Longerich Peter. Heinrich Himmler: A Life
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Otto Ohlendorf had worked at the Kiel Institute for the World Economy
(Hanno Sowade, ‘Otto Ohlendorf—Nonkonformist, SS-Fu
¨
hrer und
Wirtschaftsfunktiona
¨
r’, in Ronald Smelser and Rainer Zitelmann (eds), Die
braune Elite. 22 biographische Skizzen (Darmstadt, 1989), 188–200); the German-
ist Hans Ro
¨
ssner, who was an employee in the SD Culture Group, appears
to have been considered for a chair at Strasbourg in 1941 (Wildt, Generation,
386 ff.); his predecessor, Wilhelm Spengler, also a Germanist, established the
‘Literature Office’ (Schrifttumsstelle) at the German Book Centre (Deutsche
Bu
¨
cherei) in Leipzig, which systematically scrutinized the output of German
publishers (ibid. 174 ff.). The physician Gustav Scheel, who had a dual career in
the SD und the NS Student League (he became Reich Student Leader in 1936),
played an important role in recruiting young academics for the SD (ibid.
172 ff.); according to his own testimony, Walter Schellenberg, who later
became head of the SD Foreign Department, was put in contact with the SD
by his university tutor (George C. Browder, ‘Schellenberg—Eine Geheim-
dienst-Phantasie’, in Ronald Smelser and Enrico Syring (eds), Die SS. Elite
unter dem Totenkopf. 30 Lebensla
¨
ufe (Paderborn, etc., 2000), 418– 30).
28. Mann, Protest, 180.
29. Johnson, Terror, 305 ff.
30. Duhnke, KPD, 194; Stolle, Geheime Staatspolizei, 222 f.; Johnson, Terror, 191
ff., discovered that around 70 per cent of the Krefeld Gestapo files for 1933 and
1934 dealt with communists; after the beginning of 1935 the number declined.
31. Gestapa, ‘Lagebericht fu
¨
r 1937’,
published in Margot Pikarski und Elke Warn-
ing
(eds), Gestapo-Berichte u
¨
ber den antifaschistischen Widerstandskampf der KPD
1933–1939, vol. 1: Anfang 1933 bis August 1939 (Berlin, 1989), doc. no. 16;
Duhnke, KPD, 201.
32. BAB, NS 19/4004, speech at the Gruppenfu
¨
hrer meeting in Munich in the
officers’ quarters of the SS-Standarte Deutschland, 8 November 1937.Ina
similar way in his speech to Wehrmacht officers in January 1937 he defended
the policy he had pursued in Bavaria of not letting communist functionaries go
free: doc. PS-1992 (A), in IMT, vol . 29, pp. 206 ff., here 217.
33. Thus in his address to Gestapo officials and employees on 11 October 1934
he placed the blame for the ‘corruption’ of the SA leadership on the Jews,
the Freemasons, and Ultramontanism (BAB, NS 19/4002); on 5 March 1935
he told Prussian state councillors that, apart from the Jews and Bolshevism, the
Gestapo was focusing its efforts on ‘jewified world Freemasonry’ (ibid.); in
January 1937 he announced at a course on national politics run by the
Wehrmacht that he considered that ‘Bolshevism led by Jews and Freemasons’
to be the main enemy (doc. PS-1992 [A], in IMT, vol. 29, pp. 206 ff., quotation
229), and he explained to SS-Gruppenfu
¨
hrer on 8 November 1938 that they
were dealing with a ‘war being fought by all the Jews, Freemasons, Marxists,
and Churches in the world’ against Nazi Germany (NS 19/4005, published in
800 endnotes
Heinrich Himmler, Geheimreden 1933–1945, ed. Bradley F. Smith and Agnes
F. Peterson (Munich, 1974), 25 ff., quotation 37).
34. Das Schwarze Korps, 15 May 1935; on this series see also above pp. 196 ff.
35. Neuberger, Freimaurerei, ii. 16 ff.
36. Ibid. 101 f.
37. Ibid. 119 f.
38. Ibid. 23 f.
39. BAB, NS 19/1720, RFSS to a Fr au Ka
¨
the Oswald, 25 August 1932.
