MacBain Alexander. Etymological Dictionary of Scottish-Gaelic 2nd Edition

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-- MacBain, Alexander

-- An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language

-- Gairm Publications, 1982

-- Published by Garim Publications, 29 Waterloo Street, Glasgow G2 6BZ

-- Tel. 041-221 1971

-- Printed by Clark Constable (1982) Let, Edinburgh

-- ISBN 0 901771 68 6

-- 1st edition - 1896

-- 2nd edition (revised) - 1911

-- Photolitho Reprint of 1911 edition - 1982

-- Lines beginning, like this one, with two hyphens are not part of the

-- original text, but contain added documentation, page numbers, etc.

-- The Latin-1 character set (ISO 8859-1) is used where possible,

-- otherwise the following typographic representation in ASCII are used:-

-- [...] italics

-- <...> bold

-- @G[...] Greek (always italics)

-- @+[...] superscript (Seems to be used only for volume nos in journal refs)

-- / acute on preceding letter

-- \ grave on preceding letter

-- @. dot below preceding letter

-- @- macron(?) (horizontal line) above preceding letter

-- @* ring above preceding letter (always 'u')

-- @u breve(?) (tiny `u'-like mark) above preceding letter

-- @n semi-circle like inverted breve above preceding letter (Greek)

-- @' comma above preceding letter (Greek)

-- @` backward comma above prededing letter (Greek)

-- @g a curly lower case `g', distinct from an ordinary `g'

-- @? other accent (to be inserted later) on preceding letter

-- @oe "diphthong" `oe' character

-- ?? a character which cannot be identified, or appears wrong,

-- or something needing sorted out later

-- ++ dagger mark (indicates obsolete word)

-- Greek alphabet transliteration

-- alpha a nu n

-- beta b xi x

-- gamma g omicron o

-- delta d pi p

-- epsilon e rho r

-- zeta z sigma s

-- eta c tau t

-- theta q upsilon u

-- iota i phi f

-- kappa k chi h

-- lambda l psi y

-- mu m omega w

-- The letter j also occurs in Greek words quoted in the Dictionary.

-- Lines of the text are strictly adhered to, except that words split

-- across successive lines by a hyphen are recombined and inserted

-- on the first line.

-- Punctuation is moved out of quotes where the logic of parsing dictates this,

-- e.g. "sharp bush or tree"; where the book has "sharp bush or tree;".

-- If a word referred to (i.e. an italicised word) has a capital letter

-- purely because it is at the beginning of the sentence, I have changed

-- the capital letter to lower case.

-- Punctuation is corrected in the relatively small number of instances where

-- it is obviously incorrect according to the conventions used elsewhere in

-- the dictionary.

-- Comments added to the original text have put put on separate lines,

-- beginning with three dashes and the initials of the commentator. e.g.

-- ---KPD: More likely to be from ...

-- Initials used:

-- KPD Kevin P. Donnelly

-- Suggestions for future modernisations:

-- - Change "aspirate" to "lenite"

-- - Change "small" to "slender"

-- - Change the likes of "see next word" to an explicit cross-reference.

-- This is needed if the dictionary is going to be updated, or

-- supplementary words merged, or the dictionary stored in a database.

-- (Such instances have been marked with ">>" to facilitate future

-- editing.)

-- - Standardise references, which usually contain a volume number in

-- superscript (@+).

-- - Standardise the following abbreviations:

