Longerich Peter. Heinrich Himmler: A Life

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122. Ibid. minute of an interview with the RFSS concerning the Buchhold case.

123. BAB, NS 7/250, Telex Personal Staff, 4 January 1945.

124. BAB, NS 7/247, SS judge attached to the RFSS to the SS Court Main Ofﬁce,

26 October 1942.

chapter 18

1. Brandes, Tschechen, 37 f.

2. On the police missions of Tanzmann, the Vogt police commission, and the

police liaison ofﬁcer Hahn and his team there is extensive material in PAA,

Inland IIg 100 and Luther ﬁles; see To

nsmeyer, Reich, 114 ff.

3. This was the name used in the report of the German envoy to the Foreign

Ministry, 4 September 1941 (PAA, Inland IIg 100). The ofﬁce was closed on 3

July 1941: BAB, R 70 Slowakei 301, Hahn to RSHA. Cf. To

nsmeyer, Reich,

124 f., and Kaiser, ‘Politik’, 488 ff.

4. His appointment was, however, delayed for more than a year: PAA, Inland

IIg 100, German embassy to the Foreign Ministry, 5 November 1941; see

nsmeyer, Reich, 120.

5. Minute by Heydrich of 2 July 1940, published in Krausnick, ‘Hitler’, quota-

tion p. 207.

6. BADH, ZR 277, minutes of the meeting with the head of Ofﬁce I, 2 April

1940.On28 March 1940 Heydrich had ordered the establishment of a

commando for the Netherlands and Belgium respectively (ibid.).

7. On the occupation of Norway see Hans-Dietrich Loock, Quisling, Rosenberg

und Terboven. Zur Vorgeschichte und Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Revolu-

tion in Norwegen (Stuttgart, 1970), 277 ff. , and Bohn, Reich

skommissariat, 31 ff.;

the role of the security police see Wildt, Generation, 508 ff.

8. BADH, ZR 277, note, 20 April 1940. The eighty men were really intended to

be deployed in four Einsatzkommandos with the three SS divisions and the

‘Leibstandarte’, which was to be kept ‘strictl y secret’ from the Wehrmacht

(ibid. minutes of the meeting with the head of Ofﬁce I, 2 April 1940).

9. Loock, Quisling, 356 ff.; Bohn, Reichskommissariat, 70 ff.

10. Bohn, Reichskommissariat, 74 ff.

11. Heydrich note of 2 July 1940 , published in Krausnick, ‘Hitler’, quotation

p. 207.

12. Thomsen, Besatzungspolitik, 11 ff.

13. BAB, NS 19/1678.

14. Wilfried Wagner, Belgien in der deutschen Politik wa

hrend des Zweiten Weltkrieges

(Boppard a. Rh., 1974), 131 f.

15. BAB, BDC, SS-O Seyss-Inquart, letter from Himmler to him, 16 May 1940,

published in De SS en Neder land. Documenten uit SS-Archieven 1933–1945,

introduced and edited by N.K.C.A. in ’t Veld, 2 vols. (’s Gravenhage, 1976);

880 endnotes

see also Konrad Kwiet, Reichskommissariat Niederlande. Versuch und Scheitern

nationalsozialistischer Neuordnung (Stuttgart, 1968), 48.

16. BAB, BDC, SS-O Seyss-Inquart, document of appointment. Both corre-

sponded with each other regularly before Seyss-Inquart’s appointment to the

post of Reich Commissar (ibid.).

17. Kwiet, Reichskommissariat, 83 ff. The appointment to HSSPF followed on 23

May 1940.

18. Heydrich note of 2 July 1940 , published in Krausnick, ‘Hitler’, 207 f.

19. On the appointment of Rauter and Nockermann and the sim ultaneous estab-

lishment of an SS-Oberabschnitt North-West in the Netherlands see Himmler

to the SS Main Ofﬁces, 24 May 1940, in BAB, BDC, SS-O Seyss-Inquart,

published in SS en Nederland, doc. no. 23.