40. Neuberger, Freimaurerei, ii. 45 f. and 108.
41. Wildt (ed.), Judenpolitik , 27 .
42. BAB, R 58/239; on this order of Heydrich’s concerning the demarcation of the
responsibilities of the SD and the Gestapo see p. 188 above.
43. In January 1935 he told SS leaders in Breslau, that they were involved in a
‘struggle with those who have been the oldest opponents of our nation for
thousands of years, with Jews, Freemasons and Jesuits’ (BAB, NS 19/40029, 19
January 1935, meeting of leaders of SS-Oberabschnitt South-East in Breslau,
published in Himmler, Geheimreden, 57). In January 1937 he talked to Wehr-
macht officers about ‘our natural opponents, internatio nal Bolshevism led by
Jews and Freemasons’ (doc. PS-1992 [A], in IM
T,
vol. 29, pp. 206 ff., quotation
229), and he told Napola heads in July 1938, that they had ranged against them
the whole of capital, all the Jews, all Freemasons, all the democrats and
philistines, all the Bolshevists in the world, all the Jesuits in the world, and
last but not least all the nations who regret that they did not kill the lot of us in
1918’ (BAB, N S 19/4005, speech in the Ahrenshoop tent camp, 3 July 1938,
published in Himmler, Geheimreden, 57 f.).
44. From summer 1933 onwards the Gestapo offices reported on Jewish organiza-
tions; in the summer of 1934 they received instructions to report on all areas of
public life in which Je ws and non-Jews cooperated (Berschel, Bu
¨
rokratie, 171).
45. Ibid. 275 ff.; BAB, R 58/269, edicts of 28 January und 6 March 1935.
46. BAB, R 58/276, 10 February 1935 (published in Joseph Walk (ed.), Das
Sonderrecht fu
¨
r die Juden im NS-Staat. Eine Samml ung der gesetzlichen Maßnahmen
und Richtlinien. Inhalt und Bedeutung, 2nd edn. (Heidelberg, 1996), i, 514).
47. Ibid. i. 516, 12 February 1935.
48. Circular edict of 27 July 1936 re: regulations for the implementation of the Law
concerning Public Houses in RMBliV 1936, col. 1067; Uwe Dietrich Adam,
Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich (Du
¨
sseldorf, 1972), 155.
49.
Uwe
Dietrich Adam, Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich, 156 and 169 ff. It was only in
January 1938 that the law concer ning the alteration of surn ames and first names
was issued. The decree to implement it conta ined a list of first names that Jews
were no longer allowed to use.
50. BAB, R 58/23a, 7 July 1936.
endnotes 801
51. OA Moscow, 501-1-18, Gestapa Berlin, II 1 B 2, published in Otto Dov Kulka
and Eberhard Ja
¨
ckel (eds), Die Juden in den geheimen NS-Stimmungsberichten
1933–1945 (Du
¨
sseldorf, 2004), doc. no. 447.
52.On17 August 1935 the Gestapa, ordered the Stapo offices to start keeping a list
of members of Jewish organizations; but during the coming months those Jews
who were not members of organizations were also registered. A national
register was started in Gestapo headquarters. Further measures to register
German Je ws were the identity-card decree of 23 July 1938 and the national
census of May 1939, in which a statement of racial identity was required (details
in Adam, Judenpolitik, 18 2 ff.).
53. Wildt (ed.), Judenpolitik , 38.
54. Ibid. 34.
55. See below p. 217 f.
56. BAB, NS 19/4005, speech in Alt-Rehse (1938). On Himmler’s hatred of
Christianity see Josef Ackermann, Heinrich Himmler als Ideologe (Go
¨
ttingen,
etc., 1970), 88 ff.
57. BAB, NS 19/3666, published in Himmler, Geheimreden, 50 f.
58. BAB, NS 19/4009, 9 June 1942, published in Himmler, Geheimre den, 145 ff.,
quo
tation 159 f.
59.
BAB, NS 19/4009.
60. BAB, NS 19/4042, 10 January 1934.
61. IfZ, PS-2204, 15 Oct ober 1934 and 25 March 1935.
62. BAB, NS 19 /3901, 20 September 1935, with reference to the earlier order of
15 October 1934. ‘German Christians’ were a group within the Protestant
Church sympathetic to the Nazis [trs.].
