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119. Ibid. 122.

120. Ibid. 130 ff.

121. Ibid. 137.

122. Ibid. 273 ff.

123. Ibid. 88.

124. Ibid. 147 ff.

125. Ibid. 170 ff.

126. Ibid. 216, 218 ff., and 227 ff.

127. On this see Kater’s summing up, ibid. 353 ff.

128. Brigitte Nagel, Die Welteislehre. Ihre Geschichte und ihre Rolle im ‘Dritten Reich’

(Stuttgart, 1991); Kater, ‘Ahnenerbe’, 51.

129.NARA, T 580/194/165, 19 July 1936; Nagel, Welteislehre, 72 f.

130. Facsimile of the letter of 21 June 1938 to Heydrich, in Samuel A. Goudsmit,

Alsos: The Failure in German Science (London, 1947), 116;Nagel,Welteislehre, 74.

131.NARA, T 580/150 /229, Brandt (Personal Staff RFSS), to the Ahnenerbe, 5

December1940,

and

the answer from Scultetus, 15 May 1941.

132. Ibid. Brandt to Sievers, 10 September 1941.

133. BAB, NS 19/3042, 26 June 1942. The Cosmic Ice Theory was based on the

assumption that in the course of its history the earth had ‘captured’ several

planets, which later collapsed.

134. BAB, NS 19/1705, published as Appendix 28 in Nagel, Welteislehr e; on this

incident see ibid. 84 ff.

135. BAB, NS 21/327, Sievers to Brandt, 7 August 1942, published as Appendix 38

in Nagel, Welteislehre.

136. See above p. 77.

137. BAB, NS 19/212, Field HQ to Schellenberg, 23 February 1945. After the war

Wulff wrote an account of his activities: Tierkreis und Hakenkreuz. Al s Astrologe

an Himmlers Hof (Gu

tersloh, 1968).

138. Himmler, Schutzstaffel, 11 f.

139. BAB, NS 19/3165, Adjutant of the RFSS, 17 January 1943,toRiﬂeman

Albrecht in the SS hospital in Hohenlychen. Himmler told the latter, when

he enquired, to study astronomy. When the SS man contacted him again the

adjutant replied by sending him additional information about Himmler’s

observatory plans.

140. On the background to these ‘theories’ see Mythos Tibet. Wahrnehmungen,

Projektionen, Phantasien,

d. Art and Exhibition Gallery of the Federal Repub-

lic of Germany in association with Thierry Dodin and Heinz Ra

ther (Co-

logne, 1997); Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, Die okkulten Wurzeln des

Nationalsozialismus, 2nd edn. (Graz and Stuttgart, 2000). See NARA,

T 580/186 /366, Himmler to Wu

st, Director of the Ahnenerbe, 25 October

1937, with approving comments on the latter’s statement on the book by

Sigurd Wettenhovi-Aspa, Fenno-

€

Agyptischer Kult urursprung der Alten Welt.

820 endnotes

Kommentare zu den vorhistorischen Vo

lkerwanderungen (Helsinki, 1942). In the

letter Himmler makes the assumption that Finns and Egyptians, and also

Chinese and Japanese, were once nations colonized by an ‘elite from Atlantis’.

141. IfZ, PS-2204, note on ﬁle about a discussion with Hitler on 1 November

1935.

142. Heinz Corazza, Die Samurai. Ritter des Reiches in Ehre und Treue (Berlin and

Munich, 1937); cf. Ackermann, Himmler, 68.

143. BAB, BDC, SS-O Scha

fer. Scha

fer was born in 1910. He had written two

books about the expedition begun in 1934 that collapsed in the highlands of

central Tibet, making it necessary for him to turn back in difﬁcult circum-

stances: Unbekanntes Tibet. Durch die Wildnisse Osttibets zum Dach der Erde

(Berlin, 1937), and Dach der Erde. Durch das Wunderland Hochtibet. Tibetexpedi-

tion 1934/36 (Berlin, 1938). In the foreword to Unbekanntes Tibet he acknowl-

edged Himmler’s support. On this whole subject see Reinhard Greve,

‘Tibetforschung im SS-Ahnenerbe’, in Thoma s Hauschild (ed.), Lebenslust

und Fremdenfurcht. Ethnolo gie im Dritten Reich (Frankfurt a. M., 1995), 168–99.