20. Guus Meershoek, ‘Machtentfaltung und Scheitern. Sicherheitspolizei und SD

in den Niederlanden’, in Gerhard Paul and Michael Mallmann (eds), Die

Gestapo im Zweiten Weltkrieg. ‘Heimatfront’ und besetztes Europa (Darmstadt,

2000), 383–402, here 387 ff.; Wildt, Generation, 511 ff.

21. Kwiet, Reichskommissariat, 2 ff.

22. See note 19.

23. Kwiet, Reichskommissariat, 107; see also Himmler to Seyss-Inquart, 4 June 1940

(BAB, BDC, SS-O Seyss-Inquart).

24. Ibid. letter of 2 January 1941.

25. Wagner, Belgien, 132 ff. On German occupation policy in Belgium see also, in

particular, Werner Warmbrunn, The German Occupation of Belgium, 1940–1944

(New

York, 1993),

and W olfram Weber, Die innere Sicherheit im besetzten

Belgien und Nordfrankreich 1940–44. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Besatzungsver-

waltungen (Du

sseldorf, 1978). On the role of the security police in the occupa-

tion of Belgium see Wildt, Generation, 522 ff.

26. Wagner, Belgien, 166 .

27. BAB, BDC, SS-O Reeder.

28. Warmbrunn, German Occupation, 118 f.

29. Heydrich note of 2 July 1940 , published in Krausnick, ‘Hitler’, 209.

30. See Bernd Kasten, ‘Gute Franzosen’. Die franzo

sische Polizei und die deutsche

Besatzungsmacht im besetzten Frankreich 1940– 1944 (Sigmaringen, 1993), 22 f.; on

the role of the security police and SD in the ﬁrst phase of occupation policy see

also Ahlrich Meyer, Die deutsche Besatzung in Frankreich 1940–1944. Widerstands-

beka

mpfung und Judenverfolgung (Darmstadt, 2000), 13 ff., and Wildt, Generation,

514 ff.

31. Herbert, Best, 251 ff.

32. Heydrich note of 2 July 1940, in Krausnick, ‘Hitler’, 208; BAB, R 58/241,

message from Heydrich to the Stapo ofﬁces referring to ﬁfteen men in Paris .

33. Commando staff guidelines for cooperation with the representative of the

Chief of the Security Police and SD, quoted in Kasten, ‘Franzo

sen’, 23.

34.C

laudiaSteur,Theodor Dannecker. Ein Funktiona

rder‘Endlo

sung’(Essen,1997), 48.

endnotes 881

35. PAA, Inland IIg 81, Heydrich to von Ribbentrop, 27 July 1940; the minutes of

the meeting are in the appendix.

36. Information on the numbers of the ethnic German groups in Europe, 25 June

1940 (AP Lodz, L 3571), quoted in Heinemann, ‘Rasse’, 305.

37. Ibid. 306.

38.Fu

hrer edict concerning the provisional administration of Alsace and Lorraine,

2 August 1940 (‘Fu

hrer-Erlasse’, no. 44); second Fu

hrer edict concerning the

provisional administration of Alsace and Lorraine, 18 October 1940 (ibid. no.

58). On German ‘ethnic policy’ in Alsace and Lorraine see Heinemann, ‘Rasse’,

306 ff., and Lothar Kettenacker, Nationalso zialistische Volkstumspolitik im Elsaß

(Stuttgart, 1973).

39. After the ﬁrst expulsions, which affected around 20,000 to 25,000 people, there

were large waves of expulsions: of around 60,000 people between 11 and 21

November 1940 and around 10,000 people in February 1942. Thousands also

went ‘voluntarily’; see Heinemann, ‘Rasse’, 306 f., 310, and 318.

40. Bruno Brehm criticized the fact that among the families being deported there

ere

undoubtedly people with German nationality, indeed even SS applicants

(BAB, BDC, SS-O Brehm, Brehm to RKF planning chief Meyer, 3 Novem-

ber 1940). See also R 49/74, head of the EWZ, Ofﬁce West, draft of guidelines

for the treatment of the alien and ethnically alien population in Lorraine by the

security police, 25 February 1941; it proposes a comprehensive ‘racial selec-

tion’. See Heinemann, ‘Rasse’, 307 f. and 315 ff.

