax].

<las>, kindle, <lasair>, flame, so Ir., E.Ir. [lassaim], [lassair], W. [llachar],

gleaming: [*laksar-]; Skr. [lakshati], see, show, O.H.G. [luogęn]

(do.). Also by some referred to [*lapsar-], Gr. @G[lámpw], shine,

Eng. [lamp], Pruss. [lopis], flame. See [losgadh]. Windisch has

compared Skr. [arc], [r@.c], shine. Hence <lasgaire>, a youth,

young "spark"; <lastan>, pride, etc.

<lasgar>, sudden noise:

<lath>, benumb, get benumbed. Cf. W. [llad].

<lŕthach>, mire, clay, Ir., E.Ir. [lathach], coenum, W. [llaid], mire, Br.

[leiz], moist: [*latákâ], [*latjo-], root [lat], be moist; Gr. @G[látax],

@G[látagés], drops; Lat. [latex], liquid.

<lathailt>, a method, a mould (Wh.):

<lŕthair>, presence, Ir. [láthair], O.Ir. [láthar], [lathair]: [*latri-], [*lâtro-],

root [plât], [plâ], broad; Lettic [plât], extend thinly; further in

G. [lŕr] above. Asc. refers it to the root of O.Ir. [láaim], I

send, which is allied to Gr. @G[e@'laúnw], I drive, etc. Hence

<lŕrach>.

<le>, by, with, Ir. [le], O.Ir. [la], rarer [le]: [*let]; from [leth], side.

<lčabag>, a flounder; see [leňb]. Also <leňbag>.

<leabaidh>, a bed, <leabadh>, Ir. [leaba], [leabuidh], E.Ir. [lepaid], [lepad],

g. [leptha]: [*lebboti-], [*leg-buto-] "lying-abode", from root [leg],

@G[leh], lie, as in [laigh]? W. [bedd].

<leabhar>, a book, so Ir., O.Ir. [lebor], W. [llyfr]; from Lat. [liber].

<leabhar>, long, clumsy, M.Ir. [lebur], O.Ir. [lebor], long: [*lebro-],