144. Peter Mierau offers the mos t detailed account in Nationalsozialistische Expedi-

tionspolitik. Deutsche Asien-Expeditionen 1933–1945 (Munich, 2006), 311 ff.; see

also Greve, ‘Tibetforschung’, 171 ff., Christopher Hale, Himmler’s Crusade:

The True Story of the 1938 Nazi Expedition into Tibet (London, 2003), and Kater,

‘Ahnenerbe’, 211 f.

145.BAB,NS19/2709,

Himmler to Scha

fer, 7 Septemb

er 1939. In this letter

Scha

fer had to put up with severe criticism from the Reichsfu

hrer, because he

had spoken to Admiral Canaris about his mission and thus was putting its

secrecy at risk; Scha

fer to Himmler, 3 November 1939, on the state of

preparations (ibid.). The enterprise failed not least because of the ﬁnancial

cost, put by Scha

fer at 2–3 million Reich marks (letter to Wolff, 6 April 1940,

ibid.). On the mission see Greve, ‘Tibetforschung’, 177, Kater, ‘Ahnenerbe’,

212, also Mierau, Expeditionspolitik, 365 ff.

146. Greve, ‘Tibetforschung’, 177 ff., and Mierau, Expeditionspolitik, 394 ff.

147.BAB,NS19/2244, Brandt to Tobis-Filmkunst, 24 November 1939.

148. Ibid. Himmler to Scha

fer, March 1940, no day.

149. BAB, BDC, SS-O Scha

fer, Himmler to Scha

fer, 24 February 1943. The book

in fact appeared in 1943 w ith the subtitle Erster Bericht der deutschen Tibet-

Expedition Ernst Scha

fer 1938/39.

150. See BAB, NS 19/500, Otto to Brandt, Gmund, 5 August 1939, on the

condme

nt of a Luftwaffe major for the South America expedition. In a

letter Sievers wrote on 9 August 1939 to Himmler as President of the

Ahnenerbe he reminded him that in discuss ions with Kiss he had voiced

the intention of informing the governments of Bolivia, Peru, and Chile about

the Ahnenerbe expedition arranged for 1940 (ibid.).

151. Edmund Kiss, Das Sonnentor von Tihuanaku und Ho

rbigers Welteislehre (Leipzig,

1937).

endnotes 821

152. BAB, BDC, SS-O Weist hor.

153. The account in question was Der Rasputin Himmlers. Die Wiligut Saga (Vienna,

1982)byRudolf J. Mund and published by the Volkstum-Verla g. It is based

above all on letters, notes, and oral material from Wilig ut’s adherents and

admirers, of whom the author was one. Goodrick-Clarke, Wurzeln, took

some important material from it. Hans-Ju

rgen Lange is more critical:

Weisthor. Karl Maria Wiligut. Himmlers Rasputin und seine Erben (Engerda,

1998).

154. Karl Maria Wiligut, Seyfried’s Runen (Rabensteinsage) (Vienna, 1903), reprinted

in Winfried Katholing, Die Sage von Ritter Seyfried und der Rebenstein bei Znaim

(Aschaffenburg, 2003), 73–115.

155. Amongst the papers Wiligut sent Himmler were the article ‘Gotos Raunen—

Runenwissen!’, which had appeared in the journal Hagal in 1934, with a

personal dedication from Wiligut, a mythological poem in seven stanzas, a

‘mythological idyll’, a number of letters, and an Irminic prayer from 1934.

The documents are published in Lange, Weisthor. In addition Wiligut

prepared for Himmler a detailed commentary on a book dedicated to Himm-

ler’s father, Erkla

rung der Gebra

uche bei der Ausstellung der Heiligen Sakramente

in der recht gla

ubigen Kirche (W. Michailowskij, St Petersburg, 1870), NS 19/

3944.