41. Ibid. 318 f.

42. BAB, NS 2/55, Hi mmler to Lammers, 21 March 1939. In this letter Himmler

expressed his doubts about a draft law banning the marriage of Germans with

foreigners. He also made it clear that he aimed to ‘win women of Nordic blood

for Germany’.

43. BAB, NS 19/4004, speech of 8 November 1938, published in Himmler,

Geheimreden, 25 ff., quotation p. 38.

44. Wegner, Politische Soldaten, 265.

45. BAB, R 31/96, Himmler order of 15 August 1940. Himmler ordered that

Berger should initially be Heissmeyer’s permanent repr esentative, but would

be assigned other tasks.

46. IfZ, NO 1825, Berger to Himmler, 7 August 1940. Berger worked on the basis

of a recruitm ent quota of 2 per cent of each annual cohort; this corresponded to

the quota in the Reich.

47. IfZ, NO 5717.

48. On the establishment of this unit and other early ‘Germanic units’ see Stein,

Geschichte, 128 f.

49. Diens

tkalender.

50. Vo

lkischer

Beobachter, 2 February 1941. He gave an ‘important address’ before

the oath-taking ceremony of the SS leaders in Oslo. (Vo

lkischer Beobachter, 31

January 1941).

882 endnotes

51. Berliner Bo

rsenzeitung, 3 February 1940.

52. Vo

lkischer Beobachter, 3 Febr uary and 4 April 1940.

53. Dienstkalender, 21–2 May 1941.

54. Thomsen, Besatzungspolitik, 94 f.

55. PAA, Inland IIg 7, undated note, arrival stamp 22 September 19 40.

56. BAB, NS 33/213, Hausser circular, 13 September 1940; Barbara Materne, ‘Die

Germanische Leitstelle der SS 1940–1945. Entstehung, Aufgabenbereiche und

Bedeutung in der Machtstruktur des Dritten Reiches’, MA diss. Du

sseldorf

(2000), 29.

57. Wagner, Belgien, 248; Himmler circular, 24 May 1940, published in SS en

Nederland, no. 23.

58. Stein, Geschichte, 134.

59. Ibid. 135.Ju

ttner order, 3 April 1941, published in SS

Nederland, no. 65.

60. Stein, Geschichte, 137.

61. BAB, NS 19/1711, Berger to Himmler, 10 and 16 September 1940. According

to this there were two commissions ‘over there’ who were conducting assess-

ments of the ethnic Germans which were disguised as ‘an assessment of the

health of the nation’. The letter of 16 September 1940 contains a reference to

the fact that this was contrary to a ‘special order of the Reich Marshall’.

Himmler agreed to the measures. See Thomas Casagrande, Die volksdeutsche

SS Division ‘Prinz Eugen’. Die Banater Schwaben und die nationalsozialistischen

Kriegsverbrechen (Frankfurt a. M. and New York, 2003), 142 f.

62. Johann Bo

hm, Die Gleichschaltung der deutschen Volksgruppe in Ruma

nien und das

“Dritte Reich” 1941–1944 (Frankfurt a. M., etc., 2003), 284 f.

63. Ibid. 286 ff.

64. Ibid. 48; it is a reworking of an older work by the author: Das nationalsozialis-

tische Deutschland und die deutsche Volksgruppe in Ruma

nien 1936–1944. Das

Verha

ltnis der deutschen Volksgruppe zum Dritten Reich und zum ruma

nischen

Staat sowie der interne Widerstreit zwischen den politischen Gruppen (Frank furt a.

M., etc., 1985). In the meantime he has published a monograph on the period

before 1940;seeBo

hm, Die Deutschen.

65.

BAB,

NS 19/3888, Himmler to Berger, 27 November 1940, who stated that

he had been surprised by the founding of the party (ibid. letter of 2 December

1940).

66. Ibid. Berger to Himmler, 4 December 1940, concerning a conversation with

Schmidt, with Himmler repo rting on it.