63. Friedrich Zipfel, Kirchenkamp f in Deutschland 1933–1945. Religionsverfolgung und
Selbstbehauptung der Kirchen in der nationalsozialistischen Zeit (Berlin, 1965), 108,
quotes the order of 18 November 1937 in the BDC.
64. IfZ, PS-2204, 15 September 1934.
65. Ibid. minute concerning an interview with Hitler on 23 October 1935.Asis
clear from the minute of 1 November 1935 (ibid.), eight days later Himmler
presented him with an order concerning matters involving the religious con-
fessions, which Hitler approved.
66. BAB, NS 19/3901, 24 July 1937.
67. June 1937;
published in Ju
¨
rgen
Mattha
¨
us et al., Ausbildungsziel Judenmord?
‘Weltanschauliche Erziehung’ von SS, Polizei und Waffen-SS im Rahmen der ‘End-
lo
¨
sung’ (Frankfurt a. M., 2003), doc. no. 7.
68. BAB, NS 2/53, Himmler to Pastor Friedrich in Halberstadt, 11 March 1937.
69. BAB, NS 19/3481, Himmler to Hans Schulze, 14 August 1941 .
70. Statistisches Jahrbuch der Schutzstaffel der NSDAP 1938 (Berlin, 1939), 99. Ac-
cording to this, on the set date of 31 December 1937 54.2 per cent of SS men
were Protestant and 23. 7 per cent Catholic. 0.2 per cent were categorized as
‘others’.
802 endnotes
71. BAB, BDC, SS-O Weitzel to Himmler, 30 April 1936, and reply of 2 July
1936.
72. BAB, NS 19/4004, 18 February 1937.
73. BAB, NS 2/53, Himmler to Pastor Friedrich in Halberstadt, 11 March 1937.
74. Speech to the officers of a Grenadier division at the Bitche training camp on 26
July 1944, published in Himmler, Geheimreden, 215 ff., quotation 217. See also
the RFSS’s speech at the meeting of the NSDAP’s foreign organization in
Stuttgart (BAB, NS 19/4005, 2 September 1938): ‘1. I will not put up with
anyone in the SS who does not believe in God. 2. I will not tolerate anyone’s
feelings being hurt on account of their religious convictions.’
75. BAB, NS 19/4003, speech at Gruppenfu
¨
hrer meeting in Dachau, 8 November
1936.
76. BAB, NS 10/4007, speech to party comrades after November 1940 .
77. On Hartl see Dierker, Glaubenskrieger, 96 ff.
78. Petra Madeleine Rapp, Die Devisenprozesse gegen katholische Ordensangeho
¨
rige und
Geistliche im Dritten Reich. Eine Untersuchung zum Konflikt deutsch er Orden und
Klo
¨
ster in wirtschaftlicher Notlage, totalita
¨
rer Machtausu
¨
bung
des
nationalsozialis-
tischen Regimes und im Kirchenkampf 1935/1936 (Bonn, 1981); on the participa-
tion of the SD in the preparation of the trials see Dierker, Glaubenskrieger,
173 ff.
79. Hans Gu
¨
nter Hockerts, Die Sittlichkeitsprozesse gegen katholische Ordensangeho
¨
rige
und Priester 1936 /1937. Eine Studie zur nationalsozialistischen Herrschaftstechnik und
zum Kirchenkampf (Mainz, 1971), 4 ff.
80. Ibid. 12 ff.
81. Dierker, Glaubenskrieger, 178 ff.
82. Hockerts, Sittlichkeitsprozesse, 63 ff.
83. Dierker, Glaubenskrieger, 183 ff.
84. Oron J. Hale, Presse in der Zwangsjacke, 1933–1945 (Du
¨
sseldorf, 1965), 148 ff.;
Dierker, Glaubenskrieger, 189 ff.
85. Dierker, Glaubenskrieger, 85 ff.
86. On the role of the Gestapo in church politics focusing on the Protestant
Churches during the years 1935–7, see Dierker, Glaubenskrieger, 192 ff.