-- "Cor.", "Corn." for Cornish

-- "Sl.", "Slav." for Slavonic

-- "D.of L.", "D.of Lis." for Dean of Lismore

-- Air a chur air a' choimpiutair le Caoimhín Pádraig Ó Donnaíle

-- Earraid House, Biggar Road, Důn Éideann, EH10 7DX, Alba

-- A' tňiseachadh 1990-03-14; deiseil 1990-10-10

-- --------------------------------------------------------------------------

--page xiii

ABBREVIATIONS

1. LANGUAGE TITLES

Ag.S. Anglo Saxon

Arm. Armenian

Br. Breton

Bulg. Bulgarian

Ch.Sl. Church Slavonic

Cor. Cornish

Corn. Cornish

Dan. Danish

Dial. Dialectic, belonging to a dialect

Du. Dutch

E. Early, as E.Eng.= Early English

Eng. English

Fr. French

G. Gaelic

Gaul. Gaulish

Ger. German

Got. Gothic

H. High, as H.G.= High German

Heb. Dialects of the Hebridees

Hes. Hesychius

I.E. Indo-European

Ir. Irish

Ital. Italian

L. Late, as L.Lat.= Late Latin

Lat. Latin

Lett. Lettic

Lit. Lithuanian

M. Middle, as M.Ir.= Middle Irish

Mod. Modern

N. Norse

N. New, as N.Slav.= New Slavonic

N.H. Dialects of the Northern Highlands

O. Old, as O.Ir.= Old Irish

O.H.G. Old High German

Per. Persian

Pruss. Prussian

Sc. Scottish

Sl. Slavonic

Slav. Slavonic

Slov. Slovenic

Span. Spanish

Sw. Swedish

W. Welsh

Zd. Zend or Old Bactrian

2. BOOKS AND AUTHORITIES

A.M`D Alexander Macdonald's [Gaelic Songs], with vocabulary

Atk. Atkinson's Dictionary to the [Passions and Homilies

from the Leabhar Breac], 1887

Arm.,Arms. Armstrong's [Gaelic Dictionary], 1825

B.of Deer Book of Deer, edited by Stokes in [Goidelica], 1872

Bez.Beit. Bezzenberger's [Beiträge zur Kunde der Idg. Sprachen],

a German periodical still proceeding

C.S. Common Speech, not yet recorded in literature

Celt.Mag The [Celtic Magazine], 13 vols., stopped in 1888

Con. Coneys' [Irish-English Dictionary], 1849

--page xiv

Corm. Cormac's Glossary, published in 1862 and 1868, edited

by Dr Whitely Stokes

D.of L. [The Dean of Lismore's Book], edited in 1862, 1892

Four Mast. Annals of the Four Masters, published in 1848, 1851

Fol. Foley's [English-Irish Dictionary], 1855

Hend. Dr George Henderson, Lecturer in Celtic Languages

and Literature in the University of Glasgow

H.S.D. The Highland Society's [Dictionary of the Gaelic

Language], 1828

Inv.Gael.Soc.Tr Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness, still

proceeding

L.na H. [Lebor na h-uidre], or the Book of the Dun Cow, an

Irish MS of 1100

Lh. Lhuyd's [Archaeologia Brittanica], 1707

Lib.Leinster Book of Leinster, an Irish MS of 1150

M`A. Macalpine's [Gaelic Dictionary], 1832

M`D. Alexander Macdonald's [Gaelick and English Vocabulary],

1741

M`E. M`Eachan's [Faclair], 1862

M`F. M`Farlane's [Focalair] or Gaelic Vocabulary, 1815

M`L. M`Leod and Dewar's [Dictionary of the Gaelic Language],

1831

Nich. Sheriff Nicholson's Gaelic Proverbs

O'Br. O'Brien's [Irish-English Dictionary], 1768 and 1832

O'Cl. O'Clery's Glossary, republished in [Revue Celtique],

Vols. IV, V, date 1643

O'R. O'Reilly's [Irish English Dictionary], 1823

Rev.Celt. [Revue Celtique], a periodical published at Paris, now in

its 17th vol.

R.D. Rob Donn, the Reay Bard; sometimes given as (Suth.)

Rob. Rev. Chas M. Robertson, author of pamphlets on

certain dialects of the Scottish Highlands

S.C.R. The [Scottish Celtic Review], 1 vol., edited by Dr

Cameron, 1885

S.D. [Sean Dana], Ossianic Poems by the Rev Donald Smith

Sh. Shaw's [Gaelic and English Dictionary], 1780

St. Dr Whitley Stokes; see "Authors quoted"

Stew. Vocabulary at the end of Stewart's Gaelic Collection

Wh. John Whyte, Inverness; sometimes entered as (Arg.)

Zeit. Kuhn's [Zeitschrift f. vergl. Sprachforschung], a German

periodical still proceeding

An asterisk (*) denotes always a hypothetical word; the sign (++) denotes

that the word is obsolete. The numeral above the line denotes the number

of the edition or the number of the volume.

--page 1

<a>, vocative particle, Ir. [a], O.Ir. [á],[a]; W., Corn., Br. [a]; Lat. [o];

Gr. @G[w@]?

<a>, his, her, Ir., [a], O.Ir. [á], [ái] (accented), W. [ei], Br. [e], Celtic [esjo],

[esjâs]; Skr. gen. [asyá], [asyâs]. The gen. pl. is <an>, their, O.Ir.

[a n-], Celtic [esjon] (Stokes gives [esan]=Skr. gem. gen. pl. [âsâm]).

<a>, who, that (rel. pron.). In G. this is merely the verbal particle

[do] of past time, used also to explain the aspiration of the

future rel. sentence. Oblique cases are done by [an], [am] (for [san],

[sam], O.Ir. [san], [sam]), the neut. of art. used as rel. (cf. Eng.

[that]). The rel. locative is sometimes done by the prep. [an],

[am]: "An coire am bi na caoraich" (1776 Collection, p112).

<a>, out of, ex: see <as>.

<a>, from, in the advergs <a nall>, <a něos>, <a nuas>, <a null>; Ir., O.Ir.

[an-], as [anuas], etc.; Celtic [a(p)ona], a derivative from I.E.

[apo], whence Lat. [ab], Gr. @G[a@'pó]; Ger. [von], from, is the exact

equivalent of the Celtic. The <a> before [sěos] and [suas] is due

to analogy with [a něos], [a nuas].

<a>, in to, as in <a bhŕn>, <a bhos>, <a nis>, <a stigh>, <a steach>, is the

prep. <an>, in, into, q.v.

<a>, as in <a rěs>, &c., and before verbs, is the prep. <do>, q.v.

<a'>, the, at; see [an], the, and [ag], at.

<ab>, or <ab ab>, fie! The Ir. [ab ab], M.Ir. [abb] is an interjection of

defiance, [obo], of wonder; cf. Lat. [babć], Gr. @G[babaí]. Hence

doubtless M`A.'s [abab], dirt.

<aba>, abbot, Ir. [ab], O.Ir. [abb], W. [abad]; from Lat. [abbas], [abbatis],

whence also Eng. [abbot]. Hence [abaid], abbey. M.Ir.