156. BAB, NS 19/3670 (undated).

157. BAB, NS 19/3671 , ‘For my R eichsfu

hrer-SS Heinrich Himmler from a loyal

German!’ Initialled on 1 May 1934 by Himmler.

158.

Ibid. initialled on 17 June 1936 b

y Himmler.

159. BAB, BDC, SS-O Weist hor, promotion w.e.f. 9 November 1936.

160. Ibid. Wolff to Pancke, 5 February 1939; according to this Weisthor had ‘left

the SS w.e.f. 1. 1. 39 at his own request for reasons of age and of the fragile

state of his health’.

161. Ibid. Chief of the Personal Staff, Wolff, to Schmitt, 22 August 1939.

162. BAB, NS 19/1573, correspondence between Brandt und Wiligut, who was in

Salzdetfurt being treated for rheumatism, from 18 August to 11 September

1940.

163. Dienstkalender , 28 November 1941, lunch wit h Colonel Wiligut, Frau Rupp-

mann, Frau Baltrusch.

164. Speech in 1938 in Himmler, Geheimreden, 79.

165. ‘Zur Erkenntnis deutschen Wesens. Julzeit—heilige Zeit’, Germanien,

8 (1936), 369–72, 371; cf. Huber, Porzellan-Manukfaktur, 133 ff.

166. BAB, NS 19/4003, speech at the Gruppenfu

hrer meeting in Dachau, 8 No-

vember 1936.

167. BAB, NS 19/4004, speech at the Gruppenfu

hre

meeting in Munich in the

leaders’ quarters of the SS-Standarte Deutschland, 8 November 1937.

168. Knoll, ‘Porzellanmanufaktur’, 122 f. Huber, Porzellan-Manufaktur, 24, even

mentions 60,000.

822 endnotes

169.BAB,NS19/457, Himmler to Diebitsch, 9 June 1939, and also Personal Staff

(Brandt) to the Personal Staff Munich, 5 April 1940 (ibid.); cf. Huber,

Porzellan-Manufaktur, 136 f.

170. Huber, Porzellan-Manufaktur, 136. There was also a life light emb ellished with

a ‘children’s frieze’ and known as a ‘children’s frieze light’.

171. Various letters in BAB, NS 19/3034 and in 3666.

172.BAB,NS19/3901, Order for the Conferral of the Death’s Head Ring, 10

April 1934. All SS leaders from Sturmfu

hrer upwards received the ring if they

had either joined the organization before 1933 and had belonged to it for at

least two years or had joined after 30 January 1933 and had been members for

three years, and also all SS leaders who through belonging to the Reichswehr

and police had not been able to join before 30 January 1933 received it after

they had been members for two years. For a detailed account of the ring see

Klaus D. Patzwall, Der SS-Totenkopfring. Se ine illustrierte Geschichte 1933– 1945,

4th. rev. edn. (Norderstedt, 2002), 58 f.

173. See e.g. BAB, BDC, SS-O Daluege, Himmler to Daluege, 24 December

1933.

174. Ibid. Himmler to Daluege, 15 September 1933.

175.BAB,NS19/4003, speech to the Gruppenfu

hrer meeting in Dachau,

8 November 1936.

176. Ibid. For a time this was nothing more than an announcement: see BAB, NS

19/3081,

Personal

Staff to Frau Gahr, 8 June 1939, and further correspon-

dence on the design that was ﬁnally put forward.

177. Examples in BAB, NS 19/3034 and 3666; cf. Gudrun Schwarz, Eine Frau an

seiner Seite. Ehefrauen in der ‘SS-Sippengemeinschaft’ (Hamburg, 1997), 64.

178. Ackermann, Himmler, 66.

179.BAB,NS19/11 48, referred to RFSS with a letter of 17 April 1937; published

with a commentary in Schwarz, Frau, 53 ff.

180.BAB, NS19/4003, speech at the Gruppenfu

hrer meeting in Dachau,

8 November 1936. See also speech at the wedding ceremony of SS-Sturm-

bannfu

hrer Deutsch, 2 April 1936 (ibid.).