67. Spannenberger, Volksbund, 233 ff.

68. Ibid. 309 f.

69. BAB, NS 19/383, Berger to Himmler, 27 January 1941, here a handwritten

note by Himmler. See also the report of the recruitment ofﬁce of 24 January

1941 (ibid.), and To

nsmeyer, Reich, 175 f.

70. Kaiser, ‘Politik’, 436 f.

endnotes 883

71. As he told Himmler on 14 June 1941, with his creation of a cadre within the

Hlinka Guard Nageler was aiming to ensure that ‘in the event of a change in

the form of government he would have a suitable leadership available’ (BAB,

NS 19 /240). On Nageler’s ideas and Himmler’s sympathy for them see Kaiser,

‘Politik’, 441.

72. Karmasin proposed to Himmler on 27 February 1941 that the existing volun-

teer protection squad should be expanded. Himmler replied on 17 March 1941

(BAB, NS 19/1846).

73. Ibid. Berger to Himmler, 12 December 1940. On the backgro und see Kaiser,

‘Politik’, 436.

74. Lumans, Auxiliaries, 219; see also Martin Broszat, ‘Heranziehung von

slowakischen Staatsbu

rgern deutscher Volkszugeho

rigkeit zum Dienst in der

Waffen-SS’, in Gutachten des Instituts fu

r Zeitgeschicht e, vol. 1 (Munich, 1958),

412–17.

75. BAB, NS 19/3517, Himmler to Kaul, 30 January 1941.

76. Bernd Rother, Spanien und der Holocaust (Tu

bingen, 2001), 115 f.

77. Vo

lkischer Beobachter, 21 October 1940.

78. Vo

lkischer Beobachter, 22 October 19

40.

79. Vo

lkischer

Beobachter, 23 October 19 40.

80. Berliner Bo

rsenzeitung, 23 October 1940 .

81. Vo

lkischer Beobachter, 23 October 1940. According to another copy of this

speech, Himmler dealt with the plans for and ﬁgures involved in the mass

resettlements that he was carrying out in Poland; among other things, he

mentioned that in future ‘all the Jews from the whole of the greater German

Reich’ would be accommodated in a ‘closed ghetto’ in the General Govern-

ment. (BAB, R 49/20, published in Mu

ller, Ostkrieg, doc. no. 8).

82. Vo

lkischer Beobachter , 24 October 1940; Berliner Bo

rsenzeitung, 25 October 1940.

83. On the involvement of the SD in the Legionnaires’ putsch see Armin Heinen,

Die Legion ‘Erzengel Michael’in Ruma

nien. Soziale Bewegung und politische Orga-

nisation. Ein Beitrag zum Problem des internationalen Faschismus (Munich, 1986),

445; Andreas Hillgruber, Hitler, Ko

nig Carol und Marschall Antonescu (Mainz,

1954), 16 ff.; Ho

hne, Orden, 267 f.; Wildt, Generation, 398 ff.

84. Diens

tkalender.

85.

PAA, Inland IIg 61, von Ribbentrop note, 10 March 1941; Heydrich state-

ment, 2 April 1941, above all as a response to the report by von Killinger, the

German envoy in Bucharest, who had written on 26 February 1941 that ‘the

behaviour of some German circles’ had contributed to ‘the attempted putsch’,

and then had gone on to name a number of SD representatives in Romania as

well as SS members of the embassy (ADAP, Series D, vol. 12, no. 94).

86. PAA, Inland IIg 6a, 24 March 1944.

87. See above p. 394.

88. BAB, NS 19/1788, Heydrich to von Weizsa

cker, 20 June 1941; Wildt, Gener-

ation, 649.

884 endnotes

89. This was the line taken in the report of the German envoy to the Foreign

Ministry, 4 September 1941, in PAA, Inla nd IIg 100. The ofﬁce was closed on

23 July 1941 (BAB, R 70 Slowakei 301, Hahn to RSHA). See also To

nsmeyer,

Reich, 124 f., and Kaiser, ‘Politik’, 488 ff.

90. USHMM, Acc. 1999.A.0092.

91. BAB, NS 19/1633, Heydrich to Wolff, 5 August 1941. On the course of the

negotiations see also PAA, Inland IIg 61, Heydrich to von Weizsa

cker, 20

June 1941.