[apdaine], abbacy, in M.G. "abbey lands", whence placenames

Appin, older Abbathania (1310), Abthein (1220), "abbey lands".

--page 2

<abadh>, syllable, utterance; E.Ir. [apad], proclamation: [ad-ba-],

Celtic [ba], speak; Lat. [fatur], [fama], Eng. fame.

<abaich>, ripe, Ir. [abaidh], M.Ir. [abaid], E.Ir. [apaig], [*ad-bagi],

O.Ir. [apchugud], autumnatio; [*ad-bog-], Celtic root [bug], as in

[bog], q.v.; [ad-bach], root of Eng. [bake]; Gr. @G[fw/gw]. The W.

[addfed] is from a root [met].

<abaideal>, colic (M`A.):

<abair>, say, so Ir., O.Ir. [epiur], Celtic [ád-berô]; Lat. [re-fero];

see root in [beir].

<abaisd>, a brat, trifling, impudent person:

<abalt>, expert (M`A.); from Sc. [apert]? See [aparr].

<abar>, confluence; only in Pictish place names: O.Gaelic (B.of

Deer) [abbor]; W. [aber], O.W. [aper], Celtic [ad-bero-], root [ber];

see [beir]. Modern Gaelic pronounces it <obair> (so in 17th

cent.), which agrees with the O.W. [oper]; this suggests

[od-bero-], "out flow", as against the "to flow" of [ad-bero-].

The [od] is for [ud], allied to Eng. [out]. Aporicum: [*ati-boro-n]

(Holden).

<abarach>, bold; see [abair] above.

<abardair>, dictionary (Shaw); from [abair], q.v.

<abartach>, talkative, bold; from [abair] q.v.

<ŕbh>, hand net; from Norse [háfr], pock-net. Also <tŕbh>, q.v.

Spelt less correctly <ŕmh> and <ŕbhadh>.

<abh>, bark of dog; an onomatopaetic word.

<abhainn>, river, Ir. [abhann] (gen. [abhann], now [aibhne]), O.Ir. [abann],

W. [afon], Br. [auon], Gallo-Brit. [Abona]; Lat. [amnis] ([*ab-nis]).

Root [abh]; Sk. [ambhas], water; Gr. @G[a@'fros] (@G[o@'/mbros], imber)

(Zim. Neu., 270).

<ŕbhacas>, sport, irony; see the following word.>>

<ŕbhachd>, humour, sport, Ir. [adhbhachd]:

<abhag>, terrier, Ir. [abhach]; from [abh], q.v. Cf. E.Ir. [abacc],

dwarf; W. [afanc].

<abhagas>, rumour, false suspicion:

<ŕbhaist>, custom, Manx [oaysh], Ir. [abhest] (O'R.), [abaise] (O'B.),

[ad-beus]? M.Ir. [ábaisi] (pl.). See [beus], custom. Ascoli

compares the O.Ir. [-abais] of [duabais], teter, and [suabais],

suavis. Meyer suggests from N. [avist], abode : unlikely.

<abhall>, an orchard, apple-tree, M.Ir. [aball], apple-tree. See [ubhal].

<abharr>, silly jest (M`A.):

<abharsair>, Satan, Ir. [aidhbherseóir], E.Ir. [adbirseoir]; from Lat.

[adversarius] (Eng. [adversary]). Also <aibhistear>.

<abhcaid>, a jest; [ŕbhachd].

<abhlan>, wafer, so Ir., O.Ir. [obla], g. [oblann]; from Lat. [oblationem],

an oblation.

--page 3

<abhra>, eyelid; see [fabhra].

<abhras>, spinning, produce of distaff, Ir., M.Ir. [abhras], O.Ir.

[abras], gestus, E.Ir. [abras], handiwork, spinning, [abairsech],

needlewoman. Corm. (B) [abras], who derives it from L.Lat.

[abra], ancilla.

<abhsadh>, the slackening of a sail, hoisting sail (N.H.); from

Norse [hálsa], clew up sail, from [hâls], neck, allied to Lat.

[collum]. Eng. [hawser] is also hence. Also <allsadh>.

<abhsporag>, a cow's stomach, tripe (H.S.D.), <allsporag>, cow's

throttle (M`A.); borrowed evidently from a Scandinavian

compound of [háls], neck. Cf. [abhsadh] above.

<ablach>, a mangled carcase, Ir. [ablach], carcase: [*ád-bal-ac-], from

root [bal], [bel], die, I.E. [gel], whence Eng, [quell]. Irish has

[abailt], death, O.Ir. [epeltu], [atbail], perit, from the same root

and prefix; the first of them appears in our Gaelic dictionaries

through Shaw. From Gaelic comes Scotch [ablach].

<ŕbran>, <abran> (M`A. and H.S.D.), an oar-patch on a boat's gunwale;

see [aparan].

<Abraon>, April, so Ir.; founded on Lat. [Aprilis] (Eng. [April]).

The form is due to folk-etymology, which relates it to [braon].

<abstol>, apostle, Ir. [absdal], O.Ir. [apstal], W. [apostol]; from Lat.

[apostolus], whence Eng. [apostle].

<acaid>, a pain, stitch; [*ád-conti-]; see [urchoid].