181. Instructions for the Organization of Name Consecrations, formerly Slg.

Schumacher (BAB), discussed in detailed in Ackermann, Himmler, 84 ff.

182.BAB, NS19/4003, speech at the Gruppenfu

hrer meeting in Dachau,

8 November 1936.

183. A facsimile of the ofﬁcial record of the ceremony is published in Lang,

Adjutant, 43 f.

184.BAB, NS19/4003, speech at the Gruppenfu

hrer meeting in Dachau,

8 November 1936.

185.N

ARA,

T 580/143/167, circular 5/38, 30 September 1938.

186.BAB,NS19/4005, speech in Alt-Rehse.

187.BAB,NS19 /3667, list of summer-sols tice celebrations in which the RFSS has

taken part.

endnotes 823

188. BAB, NS 2/6, Wolff to RuSHA, 26 October 1936.

189. BAB, NS 2/54, 28 February 1938.

190. BAB, NS 19/530, summar y report of the SS Main Ofﬁce dated 25 October

1938, enclosing the reports from senior SS leaders sent in at the request of the

Personal Staff.

191. ‘Fru

hjahrswettkampf der SS’, SS-Leitheft, 3/1 (1937), 45–7, also ‘Sonnen-

wendka

mpfe der SS’, SS-Leitheft, 3/3 (1937), 62 – 4 (for the second quotation).

192. BAB, NS 19/4004, speech to the Gruppenfu

hrer meeting in Mu

nchen in the

ofﬁcers’ quarters of the SS-Standarte Deutschland, 8 November 1937.

193. BAB, NS 19/4003, speech to the Gruppenfu

hrer meeting in Dachau,

8 November 1936.

194. BAB, NS 19/2240, correspondence of the Personal Staff concerning the ‘light

sayings’ for the celebrations in 1936 and 1937.

195.I

id.16 November 1937; cf. Ackermann, Himmler, 65, and Schwarz, Frau, 63.

196. BAB, NS 19/1312, Brandt to Ellersiek, 8 November 1938.

197. BAB, NS 19/4003, speech at the Gruppenfu

hrer meeting in Dachau,

8 November 1936. Italics in the original.

198. Ibid. Gruppenfu

hrer meeting 8 November 1936; similarly BAB, NS19/4004,

Gruppenfu

hrer meeting in Bad To

lz, 18 February 1937.

199. BAB, NS 2/231, 16 April 1940.

200. BAB, NS 19/4003, Gruppenfu

hrer meeting in Dachau, 8 November 1936.

201. Schwarz, Frau, 57, with reference to a letter from the head of the SS Main

Ofﬁce of October 1935.

202. BAB, NS 19/4003, Gruppenfu

hrer meeting in Dachau, 8 November 1936.

203. Tagebu

cher

ebbels, 21 August 1935.

204.BAB,NS2/56, RFSS’s Guidelines for Comradeship Evenings, 22 February 1941.

205. Doc. PS-1992 (A), in IMT, vol. 29, pp. 206 ff.

206. Karl Hu

ser, Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Kult- und Terrorsta

tte der SS. Eine Doku-

mentation (Paderborn, 1982 ), 11 ff.

207. Ibid. 26 ff.

208. Ibid. 23 ff.

209. BAB, NS 19/3901, order of 6 November 1935.

210.Hu

ser, Wewelsburg, 24.

211. Ibid. 32 f.

212. Ibid. 61 ff.

213.NS19/3667, RFSS’s guest list at the Wewelsburg between 1935 and 1938.On

the dates of 12/13 May, 25/26 May,

and 1 July 1935 see

BAK, NL 1126/7,

appointments diary for 1935; for 4 to 6 February and 7 to 9 May 1937 see the

diary for 1937 (Wildt, ‘Terminkalender’, 689).

214. Speech of 8 November 1938, in Himmler, Geheimreden, 25 ff., here 26.

215.Hu

ser, Wewelsburg, 43 f.