87. Ibid. 198 f.
88. Ibid. 408 f.
89. On Himmler’s and the SS’s role in church politics during the years 1937–8 se
e
ibid. 407 ff.
90. Tagebu
¨
cher
Goebbels, 15 February 1937. The conversation took place during a
railway journey.
91. Dierker, Glaubenskrieger, 335 ff., and 241 f.
92. BAB, NS 19/688.
93. Dierker, Glaubenskrieger, 336 ff.
94. BADH, ZB I/668, RFSS’s adjutant’s office to the Security Police Main Office,
30 April 1937.
endnotes 803
95. Dierker, Glaubenskrieger, 346.
96. BADH, ZB I/1686, minute of a meeting on 5 November 1937.
97. Dierker, Glaubenskrieger, 341 ff.
98. On the persecution of the Jehovah’s Witnesses see Detlef Garbe, Zwischen
Widerstand und Mart yrium. Die Zeugen Jehovas im ‘Dritten Reich’ (Munich,
1993).
99. Ibid. 149 ff.
100. Ibid. 96 ff.
101. Ibid. 159 ff.
102. Ibid. 215 ff.
103. Ibid. 234.
104. Ibid. 239 ff.; on the persecution in Baden see also Stolle, Geheime Staatspolizei,
226 ff.
105. Garbe, Widerstand, 247 ff.
106. See the edited volume Himmlers Hexenkartothek. Das Interesse des Nationalso-
zialismus an der Hexenverfolgung, ed. So
¨
nke Lorenz et al., 2nd edn. (Bielefeld,
2000), and in particular the contribution by Jo
¨
rg Rudolph, ‘“Geheime Reichs-
kommando-Sache!” Hexenja
¨
ger im Schwarzen Orden. Der H-Sonderauftrag
des Reichsfu
¨
hrers-SS, 1935–1944’, 47–97.
107. Ibid. 56.
108.
Himmler
, Schutzstaffel, 5.
109. For more details see Rudolph, ‘Geheime Reichskommando-Sache!’, 52.
110. Ibid. 84.
111. Blank reported on it after the war; see Nordwestdeutsche Hefte, 3/1 (1948), 3–6.
112. BAB, NS 19/2963, Kaltenbrunner to Himmler, 18 June 1943, and Brandt to
Chief of the Security Police, 26 June 1943.
113. BAB, NS 19/4013, speech to the Wehrmacht generals on 5 May 1944 in
Sonthofen; similarly in his Sonthofen speech of 21 June 1944 (BAB, NS 19/
4014).
114. RMbliV 1936, cols. 1152 ff., regulations implementing the circular edict on the
reorganization of the state criminal police of 20 September 1936, 16 July 1937;
Patrick Wagner, Volksgemeinschaft ohne Verbrecher. Konzeptionen und Praxis der
Kriminalpolizei in der Zeit der Weimarer Republik und des Nationalsozialismus
(Hamburg, 1996), 234 ff.
115. Wagner, Volksgemeinschaft, 237.
116. Ibid. 238.
117.
Ibid. 239 ff.
118.
BAB, R 58/242, edict of Frick on the appointment of inspectors of the
security police, 20 September 1936; enclosed are ‘official instructions for the
inspectors of the security police’. There is also an overview dated 24 Septem-
ber 1938 of the appointments of inspectors of the security police that had been
made by 15 September 1938. Edict and instructions are also in RMBliV 1936,
cols. 1243 f. See also Wagner, Volksgemeinschaft, 246 f.; Friedrich Wilhelm,
804 endnotes
Die Polizei im NS-Staat. Die Geschichte ihrer Organisation im U
¨
berblick (Pader-
born, etc., 1997), 79 ff.
119. On the Kripo as part of the security police see Wagner, Volksgemeinschaft, 243
ff. Both Kripo and Gestapo continued to investigate cases of racial disgrace
after Heydrich had ordered that, as a matter of principle, the bulk of these
investigations should be handed over to the Kripo (Walk (ed.), Sonderrecht, ii.
141, edict of 27 March 1936; Berschel, Bu
¨
rokratie, 212 ff.).
120. Doc. PS-1992 (A), lecture to a Wehrmacht course on national politics from
15 to 23 January 1937, published in IMT, vol. 29,pp.206 ff., quotation 220.