<acain>, sigh, complaint, E.Ir. [accáine], W. [achwyn]; [ád+caoin]; see

[caoin], weep.

<acair>, anchor, Ir. [ancaire], O.Ir. [ingor]; from N. [akkeri]:

<acairsaid>, anchorage, from N. [akkarsaeti], "anchor-seat".

From Lat. [ancora], whence Eng. [anchor].

<acair>, acre, Ir. [acra]; from Eng. [acre]; Lat. [ager].

<acarach>, gentle; Ir. [acarach], obliging, convenient, which shades

off into [acartha], profit; W. [achar], affectionate; [ád-car-]; see

[cŕr], friendly. M`A. has <acarra>, moderate in price, indulgence,

which belongs to <acartha>.

<acaran>, lumber.

<acartha>, profit, so Ir.; see [ocar], interest.

<acastair>, axle-tree; borrowed word from Sc. [ax-tree] of like meaning

- Eng. [axle], &c.

<ach>, but, Ir. [achd], O.G. (B.of Deer) [act], O.Ir. [act], [acht], [*ekstos],

possibly, from [eks]=[ex]; cf. Gr. @G[e@'któs], without. For the

change of vowel, cf. [as], from [eks]. The Welsh for "but" is

[eithr], from [ekster]; Lat. [exter-].

<ach>, interjection of objection and impatience; founded on above

with leaning upon [och], q.v.>>

<achadh>, a field, so Ir., O.G. [achad], O.Ir. [ached] (locative?)

campu lus (Adamnan), [*acoto-]; Lat. [acies], [acnua], field.

--page 4

<achain>, prayer; dialect for [achuinge], q.v.

<acharradh>, dwarf, sprite.

<achd>, statute, so Ir., M.Ir. [acht]; from Lat. [actum], Eng. [act].

<achd>, manner, condition, Ir., [achd]; same as above>>. There may be

a native [aktu-] ([*ag-tu], [*pag-tu]?) underlying some meanings

of the word, especially in Irish.

<achdarr>, <achdartha>, methodical, expert (H.S.D.):

<achlaid>, chase, pursuit, so Ir., M.Ir. [acclaid], fishing, E.Ir. [atclaid],

fishes, hunts, pursues: [ad-claidim]; see [claoidh].

<achlais>, arm-pit, Ir. [ascall], M.Ir. [ochsal], W. [cesail]. The

divergence from regular philologic equivalence here proves

borrowing - from the Lat. [axilla]; Norse [öxl], Ger. [achsel],

Sc. [oxter].

<achlan>, lamentation (M`L.); for [och-lan]? from [och].

<achmhasan>, a rebuke, Ir. [achmhusán], E.Ir. [athchomsán]; cf. [aithis]

for root.

<achuinge>, supplication; also <athchuinge>, so Ir., E.Ir. [athchuingid];

[ath+cuinge]; O.Ir. [cuintgim], peto, [con-tek-]; Eng. [thig]. See

[atach].

<acras>, hunger, Ir. [ocrus], E.Ir. [accorus], [occorus]: [*ad-co-restu-],

possibly the root [pres] of Lat. [premo]: [*careo] (F@+[4]. 422).

<acuinn>, <acfhuinn>, apparatus, accoutrements, Ir. [acfuinn], E.Ir.

[accmaing], means, apparatus: [ad-cumang], O.Ir. [cumang],

potentia; see further under [cumhachd].

<ad>, hat, M.Ir. [at], W. [het]; from Eng. [hat], N. [hattr].

<ad->, <adh->, inseparable prefix, in force and origin the same as Lat.

[ad]. It is to be separated, though with difficulty, from the

[ad-] arising from [aith-] or [ath-], q.v.

<adag>, shock of corn, Ir. [adag]; cf. Sc. [hat], [hot], [hut], "to put up

grain in the field, a small stack built in the field"; M.E.

[hutte], heap.

<adag>, a haddock; from the English.

<adamant>, adamant, so Ir.; from the English.

<adha>, <ae>, liver, Ir. [aeghe], g. [ae], O.Ir. [óa], [ae], W. [afu], Br. [avu],

root [av]. Cf. [adha] for [ae], [cadha] for [cae].

<adhan>, proverb (M`A.); rather <aghan>, root [agh], Lat. [ajo], [adagio],

adage; Skr. [ah], say.

<adhal>, flesh hook (Sh.), so Ir., O.Ir. [áel], tridens: [*pavelo-], Lat.

[pavire]? But cf. Eng. [awl], M.E. and Ag.S. [awel], awl, flesh-hook.

<adhaltrach>, adulterous, Ir. [adhaltranach], E.Ir. [adaltrach]; from

Lat. [adulter], whence Eng. [adulterous].

<adharc>, horn, so Ir., O.Ir. [adarc: [ad-arc]; root [arq], defend, as in

[teasairg], q.v.; Lat. [areceo], &c.

--page 5

<adharcan>, lapwing, "horned bird"; from [adharc]; Dial. <dhaoireagan>.

Ir. [adaircín] (P.O'C).

<adhart>, pillow, so Ir., E.Ir. [adart]: [ad-art]; [art], stone? See

[airtein].