216. Ibid. 65.

217. BAB, NS 19/1446, on his visit to the castle from 15 to 18 January 1939.

824 endnotes

218.BAB,NS19/1446; this instruction is undated (also published in Ackermann,

Himmler, doc. no. 21).

219. Speech from 1938, quoted in Himmler, Geheimreden, 79. BAB, NS 19/3901,

Himmler’s instruction regarding the transfer of death’s-head rings belonging

to fallen SS men to the Personnel Main Ofﬁce, 6 December 1939.

220.BAB,NS19/4004, speech in Bad To

lz, 18 Februar 1937. Cf. Ackermann,

Himmler, 105.

221. This can be found in the personal ﬁles of numerous SS leaders (BAB, BDC,

SS-O).

222.Hu

ser, Wewelsburg, 50 ff.

223. Uta Halle, ‘Die Externsteine sind bis auf weiteres germanisch!’ Pra

historische Arch-

ologie im Dritten Reich (Bielefeld, 2002), 180 ff.

224.BAB,NS19/1631, Wolff to Galke, w ho was the person in the Personal Staff

with responsibility for the Externsteine, 27 April 1937.

225. Ibid. Himmler to Galke, 5 November 1937.

226. Ibid. Himmler to Galke, 4 November 1937.

227. Ibid. 20 April 1940.

228. This is clear from his letter of 20 April 1940.

229.

tler, Monologe, 4 February 1942.

230. Justus H. Ulbricht, ‘“Heil Dir,Wittekinds Stamm”. Verden, der “Sachsenhain”

und die Geschichte vo

lkischer Religiosita

t in Deutschland’, Heimatkalender fu

den Landkreis Verden (1995), 69–123, and also (1996), 224–67,esp.245 ff.

231. Verdener Anzeige nblatt, 22 June 1935, quoted in Ulbricht, ‘“Heil Dir”’, 258.

232. Ibid. 97 f.

233.BAB,NS19/3666, Personal Staff to Diebitsch re dispositions made by

Himmler on his visit on 18 June 1938.

chapter 11

1.PRO,WO 208/4474, Himmler dossier, testimony from Josef Kiermaier, who

was responsible for Himmler’s personal security, 5 August 1945. See in

addition the testimony given by Himmler’s adjutant Rudolf Brandt at the

Nuremberg Doctors’ Trial, published in Der Nu

rnberger

€

Arzteprozess 1946/47.

Wortprotokolle, Anklage- und Verteidigungsmaterial, Que llen zum Umfeld, com-

missioned by the Foundation for Twentieth-Century Social History, ed.

Klaus Do

rner et al., ﬁnal editing by Karsten Linne (Munich, 1999), 4933 ff.

Himmler’s Dienstkalender (ofﬁce diary), which exists for the years 1941 and

1942, shows that he seldom began work before 10 and most often still had

appointments late into the evening. Colonel Eismann of the General Staff,

Himmler’s closest military colleague in his capacity as commander of the army

group Vistula, claims in his memoirs that in general Himmler began work

around 10.30 (BAM, N 265/127, notes of Colonel Eismann).

endnotes 825

2. BAB, NS 19/4009, speech at the SS and Police Leaders’ Conference in the HQ

at Hegewald, 16 September 1942 .

3. This album is one of four photograph albums belonging to the Himmler family

that were given in 2004 to the archive of the US Holocaust Museum.

4. BAB, NS 19/4003, speech at the summer solstice on the Brocken, 22 May

1936.

5. BAB, NS 19/4013, speech on 5 May 1944 in Sonthofen.

6. OA Moscow, Himmler ﬁle. In 1934 he edited a piece of writing about him

that contained false information about his school-leaving exams (Abitur) and

his service in the ‘ﬁeld’.

7. BAB, NS 19/1718, letter of 30 October 1933 to Ferdinand Bruger as a response

to the latter’s request of 13 August 1933.

8. BAB, BDC, SS-O Johst, Johst to Himmler, 30 April 1942, and Himmler’s

reply, 14 May 1942; see Rolf Du

sterberg, Hanns Johst: ‘Der Barde der SS’.

Karrieren eines deutschen Dichters (Paderborn, 2004), 290.