92. BAB, NS 19/1633, agreement of 8 August 1941; Wildt, Generation, 649. The

agreement contained ‘a secret annex’, negotiated on 28 August 1941, accord-

ing to which it was the task of the police attache

s to ensure that the agents and

representatives of the RFSS refrained from any activity relating to foreign

policy. On the same day the Foreign Ministry and the RSHA agreed on a set

of ‘ofﬁcial instructions’ for police attache

s (NS 19/ 1788), which reiterated the

subordination of the attache

s to the chief of mission. The Foreign Ministry’s

copy is in PAA, Inland IIg 71. If there was no police attache

at an embassy

then ad hoc arrangements should be made for ‘another clandestine special

representative of the police’ to take over the supervi sion of the RFSS’s

representatives (ibid. minutes).

93.

PAA,

Inland IIg 70, list of 5 July 1941.

94. PAA, Inland IIg 71 , Luther to the Foreign Ministry’s head of personnel,

Schro

der, 27 February 1942.

95. PAA, Inland IIg 118, circular of 1 August 1941.

96. Ibid. Sonnleithner to Luther, 19 October 1942.

97. Ibid. note for Luther, 19 October 1942.

98. Ibid. Luther to Gaus, 6 November 1942.

99. See the correspondence of May and June 1943 (PAA, Inland IIg 61).

100. Ibid. RAM ofﬁce note for Wagner, 14 December 1944. See also the instruc-

tion to Vortragender Legationsrat Wagner for transmission to the RFSS ﬁeld

headquarters, 31 December 1944.

101. Ibid. note from the head of Inland II.

102. For literature on the Madagascar project see Adler, Mensch, 69 ff.; Magnus

Brechtken, ‘Madagaskar fu

r die Juden’. Antisemitische Idee und politische Praxis

1885–1945 (Munich, 1997) (including comprehensive bibliography of previ-

ous publications); Christopher R. Browning, ‘The Decision Concerning the

Final Solution’, in id., Fateful Months: Essays on the Emergence of the Final

Solution (New York and London, 1985), 8–38, esp. 35 ff.; Hans Jansen, Der

Mada

gaskar

-Plan. Die beabsichtigte Deportation der europa

ischen Juden nach Ma-

dagaskar (Munich, 1997), esp. 320 ff.; Leni Yahil, ‘Madagascar, Phantom of a

Solution for the Jewish Question’, in Bela Vago and George L. Mosse (eds),

Jews and Non-Jews in Eastern Europe, 1918–1945 (New York, 1974), 315–34.

103. See in detail Brechtken, ‘Madagaskar’.

endnotes 885

104. Published in Vierteljahrshefte fu

r Zeitgeschichte, 5 (1957), 194–8 (with a short

introduction by Krausnick). Himmler further proposed taking ‘racially val u-

able’ children away from their Polish parents; while this was ‘cruel’ and

‘tragic’, it was preferable to their ‘extermin ation’. The minute of Hitler’s

response is dated 28 May 1940.

105. Hitler and von Ribbentrop explained their plans to Mussolini and Ciano on

17 and 18 June; on 20 June Hitler mentioned the Madagasca r project to

Admiral Raeder, the Commander-in-Chief of the navy; at the beginning of

August he mentioned the plan of expelling all the Jews from Europe to the

German ambassador to France, Abetz, and in the middle of August he

commented on it to Goebbe ls; see Galeazzo Ciano, Tagebu

cher 1939–1943

(Bern, 1947), 249; Paul Schmidt, Statist auf diplomatischer Bu

hne 1923–1945.

Erlebnisse des Chefdolmetschers im auswa

rtigen Amt mit den Staatsma

nnern Europas

(Bonn, 1949), 494 f.; Gerhard Wagner (ed.), Lagevortra

ge des Oberbefehlshabers

der Kriegsmarine vor Hitler 1939–1945 (Munich, 1972), 106 ff.; PAA, Inland IIg

177, Lut her note, 15 August 1940, published in ADAP, Series D, vol. 10, doc.

no. 345; Tagebu

cher Goebbels, 17 August 1940.