121. Printed in the booklet Vorbeugende Verbrechensbeka
¨
mpfung, published by the
Reich Criminal Police Office (IfZ, Dc 17.02); see also Wagner, Volksge-
meinschaft, 254 f., and the detailed account in Karl-Leo Terhorst, Polizeiliche
planma
¨
ßige U
¨
berwachung und polizeiliche Vorbeugungshaft im Dritt en Reich. Ein
Beitrag zur Rechtsgeschichte vorbeugender Verbrechen sbeka
¨
mpfung (Heidelberg,
1985), 115 ff.
122. Wagner, Volksgemeinschaft, 256 ff.
123. See in detail ibid. 254 ff.
124. Ibid. 265 ff.
125. IfZ, Dc 17.02, collection of edicts concer ning the preventive combating of
crim
e;
Wagner, Volksgemeinschaft, 259. On this whole issue see Terhorst,
U
¨
berwachung.
126. The directives for implementation dated 4 April 1938 (in IfZ, Dc 17.02,
collection of edicts concerning the preventive combating of crime) contain
a detailed list of the groups who should form the main target of the preventive
combating of crime: ‘Beggars, tramps (Gypsies), prostitutes, alcoholics, per-
sons with infectious diseases, particularly sexual diseases, who try to evade the
measures taken by the health authorities’, as well as ‘the work-shy and those
who refuse work’. See also Wolfgang Ayass, ‘“Ein Gebot der nationalen
Arbeitsdisziplin”: Die Aktion “Arbeitsscheu Reich” 1938’, in Feinderkla
¨
rung
und Pra
¨
vention. Kriminalbiologie, Zigeunerforschung und Asozialenpolitik (Berlin,
1988), 43–74, here 53 f.
127. Ayass, ‘“Gebot”’, 45 ff.
128. OA Moscow, 500-1- 261; published in ‘Da s Schicksal der Juden im Saarland
1920–1945’, ed. Hans-Walter Herrmann, in Dokumentation zur Geschichte der
ju
¨
dischen Bevo
¨
lkerung in Rheinland-Pfalz und im Saarland von 1800–1945, pub-
lished by the Landes archivverwaltung Rheinland-Pfalz and the Landesarchiv
Saarbru
¨
cken (Koblenz, 1974), 257–491, here 447 ff.; see Ayass, ‘“Gebot”’,
54 f.
129. Ayass, ‘“Gebot”’, 67 ff.
130. Decree to Secure the Labour Requirements for Tasks of Particular Political
Importance (RGBl 1938 I, 652) as well as the decree to implement it of 20
June 1938,
both
published in Timothy W. Mason (ed.), Arbeiterklasse und
Volksgemeinschaft. Dokumente und Materialien zur deutschen Arbeiterpolitik
endnotes 805
1936–1939 (Opladen, 1975), 669 ff. Up to the beginning of the war 800,000
workers were conscripted, particularly for the construction of the West Wall
(ibid. 667).
131. On the press reporting see Peter Longerich, ‘Davon haben wir nichts gewusst!’
Die Deutschen und die Judenverf olgung 1933–1945 (Munich, 2006), 112 ff.
132. Wagner, Volksgemeinschaft, 292 ff.
133. According to official figures, the number of murders and cases of manslaugh-
ter declined by 46.2 per cent between 1932 and 1938, the number of cases of
grievous bodily harm by 58.3 per cent, of serious cases of theft by 58.7 per
cent, of blackmail by 39.6 per cent, of arson by 45.2 per cent, and of counter-
feiting currency by 88.2 per cent (Deutsche Justiz, 101 [1939], 1476). For an
interpretation of the statistics see Wagner, Volksgem einschaft, 214 ff. and 297 f.
134. Michael Zimmermann, Rassenutopie und Genozi d. Die nationalsozialistische‘Lo
¨
-
sung der Zigeunerfrage’ (Hamburg, 1996), 114 ff.
135. Ibid. 81 ff.; see also Guenter Lewy, The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies (Oxford
and New York, 2000), 15 ff.
136.
Zimm
ermann, Rassenutopie, 86 ff.