9. BAB, NS 19/3666, note on ﬁle for SS Oberfu

hrer von Alvensleben, 5 De-

cember 1938.

10. OA Moscow, Himmler ﬁle, correspondence with photographic business, 17

and 27 June 1938.

11. Ibid. Wolff to RFSS

cash

fund, 2 June 1937.

12. BADH, ZM 766 A 19, travel expenses of RFSS from 1939 and 1940.

13.PRO,WO 208/4474, Himmler dossier, testimony of Josef Kiermaier, 5 August

1945; see also a similar statement by Himmler’s adjutant Rudolf Brandt in the

Nuremberg Doctors’ Trial, published in Nu

rnberger

€

Arzteprozess, 4978; on his

modest requirements see also the recollections of Colonel I. G. Eismann

(BAM, N 265/127).

14. Otto Wagener, Hitler aus na

chster Na

he. Aufzeichnungen eines Vertrauten

1929–1932 (Frankfurt a. M., 1978), 76 ff.

15. Albert Speer, Erinnerungen (Berlin, 1969), 382.

16. Evidence of the extensive administration of Himmler’s present-giving can be

found in ﬁles BAB, NS 19/116, 424, 569, 1076, 3535, 3972, and 4044. The

personal ﬁles of the SS leaders (BDC) also contain summaries of gifts received.

17. BAK, NL 1126/7, diary for 1935, entry for 28 December 1935.

18.

BAB,

NS 19/4003, 22 May 1936. Himmler stuck to this wish, as he told

Hildebrandt, the head of the Race and Settlement Main Ofﬁce, on 17 Decem-

ber 1943 (NS 19/1047).

19. Himmler issued a decision personally in cases of doubt. When in April 1940

Untersturmfu

hrer Ku

chlin was to be dismissed from the SS as it turned out that

one of his ancestors, b orn in 1643, had been of the ‘Mosaic’ faith, Himmler,

after a personal interview with Ku

chlin, instructed that a new investigation be

conducted and let the Untersturmfu

hrer stay in the SS until ﬁnal clariﬁcation.

His declared reason can only be described as bizarre: he did not, he said, believe

that the ancestor had really been a Jew, as the man’s daughter had married the

826 endnotes

landlord of an inn called ‘The Wild Man’; he, however, knew that owners of

inns with this name had been ‘very race-conscious and inwardly unchristian

men and members of German [ . . . ] heathen secret societies and they would

certainly not have permitted anyone to marry a Jew’ (BAB, NS 19/453).

20. The ‘mental attitude of a free member of the master race’, as Himmler

explained in a speech to members of the Hitler Youth on 22 May 1936,was

in cases of doubt more important than externa l characteri stics (Himmler,

Geheimreden, 61 f.).

21. On the examination see in particular BAB, NS 2/53, Himmler’s order

concerning proof of Aryan descent and genetic health, 13 July 1934.In1936

Himmler ruled that applicants who had submitted their applications in the

previous two years should be admitted to the SS before the completion of the

examination of their descent (NS 2/166, Himmler’s order of 1 October 1936).

See also instructions on this matter of 20 April 1935 (NS 2/280 ) and 26 May

1939 (NS 2/152). Further relevant dispositions are found in ﬁles NS 2/166 and

NS 31/279; see also Heinemann, ‘Rasse’, 59 ff.

22. BAB, NS 2/152, letter from head of RuSHA, 2 August 1939.

23. Ibid. letter from RuSHA, 22 March 1938.

24. BAB, NS 2/166, order of 20 May 1935, reproduced in letter of 3 June 1936.

25.

Doc.

PS-1992 (A), lecture by Himmler on the nature and purpose of the SS as

part of a Wehrmacht course on national politics, 15 to 23 January 1937,in

IMT, vol. 29, pp. 206 ff., here 210.

26. Heinemann, ‘Rasse’, 61.

27. BAB, NS 2/152, RuSHA circular, 22 December 1939.

28. BAB, NS 19/1047, Hildebrandt to Himmler, 1 December 1943, and Himm-

ler’s reply, 17 December 1943, published in Himmler, Reichsfu

hrer!, no. 288a.