106. PAA, Inland IIg 177, The Jewish Question in the Peace Treaties, publish ed in

ADAP, Series D, vol. 10, 92 ff.

See Heydrich’s letter of 24 June 1940 in

the

same ﬁle.

107. PAA, Inland IIg 177.

108. Ibid.

109. Ibid. 30 August 1940. Brack is wrongly referred to here as ‘Oberbereichsleiter

Brake’; his actual title was Oberdienstleiter.

110. Brechtken, ‘Madagaskar’, 261 f. A statement by Bouhler’s deputy, Brack, at

the Nuremberg doctors’ trial, which is not totally reliable, claims that Bouhler

was to be governor of Madagascar (ibid. 261).

111. Pra

g and Jacobmeyer (eds), Diensttagebuch, 12 July 1940.

112. Note on the meeting in department IV D 4, 9 July 1940, published in Biuletyn

Glo

wnej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Niemieckich w Polsce, 12 (1960), doc. no. 38.

On 12 June Heydrich and Frank agreed that the major resettlement

programme planned in December 1939 would not take place, but the ‘current

Volhynian operation’ and the ‘Jewish evacuations planned to begin in August

this year’ (i.e. the deportation of the Jews from the annexed eastern territories)

would go ahead; see Gu

nther (RSHA) telex to Ho

ppner (UWZ Posen), 1 July

1940, published ibid. doc. no. 37.

113. Musial, Zivilverwaltung, 115 ff.; Pohl, Lublin, 79 ff.

114. Musial, Zivilverwaltung, 164 ff.

115. In this context Hitler’s Directive no. 18 of 12 November 1940 (securi

France

and the Iberian countries, with a paragraph on ‘Russia’) and no. 21 of

18 December 1940 (Operation Barbarossa) are decisive; published in Walther

Hubatsch (ed.), Hitlers Weisungen fu

r die Kriegfu

hrung 1939–1945. Dokumente des

Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, 2nd edn (Koblenz, 1983).

886 endnotes

116. On the deportation plans following the collapse of the Madagascar project see

Browning, Entfesselung, 160 ff.

117.BAB,R 49/20, published in Mu

ller, Ostkrieg, no. 8.

118.BAB,NS19/3979.

119.BAB,NS19/4007, Himmler’s notes for the speech.

120. Note of T heodor Dannecker, appointed as the Gestapo Jewish expert in Paris,

to Eichmann, of 21 January, CDJC, V-59, published in Serge Klarsfeld,

Vichy–Auschwitz. Die Zusammenarbeit der deutschen und franzo

sischen Beho

rden

bei der "Endlo

sung der Judenfrage" in Frankreich (No

rdlingen, 1989), 361 ff., who

also mentions the involvement of Go

ring and Himmler. Statement by Eich-

mann in the Propaganda Ministry, 20 March 1941, published in Adler,

Mensch, 152; for details see Longerich, Politik, 287 f.

121. After a conversation with Hitler on 16 March Frank announced to his

colleagues that the General Government would soon be ‘dejewiﬁed’, see

Pra

g and Jacobmeyer (eds), Diensttage buch, 25 March 1941, 335.

122. OA Moscow, 500-3-795, Heydrich note, 26 March 1941; see Aly, ‘End-

sung’, 270.

123.

IfZ,

NO-203, Brack to Himmler, 28 March 1941. According to a statement

by Brack of May 1947, Himmler had given him this assignment in January

1941 because he feared the mixing of Polish and west European Jews (Trials of

War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law

No. 10, vol. 1 (Nuremberg, 1949), 732). Himmler had met Brack on 13

January 1941 (Dienstkalender).

chapter 19

1. On the attack on the Soviet Union see, amongst others, Andreas Hillgruber,

Hitlers Strategie. Politik und Kriegfu

hrung 1940–1941, 2nd edn (Frankfurt a. M.,

1982); Horst Boog et al., Der Angriff auf die Sowjetunion, updated edn. (Frank-

furt a. M., 1991); Peter Jahn and Reinhard Ru

rup (eds), Erobern und Vernichten.