<adhart>, <aghart>, "progress" (Dict.). This is a ghost-word, made

from the adverbial phrase [air adhart], which in M.Ir. is

[araird], forward, bring forward; in O.Ir. [arairt], prorsum.

Hence it is [air+ŕrd], q.v.

<adhastar>, halter, Manx [eistyr], Ir. [aghastor], M.Ir. [adastar]; cf. W.

[eddestl], steed.

<adhbhal>, vast, awful, so Ir., O.Ir. [adbul]: [*ad-bol-]; I.E. root

[bhel], swell, as in Eng. [bloom], etc. Zimmer compares it with

Skr. [bala], strength. Stokes and Osthoff give root [bel], [bol],

strong, big, Skr. [balam], strength, Gr. @G[bélteros], better, Lat.

[de-bilis], weak, Ch.Sl. [boliji@u], greater; whence <bailceach>

(Osthoff) and <bail>, <buil>.

<adhlac>, burial, Ir. [adhlacadh], O.Ir. [adnacul], sepulcrum: [ad-nank-otlo]

([*ad-nagtlo-], Zim.): root verb [nankô], I bring; Lat.

[nanciscor]; further I.E. [nenk], [enk], as in [thig], q.v.

<adhna>, an advocate (Macd.): H.S.D. cfs. Heb. [adhon], sustentator.

<ag>, at, with inf. only; see [aig].

<ag>, <agadh>, refusal, doubt; E.Ir. [ac], refusal, O.Ir. [acc], no!

W. [acom], to deny. It is onomatopoetic? See next.>>

<agadh>, hesitancy in speech, Br. [hak],[hakal]; cf. Skr. [ac], speak

indistinctly. See foregoing word.>>

<agair>, plead, so Ir., O.Ir. [acre] (n.), from [ad-gar-]; root [gar], cry;

see [goir].

<agallamh>, conversation, Ir. [agallamh], O.Ir. [acaldam], for [ad-glád-],

O.Ir. [ad-gládur], I converse: for root, see [glaodh].

<agh>, a hind, Ir. [agh], O.Ir. [ag], W. [ewig] ([*agîko-]), Celtic [agos-];

Skr. [ajás], buck; Lit. [oz@?ýs], goat. Zend. [azi], Arm. [ezn] (St.).

<ŕgh>, also <ŕdh>, happiness, luck, Manx [aigh], Ir. [ágh], M.Ir. [ada],

[buada], late M.Ir. [ád], luck, [ádh]=sonas (P.O'C); root [a@-g-],

bring; see next.>>

<ŕghach>, warlike, so Ir., E.Ir. [ágach], [ág], war, [*a@-gu-]; Skr. [a@-jís],

contest; Gr. @G[a@'gw/v], Eng. [antagonist].

<aghaib>, essay (M`A); see [oidheirp].

<aghaidh>, face, so Ir., O.Ir. [aged], [*agitâ]; I.E. roog [ag], lead. It

is usually referred to the root [oq], Lat. [oculus], etc., but the

phonetics are unsatisfactory.

<aghann>, pan, so Ir., O.Ir., [aigen], Celtic [aginâ]; Skr. [aga], water

jar; Gr. @G[a@'/ggos], a vessel.

<agus>, and so Ir., O.Ir. [acus], [ocus], B.of Deer [acus], O.W. [ac], Br.

[hag]; allied is [fagus], near, O.Ir. [ocus], W. [agos], Br. [hogoz]:

--page 6

[*aggostu-], [ad-gos-]; root [ges], [gos], carry; Lat. [gero], [aggestu-s],

mound (Zimmer). Stokes refers it to the root [angh], choke,

narrow; Celtic [aggúst-], from pre-Celtic [aghnústu-] (Lat.

[angustus]), with accent on syllable after the root - [gn] with

the accent on the following vowel being supposed, as in

Teutonic, to produce [gg]. The derivation from root [onk], [enk],

as in [thig], is not tenable in view of the Welsh.

<ai>, sheep, swan (Carm.):

<aibheil>, huge (M`E.). See [adhbhal].

<aibheis>, sea, the deep; Ir. [aibheis], sea, abyss; E.Ir. [aibéis], sea.

This Stokes refers to a Celtic [abensi-s], [abhent-ti-s]; root [abh],

as in [abhainn]. But cf. O.Ir. [abis], from Lat. [abyssus]: W.

[affwys], bottomless pit.

<aibheis>, boasting; <aibhsich>, esaggerate; Ir. [aibhseach], boasting:

from the foregoing?>> Another form of [aibhsich] is <aillsich>.

<aibhist>, an old ruin (Stew.):

<aibhistear>, the Devil; another form of [abharsair], q.v.

<aibhse>, spectre, so Ir.: see [taibhse].

<aibidil>, alphabet, Ir. [aibghitir], O.Ir. [abbgitir], from L.Lat.

[abgetorium], [abecedarium], the [a], [b], [c], [d], ar alphabet. A

dialectic form, <aibirsidh>, comes from the old learning system,

beginning "A per se", [a] by itself=[a], Eng. [apersie]. Analogised

to [caibideal] (Meyer).

<aice>, proximity, Ir. [aice]; see [taic].

<aice>, a lobster's burrow, also [faiche].