29. BAB, NS 19/4002, speech at the leaders’ conference of SS-Oberabschnitt

South-East in Breslau, 19 January 1935; see also Ackermann, Himmler, 106 ff.

Himmler also described the ‘path’ of the SS man in similar terms in other

speeches: NS 19/4005, speech at the camp at Ahrenshoop to Napola senior

staff, teachers, and pupils, 3 July 1938; doc. PS-1992 (A), lecture by Himmler

on the nature and purpose of the SS as part of a Wehrm acht course on national

politics, 15 to 23 January 1937 ,inIMT, vol. 29,

pp. 206 ff.

30.

BAB, NS 2/86, note by Caesar, reporting to Reichsfu

hrer-SS, 21 November

1938.

31. Such catalogues of virtue can be found, for example, in the following speeches:

BAB, NS 19 /4005, speech in Znaim, 11 December 1938;NS19/4009, The

Hague, 17 May 1942;NS19/4013, speech to the 13th SS Alpine division, 11

January 1944; Berliner Tageblatt of 15 June 1937 , report on the speech on the

occasion of the consecration of the memorial for Gauleiter Loeper, Leopolds-

halle in Stassfurt, 13 June 1937.

32. Himmler, Schutzstaffel, 23 (speech of 12 November 1935 in Goslar).

endnotes 827

33. This is Birn’s convincing explanation, in Die Ho

heren SS- und Polizeifu

hrer, 365

ff. On loyalty see also Ackermann, Himmler, 149 ff.

34. SS-Leitheft, 11 ( January 1937), 29 f.

35. BAB, NS 19/4005, speech at the Gruppenfu

hrer meeting in Munich,

8 November 1938, published in Himmler, Geheimreden, 25 ff., here 43.

36. Ackermann, Himmler, 150.

37. Ibid.

38.NS19/3902, order of 9 November 1936; cf. Ackermann, Himmler, 119 f.

39. Birn, Die Ho

heren SS- und Polizeifu

hrer, 367 ff.

40. BAB, BDC, SS-O Eicke, 6 October 1937. For further declarations of loyalty

(in addition to those examples cited in the text and in Birn, Die Ho

heren SS- und

Polizeifu

hrer, 363 ff.) see, among others, BDC, SS-O Gerhard Klopfer, 12

December 1942, on his promotion; SS-O Albin Rauter, 20 June 1943 (promo-

tion); SS-O Friedrich Wilhelm Kru

ger

, 7 Oc

tober 1938 (birthday); SS-O

Heissmeyer, letter of thanks for Yule light, 6 January 1936; SS-O Alfred

nnenberg, New Year letter, 15 December 1942.

41. BAB, BDC, SS-O Rediess, 22 December 1935, also published in Birn, Die

heren SS- und Polizeifu

hrer, 370.

42. Birn, Die Ho

heren SS- und Polizeifu

hrer, 376 f.

43. BAB, BDC, SS-O Martin, 3 August 1944.

44. BAB, BDC, SS-O Fegelein, 5 October 1943.

45. BAB, BDC, SS-O Jeckeln, 18 May and 1 June 1944.

46. Ibid. 7 November 1944; quoted by Birn, Die Ho

heren SS- und Polizeifu

hrer, 394.

47. BAB, BDC, SS-O Fitzthum, 4 September 1940.

48. Birn, Die Ho

heren SS- und Polizeifu

hrer, 375 f.; Hans Buchheim, ‘Befehl und

Gehorsam’, in id. et al., Anatomie des SS-Staates, 7th edn. (Munich, 1999),

213–320, 235;

Ack

ermann, Himmler, 152 ff.

49. BAB, NS 19/1667, Berger to Himmler, 28 July 1943; BDC, SS-O Steiner,

letter from Himmler of 25 August 1942. Birn, in Die Ho

heren SS- und Polizei-

hrer, 381, emphasizes in particular the examples of Woyrsch und von Alven-

sleben, who in spite of inadequate performance were able to maintain their

relationship of loyalty with the Reichsfu

hrer. Also instructive in this respect is

the example of Eicke (see above p. 152).