Der Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion 1941–1945. Essays (Berlin, 1991); Bernd Wegner

(ed.), Zwei Wege nach Moskau. Vom Hitler–Stalin-Pakt bis zum ‘Unternehmen

Barbarossa’ (Munich and Zurich, 1991); Gerd R. Ueberscha

r and Wolfram

Wette (eds), Der deutsche U

berfall auf die Sowjetunion.‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’

1941, revised edn. (Frankfurt a. M., 1991).

2. As he wrote in a letter to Lammers of 10 June 1941 (BAB, R 6/21); on this see

also Rosenberg’s response of 14 June 1941 and the memorandum about the

duties and powers of the Reich minister for the occupied eastern territories

and of the Reich commissars and on the powers of the R eichsfu

hrer-SS, Chief

of the German Police, and Reich Commissar for the Consolidation of the

Ethnic German Nation, which Rosenberg sent to Lammers on 27 August

1943 (IfZ, NO 3726).

endnotes 887

3. BAB, NS 19/3874, 25 May 1941.OnRosenberg’s appointment see ‘Fu

hrer-

Erlasse’, 168 f. On the conﬂict between Rosenberg and Himmler in the

preparatory phase of the war see Ernst Piper, Alfred Rosenberg. Hitlers Cheﬁdeo-

loge (Munich, 2005), 517 ff.

4. Christian Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde. Die deutsche Wirtschafts- und Vernichtung-

spolitik in Weißrußland 1941 bis 1944 (Hamburg, 1999), 81.

5. Guidelines for special territories for directive no. 21 (Barbarossa), published in

Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, ‘Kommissarbefehl und Massenexekutionen sowjetischer

Kriegsgefangener’, in Hans Buchheim et al ., Anatomie des SS-Staates, 7th edn

(Munich, 1999), 449–544, doc. no. 1.

6. Address by Hitler on 30 March to senior generals, published in Halder,

Kriegstagebuch, vol. 2: Von der geplanten Landung in England bis zum Beginn des

Ostfeldzuges (1.7.1940–21.6.1941), 335 ff., here 336 f.

7. Hitler’s instructions to Jodl for the ﬁnal version of the ‘Guidelines for Special

Territories for Directive no. 21 (Barbarossa)’, 3 March 1941,inKriegstagebuch

des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht 1940–194

by Helmuth Greiner and Percy

Ernst Schramm (editors-in-chief), vol . 1: 1. August 1940–31. Dezember 1941

(Frankfurt a. M., 1965), 341. In a speech to generals on 17 March Hitler also

spoke of the annihilation of ‘the intellig entsia deployed by Stalin’; see Halde r,

Kriegstagebuch, ii. 317 ff., quotation 320. In his speech of 30 March (see n. 6)he

spoke of ‘annihilating the Bolshevik commissars and the communist intelli-

gentsia’.

8. Dienstkalender, 10 March 1941, discussion with Heydrich on the cooperation of

SS and police with the army.

9.On26 March Wagner was in a p osition to present a ﬁrst draft order agreed

with Heydrich (BAM,RW 4v/575; published in Jacobsen, ‘Kommissarbefehl’,

doc. no. 2).

10. BAM, RH 22/155, published in Jacobsen, ‘Kommissarbefehl’, doc. no. 3.

11. On the Balkan war see Klaus Olshausen, Zwischenspiel auf dem Balkan. Die

deutsche Politik gegenu

ber Jugoslawien und Griechenland von Ma

rz bis Juli 1941

(Stuttgart, 1973); Karl-Heinz Golla, Der Fall Griechenlands 1941 (Hamburg, etc.,

2007).

12. BAM, RH 31-I/v.23; cf. Roland G. Fo

rster (ed.), ‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’.

Zum historischen Ort der deutsch-sowjetischen Beziehungen von 1933 bis Herbst 1941

(Munich, 1993), 507 f.,

and

also Walter Manoscheck, ‘Serbien ist judenfrei’.

Milita

rische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42 (Munich,

1993), 41 f.