<ŕicheadh>, deny, Ir. [aithcheo], contradicting, M.Ir. [aithceód]: [*ati-ceud-](?),

"go back on"; cf. O.Ir. [atchuaid], exposui, which

Stokes refers to the root of [chaidh], went, q.v.

<aicheamhail>, reprisal; cf. Ir. [athghabháil]; [ath+gabhail].

++<aicme>, race, Ir., O.Ir. [aicme], W. [ach], pedigree, [*akk-], from [ak],

edge; Lat. [acies]? Stokes cfs. Skr. [anka], lap, but this would

give G. [ŕk-] (a@-) and a W. [anc]. Norse [átt], family, Ger. [acht],

property.

<aidheam>, joyous carol:

<aidich>, confess, Ir. [admhuighim], O.Ir. [addaimim], W. [addef]:

[ad-dam-]; root [dam]; Lat. [domo], Eng. [tame].

<aifrionn>, mass, so Ir., E.Ir. [oifrend], W. [offeren]; from Lat.

[offerendum] (Eng. [offer]).

<aig>, at, Ir. [ag], O.Ir. [oc]; for root, see [agus].

<ŕigeach>, young or entire horse; also <ňigeach>=[ňg+each], q.v.

M.Ir. [óc-ech], young steed (Eriu@+[2] 11).

<aigeann>, the deep, Ir. <ŕigeun>, E.Ir. [oician], W. [eigion]: from Lat.

[oceanus], Eng. [ocean]. There is also a by-form <aigeal>.

<aigeannach>, spirited, E.Ir. [aignech]; see [aigneadh]. Ir. [aigeanta],

meditative.

--page 7

<aighear>, mirth, Manx [aigher]; [*ati-gar-]; see [gŕirdeachas] for root.

Yet Ir. [aiereach], merry, aerial, from [aier], air, from Lat. [aer],

makes the matter doubtful. Ir. [aerach] (Hyde), merry, airy.

Evidently the G. is borrowed from the Lat.

<aigilean>, ear-ring, tassel; cf. Sc. [aiglet], tagged point, jewel in

one's cap; [eglie], needlework, from Fr. [aiguille], needle; Lat.

[acus].

<aigne>, the swift, anything quick (Carm.):

<aigne>, <aigneadh>, mind, so Ir., O.Ir., [aicned]: [ád-gn-eto-], root [gna@-],

know, Gr. @G[gignw/skw], Eng. [know]. Stokes refers it to the root

of [aicme], as he gives it. Ascoli makes the root [cen], as in

[cineal]. The Gaelic [g] is against any root with [c].

<ŕil>, will; better <ŕill>, q.v.

<ail>, <aileadh>, <ailt>, a mark, impression, Ir. [oil], mark (O'R), M.

and E.Ir. [aile], fence, boundary (Meyer). A [t] stem: [oiledaib],

[*al-et].

++<ail>, rock, Ir. and O.Ir. [ail], [*alek-], allied to Ger. [fels]; see further

under [mac-talla].

<ailbheag>, ring; see [failbhe].

<ailbhinn>, flint, precipice; from [ail], rock.

<ŕile>, air, scent, E.Ir. [aél], [ahél]; W. [avel], C., Br., [awel], wind; Gr.

@G[a@'élla] (St. Lec.), storm; [*avel-], root [ave], [ve], wind; Lat.

[au-ra], Gr. @G[a@'c/r], Eng. [air].

<aileag>, hiccup, Ir. [fail]; cf. Lat. [ha@-lo], breathe, Eng. in-[hale].

<ŕilean>, a green: [*ag-li-]? Cf. Lat. [ager].

<ŕilear>, porch:

<ailis>, blemish, reproach, O.Ir. [ail], disgrace, Got. [agls]?

<ailis>, mimicing (Wh.); bad [atharrais], [aith-lis], (M`A.) [aithris].

<ŕill>, desire, so Ir., O.Ir. [áil], W. [ewyll], Br. [ioul], Celtic [avillo-];

root [av], desire, Lat. [aveo], Eng. [avidity]. [áil], pleasant, [*pagli],

Eng. [fair] (St. Bez.@+[20] 24).

<ŕille>, beauty, E.Ir. [álde], for [álnde]; see [álainn].

<ŕilleas>, <ŕilgheas>, will, desire; Ir. [áilgheas], E.Ir. [ailges], [áilgidim],

I desire; from [áil] and [geas], request, q.v.

<ailleagan>, root of the ear, hole of the ear; also [faillean], q.v.

<ŕilleagan>, darling, so Ir.; from [ŕille], q.v.

<aillean>, elecampane: cf. Gr. @G[e`leníon], Lat. [inula]. M.Ir. [eillinn]

(Rev.Celt.@+[9] 231). inula quam [alain] rustici vocant (Isidor).

<ailleant>, shy, delicate; M.Ir. [ail] (O'Cl.), shamefaced.

<ailleort>, high-rocked; from [aill], rock; see [mac-talla].

<aillse>, diminutive creature, fairy, Ir. [aillse];

<aillse>, cancer, Ir. [aillis], O.Ir. [ailsin], cancerem:

<aillseag>, caterpillar; from above.>>

<ailm>, the letter A, elm; Ir. [ailm], palm (fir?) tree, letter A;

borrowed from Lat. [ulmus], Norse [álmr], Eng. [elm].