137. Ibid. 106 ff.
138. Ibid. 125 ff.; see also Lewy, Nazi Persecution, 43 ff.
139. IfZ, Dc 17 .02, circular edict of the RFSS, 8 December 1938; instructions on
implementation from the Reich Criminal Police Office of 1 March 1939.
140. Ibid. 5 June 1939; Zimmermann, Rassenutopie, 101 ff.
141. BAB, NS 19/4004, 16 January 1937. Fo r Himmler’s attitude towards homo-
sexuality see Burkhard Jellonnek, Homosexuelle unter dem Hakenkreuz. Die
Verfolgung von Homo sexuellen im Dritten Reich (Paderborn, 1990). Apart from
this important study see also: Geoffrey Giles, ‘The Institutionalization of
Homosexual Panic in the Third Reich’, in Robert Gellately and Nathan
Stoltzfus (eds), Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany (Princeton, etc., 2001),
233–55;Gu
¨
nter Grau (ed.), Homosexualita
¨
t in der NS-Zeit. Dokumente einer
Diskriminierung und Verfolgung, 2nd rev. edn. (Frankfurt a. M., 2004); Richard
Plant, Rosa Winkel. Der Krieg der Nazis gegen die Homosexuellen (Frankfurt a.
M., etc., 1991);
Peter
von Ro
¨
nn, ‘Politische und psychiatrische Homosex-
ualita
¨
tskonstruktion im NS-Staat’, Part I: ‘Die politische Genese des Homo-
sexuellen als Staatsfeind’, Part II: ‘Die soziale Genese der Homosexualita
¨
t als
defizita
¨
re Heterosexualita
¨
t’, both in Zeitschrift fu
¨
r Sexualforschung, 11 (1998),
99–129 and 220–60; Hans-Georg Stu
¨
mke, Homosexuelle in Deutschland. Eine
politische Geschichte (Munich, 1989).
142. Report of the president of the Higher State Court (Oberlandesgerichtspra
¨
si-
dent) in Frankfurt, 2 September 1937, who repeats information from the
Frankfurt police chief of 26 Ap ril 1937 (BAB, R 3001/1460); StA Marburg,
LRA Eschwege Nr. 1718, Kassel criminal police department, guidelines for
combating homos exuality and abortion of 11 May 1937, refers to the same
comment. See Jellonnek, Homosexuelle, 122.
806 endnotes
143. BADH, ZM 1668, Akte 13.
144. ‘As a German, as a National Socialist, I wish to make the following point quite
soberly: People dispute about how many homosexuals there are and how
many abortions take place: I don’t want to give any figures here’ ( Grundfragen
der deutschen Polizei, 14).
145.BAB,NS19/4004; excerpts also in Himmler, Geheimreden, 93 ff.
146. BADH, ZM 1668, Akte 13.
147.BAB,NS19/4005, speech by the RFSS at a meeting of the NSDAP’s Foreign
organization in Stuttgart, 2 September 1938.
148.BAB,NS19/4004; excerpts also in Himmler, Geheimreden, 93 ff.
149. BADH, ZM 1668, Akte 13.
150.BAB,NS19/4005, speech by the RFSS at a meeting of the NSDAP’s Foreign
organization in Stuttgart, 2 September 1938.
151. BADH, ZM 1668, Akte 13. The figure of 400,000 is based on ten annual
cohorts each with 40,000 capable of being recruited.
152.BAB,NS19/4004; excerpts also in Himmler, Geheimreden, pp. 93 ff.
153. Statistisches Jahrbuch 1937, Secret (page stuck in) Reason
s
for the Exclusions
and Expulsions mentions 23 exclusions and 29 expulsions on the basis of
paragraph 175.
154. See below pp. 368 ff.
155. Jellonnek, Homosexuelle, 95 ff.
156. Ibid. 110 ff.
157. Edict of 10 October 1936, published in Grau (ed.), Homosexualita
¨
t, doc.
no. 27.
158. Jellonnek, Homosexuelle, 122 ff.; Wagner, Volksgemeinschaft, 249 ff.
159. IfZ, Annual report of Office V of the R SHA, 1940, 61; Jellonnek, Homosex-
uelle, 129 ff.