13. Dienstkalender. The negotiations are described in detail in Andrej Angrick,

Besatzungspolitik und Massenmord. Die Einsatzgruppe D in der su

dlichen Sowjetu-

nion 1941–1943 (Hamburg, 2003), 41 ff.

14. Dienstkalender, 6 to 10 May 1941.

15. On the Hess affair see Rainer F. Schmidt, Rudolf Heß—‘Botengang eines Toren?’

Der Flug nach Großbritannie n vom 10. Mai 1941 (Du

sseldorf, 1997), 185 ff.

888 endnotes

16. There is no entry in the Dienstkalender but there is evidence for the fact that he

was present on the Obersalzberg on the eve ning of the eleventh; he went back

to work again in Berlin only on 18 May 1941. On the conference see

Tagebu

cher Goebbels, 14 May 1941.

17.On9 May 1941 he discussed with Heydrich the Gestapo measures demanded

by Bormann against these circles (Dienstkalender). After the war Ellic Howe, an

expert on the astrology scene, collected relevant informat ion: Urania’s Chil-

dren: The Strange World of Astrologers (London, 1967), 192 ff.; see also Peter

Longerich, Hitlers Stellvertreter. Fu

hrung der Partei und Kontrolle des Staatsapparates

durch den Stab Heß und die Partei-Kan zlei Bormann (Munich, etc., 1992), 153 f.

18. IfZ, NO 204. The Personal Staff thanked Brack for this report on 12 May 1941

and informed him that Himmler wished to speak with him about it very soon.

19. IfZ, NOKW 2079, published in Jacobsen, ‘Kommissarbefehl’, 184 f.

20. On the setting up of the Einsatzgruppen see Angrick, Besatzungspolitik , 74 ff.;

Krausnick, ‘Einsatzgruppen’, 19 ff.; Peter Klein (ed.), Die Einsatzgruppen in der

besetzten Sowjetunion 1941/42. Die Ta

tigkeits- und Lageberichte des Chefs der

Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (Berlin, 1997); Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm, ‘Die

Einsatzgruppe A der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 1941/42—eine exempla-

rische Studie’, in Helmut Krausnick and Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm, Die Truppe

des Weltanschauungskrieges. Die Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD

1938–1942 (Stuttgart, 1981), 281–636; by the same authors, Die Einsatzgruppe

A der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 1941/42 (Frankfurt a. M., etc., 1996), 11 ff.

ﬁft

h Einsatzgruppe was ﬁnally set up at the headquarters of Eberhard

Scho

ngarth, the commander of the securi ty police in Cracow, and set out at

the beginning of July for the eastern Polish territories; from August it was

referred to as ‘Einsatzgruppe z.b.V.’ (Krausnick, ‘Einsatzgruppen’, 180 f.).

21. In October 1941 the 990 members of Einsatzgruppe A were composed of the

following: 35 SD men, 41 Kripo men, 89 Stapo ofﬁcials, 133 order police, 340

Waffen-SS; the remaining personnel were heavy-duty vehicle drivers, emer-

gency services staff (who as a rule had not previously been members of the SS

or police), telecommunications staff, administrative staff, and 13 female em-

ployees (Doc. L-180, Stahlecker report of 15 October 1941, published in IMT,

vol. 37, pp. 670 ff.).

22. In his biography Best Ulrich Herbert elucidated this type by means of an

exemplary case.

23. Wilhelm, ‘Einsatzgruppe A’, 281 ff.

24. For literature on the order police see, for example, Andrej Angrick, ‘“Da ha

tte

man schon ein Tagebuch fu

hren mu

ssen”. Das Polizeibataillon 322 und die

Judenmorde im Bereich der Heeresgruppe Mitte wa

hrend des Sommers und

Herbstes 1941. Mit einer Auseinandersetzung u

ber die rechtlichen Konse-

quenzen’, in Helge Grabitz (ed.), Die Normalita

t des Verbrechens. Bilanz und

Perspektiven der Forschung zu den nationalsozialistis chen Gewaltverbrechen. Festschrift

r Wolfgang Schefﬂer zum 65 Geburtstag (Berlin, 1994), 325 –84; Christopher

endnotes 889