--page 8

<ailt>, stately, high; Ir. [ailt], Lat. [altus], [ŕilt] (H.S.D.).

<aim->, <aimh->, privative prefix; see [am-], [amh-]. See its use in

<aimhleas> (=[am-leas]), hurt, <aimhrea>, <aimhreidh>, confusion

(=[am-réidh]), <aimbeart>, distress, etc. (= [am-bert]). The

vowel in the root is "small", and hence affects the [a] of [am].

<aimheal>, grief, Ir. [aithmhéal], repentance; [aith+méala], grief,

E.Ir. [méla], sorrow, reproach; [*meblo-], a shorter form of O.Ir.

[mebul], dedecus; Gr. @G[mémfomai]

<aimhfheoil>, <ainfheoil>, proud flesh; from [aimh-] and [feňil], q.v.

<aimlisg>, confusion, mischief:

<aimrid>, barren, so Ir., M.Ir. [immrit], barren, E.Ir. [amrit]; [am-ber-ent-],

"non-producing"; root [ber] of [beir]?

<aimsichte>, bold (Arms.); [am-meas-ichte], "un-mannerly"? See

[meas].

<aimsir>, time, so Ir.; O.Ir. [amser], W. [amser], Br. [amzer], possibly a

Celtic [ammesserâ]; either a compound of [am], time ([ammensîrâ],

from [sîr], long?), or [amb-mensura], root [mens], measure,

Lat. [mensus], Eng. [measure]. Ascoli and Stokes give the

Celtic as [ád-messera], from [ad-mensura].

<aimsith>, missing of aim, mischance: [am-mis-ith], Gaelic root [mis]

of [eirmis], q.v.

<ŕin>, heat (Dict.), light (H.M`Lean), O.Ir. [áne], fulgor, from [án],

splendidus, latter a Celtic [a@-no-s]; Got. [fôn], fire (from [pân]);

Pruss. [panno]. Stokes suggests rather [*agno-s], allied to Lat.

[ignis], Skr. [agní], fire.

<ain->, privative prefix; see [an-].

<ainbhtheach>, stormy, M.Ir. [ainbthech], [*an-feth-ech], Gaelic rott

[feth], breeze, from [vet], Eng. [weather], Lat. [ventus], etc. See

[anfadh].

<ainbi>, <ainbith>, odd, unusual: [an-bith], "un-world-like". See [bith].

<aincheas>, doubt, M.Ir. [ainches], E.Ir. [ances], dubium.

<ainchis>, a curse, rage, Ir. [aingeis], E.Ir. [aingcess], [ánces], curse,

anguish; [an+geas], q.v., or Lat. [angustia]?

<aineamh>, flaw, so Ir., E.Ir. [anim], W. [anaf], blemish, O.Br.

[anamon], mendć; Gr. @G[o@'/vonai], blame

<ŕinean>, a liver, liver of fish (N.H.); see [adha].

<ŕineartaich>, yawning ([aineartaich], M`A.); see [ŕinich] below.

<aineas>, passion, fury; [an-theas], from [teas], heat.

<aingeal>, angel, so Ir., O.Ir. [angel], W. [angel], Br. [ael]; from Lat.

[angelus], whence also the Eng.

<aingeal>, light, fire, Manx [ainle], Ir. [aingeal] (Lh., O'B.), M.Ir.

[aingel], sparkling: [*pangelos], Ger. [funke], M.E. [funke]; further

[ong], fire, hearth; LIt [anglis], coal, Skr. [ańgâra], glowing coal;

I.E. [ongli], [ongôl]; allied is I.E. [ognis], fire, Lat. [ignis]. See

--page 9

Fick@+[4] 14. Skeat derives Sc. [ingle] from the Gaelic. Also

<ainneal>, a common fire.

<aingealachd>, numbness: [ang-eal-ach-], root [ang], choke (Lat.

[ango])?

<aingealtas>, perversity, malignity; from the following.>>

<aingidh>, wicked, Ir. [aingidhe], malicious, O.Ir. [andgid], [angid],

nequam, wicked, [andach], sin; [*an-dg-id], root [deg] of [deagh],

good, q.v.

<ŕinich>, panting, also <aonach>; root [a@-n-], long form of [an], breath

(see [anail]); Skr. [ânana], mouth ("breather").

<ainid>, vexing.

<ainis>, anise; from the English. M.Ir. [in ainis], gloss on "[anisum

cyminum dulce]".

<ainm>, name, Ir. and O.Ir. [ainm], pl. [anmann], B.of Deer [anim], W.

[enw], Br. [hanv], [*anmen-]; Gr. @G[o@'/noma]; Pruss. [emmens], Ch.Sl.

[ime@?]; root [ono], allied to [no@-] in Lat. [nomen], Eng. [name].

<ainmhide>, a rash fool; see [ňinid].

<ainmhidh>, beast, brute, Ir. [ainmhidhe], M.Ir. [ainmide], [*anem-itio-s],

[*anem-], life, soul; Lat. [animal], etc. Ir. is also [ainmhinte],

"animans".

<ainmig>, rare; [an-minig], q.v.

<ainneamh>, rare; see [annamh].

<ainneart>, force; [ain-], excess (see [an-]), and [neart].

<ainnighte>, tame, from [ainneadh], patience (Sh.); possibly from

[an-dam], root [dam], tame.