160. On the statistics see Jellonnek, Homosexuelle, 122.
161. ‘Das sind Staatsfeinde’, Das Schwarze Korps, 4 March 1937. See also: ‘Homo-
sexualita
¨
t und Kunst’ (11 March 1937), ‘
€
Achtung der Entarteten’ (1 April
1937), and ‘Was sage ich meinem Kinde?’ (15 April 1937), in which Himm-
ler’s demand for a positive attitude towards the question of sexual relations
between young people was addressed.
162. StA Marburg, LRA Eschwege Nr. 1718, Kassel criminal police, guidelines for
combating homosexuality and abortion, 11 May 1937.
163.B
A
B,R 22/865, Statement by Himmler of 2 March 1937; see also Jellonnek,
Homosexuelle, 116.
164. Edict of 29 October 1937, in IfZ, Dc 17.02, collection of edicts concerning
the preventive combating of criminality.
165.Jellonnek,Homosexuelle, 156. Himmler took the view that this principle should
never affect the position if one offered a preventive prisoner the possibility of
release in the event of his agreement; since preventive detention did not carry a
fixed term this ‘offer’ implied a threat of possible life imprisonment.
endnotes 807
166. IfZ, Annual report of Office V of the RSHA, 1940, decree of 12 July 1940.
167. BAB, NS 19/4007, 29 Februa ry 1940, published in Himmler, Geheimreden,
115 ff., quotation 120 f.
168. BAB, R 58/261.
169. BAB, NS 19/2376, Edict of 7 March 1942; Jellonnek, Homosexuelle, 30.
170. Jellonnek, Homosexuelle, 34 ff.; NS 19/1916, statistics of the SS Court Main
Office for the first quarter of 1943 conta in 22 sentences, none of which is a
death sentence. Geoffrey G iles, ‘The Denial of Homosexuality: Same-Sex
Incidents in Himmler’s SS and Police’, Journal of the History of Sexuality
(2002), 256–90, examined four cases contained in the SS and police judicial
records in which sentences were imposed for such offences. Himmler con-
firmed two of the sentences (one of them a death sentence) and in the other
two cases ordered ‘front-line duty’ instead of the sentences of imprisonment
that had been imposed.
171. Das Schwarze Korps, 25 May 1939.
172. BAB, NS 19/688, correspondence about orders in 1937 and 1940. Himmler’s
response to Rahn can be adduced above all from Brandt’s letter to Naumann
(Propaganda Ministry) dated 2 November 1943 as well as from Brandt’s letter
of 9 May 1944.O
nRahn’s
activities and his role in the SS see Hans-Ju
¨
rgen
Lange, Otto Rahn. Leben und Werk (Engerda, 1995), and id., Otto Rahn und die
Suche nach dem Gral. Biografie und Quellen (Engerda, 1999). Lange, Leben und
Werk, 54 ff. documents the correspondence between Himmler and Rahn for
the years 1936–9, which can be found among other things in Rahn’s SS-O-
Akte in the BDC.
173. Referred to in the letter from the head of OKW, Amtsgruppe Inland, 16
March 1944 (BAB, NS 19/688).
174. BAB, R 43 II/391, Himmler’s decrees of 26 June 1936 concerning the
distribution of responsibilities within the sphere of the German police and
concerning the appointment of a chief of the order police and a chief of the
security police; see also Wilhelm, Polizei, 83 f.
175. Wilhelm, Polizei, 84 f.
176. Circular edict of the RFSS, 15 August 1936, Provisional Regulations
Concerning the Replacement of Constables in the Schutzpolizei, in RMBliV
1936, col. 1180c.
177. The facts concerning personnel numbers and the duties of the order police
have been gleaned from two addresses given by Daluege, one to SS leaders on
23 January 1939 and the other at a conference of Prussian district and
provincial governors (Regierungs- and Oberpra
¨
sidenten) on 23 June 1939
(BAB, R 19/381).