50. Himmler, Schutzstaffel, 23.

51. Birn, Die Ho

heren SS- und Polizeifu

hrer, 379.

52. BAB, NS 19/4005, speech in Znaim, 11 December 1938.

53. BAB, NS 2/50. On Himmler’s concep t of ‘decency’ see Ackermann, Himmler,

153 ff.

54. BAB, NS 19 /4002, speech at the leaders’ confe rence of SS-Oberabschnitt

South-East in Breslau, 19 January 1935.

55. BAB, NS 19/4010, 4 October 1943, published as doc. PS-1919 in IMT,

vol.

29,p

p.110 ff., quotation 145.

828 endnotes

56. BAB, NS 19/4003, also published as Himmler, Rede des Reichsfu

hrers-SS vor den

Preußischen Staatsra

ten.

57. BAB, NS 19/4010, 4 October 1943, published as doc. PS-1919 in IMT,vol.

29, pp. 110 ff., quotation 123.

58. BAB, NS 19/4013, speech in Salzburg, 14 May 1944.

59. BAB, NS 19/4011 , speech at the conference of Naval commanders, 16

December 1943.

60. See above p. 105.

61. BAB, NS 2/59, Brandt to all heads of Main Ofﬁces, 28 July 1942 (quoted from

a letter from Himmler to Pohl of the sam e date).

62. BAB, NS 19/3973, compilation of December 1940, published in Ackermann,

Himmler, 262 ff. The booklet Rassenpolitik, edited in 1943 by the SS Main

Ofﬁce, gives as ‘basic laws of the SS’ the order to marry, the law of honour,

dispositions for the Lebensborn, basic law concerning the care of widows and

orphans, and the SS order to last surviving sons (pp. 57 ff.). The list of

‘Grundgesetze’ as of 30 October 1942 (Erlass-Sammlung, BAK, NSD 41/39,

232 ff., published in Bianca Vieregge, Die Gerichtsbarkeit einer ‘Elite’. National-

sozialistisch

e Rechtspr

echung am Beispiel der SS- und Polizeigerichtsbarkeit (Baden-

Baden and Berlin, 2002), 256 ff.) gives in addition the order concerning ‘ethnic

self-respect’ of 19 April 1939, which forbade SS men and police to associate,

and in particular to have sexual relations, with members of ‘populations of

other races’, and also the instruction ‘Tactful attitude towards those of other

faiths’ of 15 September 1934. The deﬁnitive list of basic laws, according to the

head of the SS Main Ofﬁce for the SS Court in April 1940, had been postpon ed

by Himmler to the end of the war (BAB, NS 7/3, announcement of 1 April

1940).

63. IfZ, PS-2204, note for the ﬁle by Himmler on his discussion with Hitler on 1

November 1935.

64. See Schied- und Ehr engerichtsordnung der SS, Miesbach (c.1935). The arbitration

courts decided cases that did not fall within the scope of disciplinary proceed-

ings.

65. BAB, BDC, SS-O Kaul. In view of the conﬂict between Brigadefu

hrer Kaul

and Oberfu

hrer Unger, the responsible Oberabschnittsfu

hrer von dem Bach-

Zelewski had suggested a duel (von dem Bach-Zelewski, 12 May 1936,to

Heissmeyer; Himmler’s de cision of 31 May 1936).

66. BAB, NS 19 /4004, speech at the Gruppenfu

hrer meeting in Munich in the

leaders’ quarters of the SS-Standarte Deutschland, 8 November 1937.

67. BAB, NS 7/218, order from Himmler of 5 January 1943 re the preservation of

honour in war. Himmler is quoting here from a Fu

hrer order for the Wehr-

macht, which was also appropriate for the SS.

68. BAB, NS 19/4004, speech to the Gruppenfu

hrer meeting in Munich in the

leader

s’

quarters of the SS-Standarte Deutschland, 8 November 1937.

69. BAB, NS 19/3901, 15 August 1942.

endnotes 829