<ainnir>, virgin, E.Ir. [ander], W. [anner], heifer, M.Br. [annoer] (do.),

[*anderâ]; cf. Gr. @G[anqcrós], blooming, [a@'qárioi], virgins (Hes.),

@G[*nqar-].

<ainnis>, <ainniseach>, needy: [an+děth], want?

<ainstil>, fury, over-fizzing: [an+steall].

<air>, on, upon. This prep. represents three Irish ones:

(a) <air>=O.Ir. [ar], [air], ante, propter, W. [ar], [er], Br. [er], Gaul [are-],

Celtic [ari], [arei], Gr. @G[pará], @G[paraí], by, before; Lat. [prae]; Eng.

[fore], [for]. This prep. aspirates in Irish, and in Gaelic idioms

it still does so, e.g. [air chionn].

(b) <air>=O.Ir. [for], "super", O.W. and O.Br. [guor], Br. [voar], [oar],

Gaul. [ver-]; Gr. @G[u@`pér]; Lat. [s-uper]; Eng. [over]. This prep.

did not aspirate; it ended originally in [r] in Gaelic; as an

inseperable prefix ([vero-], [viro-] in Gaul.) it aspirated, as in the

modern form of old names like [Fergus], now [Fearghuis] or

[Fear'uis] (gen. case).

afterwards, [aparena], after; Got. [afar], after, Eng. [af-ter].

Further come Gr. @G[o@'pi-], behind, [e@'pí-], to, Lat. [ob-], [op-]. See [iar].

--page 10

This is the prep. that is used with the inf. to represent a

perfect or past participle in Gaelic - [Tha mi air bualadh]; "I

have struck".

<airbhinneach>, honourable; [air+beann]?

<airc>, distress, so Ir., O.Ir. [aircur], pressure; cf. Lat. [parcus],

sparing.

<ŕirc>, the Ark, Ir. [airc]; from Lat. [arca].

<airchios>, pity, clemency (Hend.): see [oircheas].

<aircill>, to watch, listen, Ir. [aircill]; see [faircill].

<aircleach>, a cripple; [*airc-lach], from [airc], q.v.

<ŕird>, point (of the compass), Ir. [áird], E.Ir. [aird], Gr. @G[a@'/rdis], a

point. Hence Sc. [airt].

<ŕird>, preparation, activity.

<ŕird>, preparation, activity:

<ŕirde>, height, Ir. [áirde], E.Ir. [arde]; see [árd].

<ŕirdeil>, ingenious:

<aire>, heed, Ir., O.Ir. [aire], Old.Brit. [Areanos], native watchers who

gave intimation to the Romans (Ammianus), pre-Celtic [parjâ],

[par], seek; Gr. @G[peîra], trial; Lat. [ex-perior], Eng. [experiment].

<ŕireach>, keeper of cattle. There is confusion in Gaelc between

[ŕireach] and O.Ir. [aire(ch)], lord; the [bó-aire], cow-lord, was

the free tenant of ancient Ireland. For O.Ir. [aire], see

[airidh]. G. [ŕireach] owes its long vowel to a confusion with

[ŕraich], rear. See [ŕiridh] for root.

<ŕireamh>, number, so Ir., O.Ir. [áram], W. [eirif], [*ad-rîm-], Celtic

[rîmâ], number; Ag.S. [rîm], number, Eng. [rhyme]; Gr.

@g[a@'riqmós], number.

<airean>, ploughman, herdsman; Ir. [oireamh], g. [oiramhan], ploughman,

the mythic [Eremon], [Airem(on)], [*arjamon-], Skr.

[Arjaman], further [Aryan](?); root [ar], plough.

++<airfid>, music, harmony; [oirfid].

<airgiod>, silver, so Ir., O.Ir. [arget], W. [ariant], Br. [arc'hant], Gail.

[Argento-], [Argento-coxus] (a Caledonian prince): Lat. [argentum];

Gr. @G[a@'/rguros]. Eng. [argent] is from the Lat.

<ŕiridh>, better <ŕirigh>, hill pasture, sheiling (<airghe>, in Lh. for

Gaelic); cf. E.Ir. [airge], [áirge], place where cows are, dairy,

herd of cattle; E.Ir. [airgech], herdswoman [of Brigit]; Ir.

[airghe], pl. [áiríghe] (O'B.), a herd of cattle; [airgheach], one

who has many herds; [*ar-egia]; Lat. [armentum]? But see

[ŕraich], rear. Norse or Danish [erg] from Gaelic equals Norse

[setr] (Ork. Sag.). This Norse form proves the identity of

Gaelic with E.Ir. [airge]; [airge]=[ar-agio], [*agio], herd.

<airidh>, worthy, Ir. [airigh] (Ulster), [airigh], nobleman (O'B.), O.Ir.

[aire(ch)], primas, lard; Skr. [árya], good, a lord; [ârya], Aryan,

[âryaka], honourable man. [*parei]?

--page 11

<airilleach>, a sleepy person; from ++[aireal], bed, M.Ir. [aired] (O'C.):

<airleag>, leng, Ir. [airligim], O.Ir. [airliciud], lending; from [leig], let,

which is allied to Eng. [loan], Got. [leihvan], Ger. [leihen]. See