On
the history of the order police see also Martin Ho
¨
lzl,
‘Gru
¨
ner Rock und Weiße Weste. Adolf von Bomhard und die Legende von
der sauberen Ordnungspolizei’, Zeitschrift fu
¨
r Geschichtswissenschaft, 50 (2002),
22–43; Heiner Lichtenstein, Himmlers gru
¨
ne Helfer. Die Schutz- und Ordnung-
spolizei im ‘Dritten Reich’ (Cologne, 1990); Hans-Joachim Neufeld, Ju
¨
rgen
808 endnotes
Huck, and Georg Tessin, Zur Geschichte der Ordnungspolizei 1936–1945 (Ko-
blenz, 1957).
178. Wilhelm, Polizei, 113 ff.
179. Ibid. 110 ff.; on the strength of the fire brigades see Daluege’s statements of 23
January 1939 (BAB, NS 19/ 381).
180. Orth, System, 35 ff.; Tuche l, Konzentrationslager, 326 ff.
181. Hermann Kaienburg, Der Milita
¨
r- und Wirtschaftskomplex der SS im KZ-Stan-
dort Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg. Schnittpunkt von KZ-System, Waffen-SS und
Judenmord (Berlin, 2006), 19.
182. Himmler to the Justice Minister, 8 February 1937, quoted in Falk Pingel,
Ha
¨
ftlinge unter SS-Herrschaft. Widerstand, Selbstbehauptung und Vernichtung im
Konzentrationslager (Hamburg, 1978), 63 . On KZ Sachsenhausen see Hermann
Kaienburg, ‘Sachsenh ausen-Stammlager’, in Wolfgang Benz und Barbara
Distel (eds), Der Ort des Terrors. Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentra-
tionslager, vol. 3: Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald (Munich, 2006), 17–72; Gerhard
Finn, Sachsenhausen 1936–1950: Geschichte eines Lagers (Berlin, 1988); Kaien-
burg, Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg;Gu
¨
nter Morsch (ed.), Mord und Massenmord
im Konzentrationslager Sachsenhausen 1936–1945 (Berlin, 2005).
183. On the history of the camp see Harr y Stein, ‘Buchenwald–Stammlager’, in
W
olfgang
Benz and Barbara Distel (eds), Der Ort des Terrors. Geschichte der
nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager, vol. 3: Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald
(Munich, 2006), 301–56; id., Konzentrationslager Buchenwald 1937–1945. Begle-
itband zur sta
¨
ndigen historischen Ausstellung, published by the Gedenksta
¨
tte
Buchenwald (Go
¨
ttingen, 1999); Jens Schley, Nachbar Buchenwald. Die Stadt
Weimar und ihr Konzentrationslager 1937–1945 (Cologne, etc., 1999). Himmler’s
visit on 22 May 1937 is clear from his office diary (Michael Wildt, ‘Himmlers
Terminkalender aus dem Jahr 1937’, Vierteljahrshefte fu
¨
r Zeitgeschichte, 52
(2004), 671–91, here 686).
184.Za
´
mec
ˇ
nı
´
k, ‘Dachau-Stammlager’, 245 ff.
185.Jo
¨
rg Skriebeleit, ‘Flossenbu
¨
rg-Stammlager’, in Wolfgang Benz and Barbara
Distel (eds), Der Ort des Terrors. Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentra-
tionslager, vol. 4: Flossenbu
¨
rg, Mauthausen, Ravensbru
¨
ck (Munich, 2006), 17–66.
186. On the history of the camp see Florian Freund and Bertrand Perz, ‘Mauthau-
sen-Stammlager’, in Wolfgang Benz and Barbara Distel (eds), Der Ort des
Terrors. Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager,
vol. 4: Flos
sen-
bu
¨
rg, Mauthau sen, Ravensbru
¨
ck (Munich, 2006), 293– 346; Hans Mars
ˇ
a
´
lek, Die
Geschichte des Konzentrationslagers Mauthausen. Dokumentation, 3rd edn.
(Vienna, 1995).
187. Hermann Kaienburg, Das Konzentrationslager Neuengamme 1938 – 1945, pub-
lished by the KZ-Gedenksta
¨
tte Neuengamme (Berlin, 1997).
188.OnKZRavensbru
¨
ck see Annette Leo, ‘Ravensbru
¨
ck-Stammlager’, in Wolf-
gang Benz and Barbara Distel (eds), Der Ort des Terrors. Geschichte der
endnotes 809