Longerich Peter. Heinrich Himmler: A Life
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58. Anke Schmeling, Josias Erbprinz zu Waldeck und Pyrmont. Der politische Weg
eines hohen SS-Fu
¨
hrers (Kassel, 1993).
59. BAB, BDC, SS-O Woyrsch.
60. BAB, BDC, SS-O Eberstein.
61. Charles Messenger, Hitl er’s Gladiator: The Life and Times of Oberstgruppenfu
¨
hrer
and Panzergeneral-Oberst d. Waffen-SS Sepp Dietrich (London etc., 1988);
Christopher Clark, ‘Josef “Sepp” Dietrich. Landsknecht im Dienste Hitlers’,
in Smelser and Syring (eds), Die SS. Elite, 119–33; BAB, BDC, SS-O Dietrich.
62. BAB, BDC, SS-O Daluege; Caron Cradle, ‘My Honor is Loyalty: The
Biography of General Kurt Daluege’, unpublished diss., Princeton 1979,
particularly 74 ff. concer ning his switch to the SS.
63. BAB, BDC, SS-O Rodenbu
¨
cher, in particular the cv of 13 October 1933.
64. BAB, BDC, SS-O Weitzel, in particular the undated cv.
65. Ibid. Gerichts- und Rechtsamt, re: Standartenfu
¨
hrer Hirt, 12 October 1937.
66. Ibid. Himmler to Hartmann, 30 October 1931.
67. BAB, BDC, SS-O Rediess, undated cv; appointment documents of 1 January
1931, 4 and 12 July 1932 (in July 1932 Rediess took over Abschnitt XII, though
only for a week).
68. BAB, NS 19/1934, SS order D, no. 68, 31 December 1931.
69. Ibid. SS order D, no. 1, 14 January 1932,
list of SS Air units. Himmler dealt
w
ith further details in SS order D, no. 3,of18 March 1932.
70. Koehl, Black Corps, 53, who adopts the figures in the Statistisches Jahrbuch der
Schutzstaffel der NSDAP 1937 (Berlin, 1938), 4. For comparison: in June 1932
the SA had 397,000 members (Longerich, Geschichte der SA, 159).
71. Jan Erik Schulte, Zwangsarbeit und Vernichtung. Das Wirtschaftsimperium der
SS. Oswald Poh l und das SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt 1933–1945 (Pader-
born, etc., 2001), 24.
72. Schulte, Zwangsarbeit, 22 ff., on the beginnings of the SS administration.
73. BAB, NS 19/1934, SS order D, no. 69.
74. Mollo, Uniforms, 8. On Himmler’s first appearance in the new uniform see the
statement by Wolff (StA Mu
¨
nchen, Staatsanwaltschaften 34865, vol. 9, 23
January 1962).
75. StA Mu
¨
nchen, Staatsanwaltschaften 34865, vol. 9, 23 January 1962.
76. BAB 19/1074, note of 6 January 1939.
77. StA Mu
¨
nche
n,
Staatsanwaltschaften 34865, vol. 9, 23 January 1962.
78. Ernst Hanfstaengl, Zwischen Weißem und Braunem Haus. Memoiren eines poli-
tischen Außenseiters (Munich, 1970), 98.
79. Albert Krebs, Tendenzen und Gestalten der NSDAP. Erinnerungen an die Fru
¨
hzeit
der Partei (Stuttgart, 1959), 209.
80. On this see Gerhard Schulz, Von Bru
¨
ning zu Hitler. Der Wandel des politischen
Systems in Deutschland 1930–1933 (Berlin and New York, 1992), 819 ff.; Wink-
ler, Weimar, 444 ff.
780 endnotes
81. Richard Bessel, Political Violence and the Rise of Na zism: The Storm Troopers in
Eastern Germany 1925–1934 (New Haven and London, 1984), 87 ff.
82. BAB, BDC, SS-O Wappenhans, 13 April 1938.
83. See Schulz, Bru
¨
ning, 961 ff.; Winkler, Weimar, 510 f.
84. Between June 1932 and the beginning of 1933 the SS only grew from around
41,000 members to around 50,000: Koehl, Black Corps, 53 and 79.
85. BAB, NS 19/1934, Abschnitt IV, Braunschweig: Mood of the SS, 23 Septem-
ber 1932.
86. Ibid. Gruppe East, 21 September 1932.
87. Ibid. Gruppe South, 21 September 1932.
88. Ibid. Gruppe South-East, 22 September 1932.
89. Ibid. Gruppe West, 21 September 1932.
90. Ibid. Abschnitt VII, Danzig, 23 September 1932.
91. Longerich, Geschichte der SA, 159 ff.
92.
BAB, formerly Slg. Schuhmacher 407, 17 Decem
ber 1932.
93. BAK, NL 1126/2, letter from Himmler, 4 April 1933.
94. Henry Turner, Hitlers Weg zur Macht. Der Januar 1933 (Munich, 1997), 97 f.;
Joachim von Ribbentrop, Zwischen London und Moskau. Erinnerungen und letzte
Aufzeichnungen, aus dem Nachlass, ed. Annelies von Ribbentrop (Leoni a.
Starnb. See, 1953), 37 f.
chapter 7
1. On terror during the period of the seizure of power see in particular Klaus
Drobisch and Gu
¨
nther Wieland, System der NS-Konzentrationslager 1933–1939
(Berlin, 1993), 11 ff.; Johannes Tuchel, Konzentrationslager. Organisations-
geschichte und Funktion der ‘Inspektion der Konzentration slager’ 1934–1938 (Boppard
a. Rh., 1991), 35 ff.; George C. Browder, Foundations of the Nazi Police State:
The Formation of Sipo and SD (Lexington, Ky., 1990), 50 ff.
2. Drobisch und Wieland, System, 27 ff., emphasize that the essential feature of
protective custody was precisely the absence of legal certainty.
3. Tuchel provides an overview of the various types of concent ration camp
during the years 1933–4 in Konzentrationslager, 38 ff.
4. On the ‘seizure of power’ in Bavaria and the construction of the terror apparatus
there see Jochen Klenner, Verha
¨
ltnis von Partei und Staat 1933–1945,dargestelltam
Beispiel Bayerns (Munich, 1974), 44 ff.; Ortwin Domro
¨
se, Der NS-Staat in Bayern
von der Machtergreifung bis zum Ro
¨
hm-Putsch (Munich, 1974), 80 ff.; Martin Faatz,
Vom Staatsschutz zum Gestapo-Terror. Politische Polizei in Bayern in der Endphase der
Weimarer Republik und der Anfangsphase der nationalsozialistischen Diktatur (Wu
¨
rz-
burg, 1995), 381 ff. (See in particular 398 ff. on the expansion of the office of the
police chief ); Tuchel, Konzentrationslager, 121 ff.; Aronson, Heydrich, 94 ff
.
5.
Aronson, Heydrich, 100 f.
endnotes 781
6. Mu
¨
nchner Neueste Nachrichten, 13 March 1933; see also Vo
¨
lkischer Beobachter of
the same day.
7. BHStA, StK 5255, radio message from Wagner, 15 March 1933; see Klenner,
Verha
¨
ltnis, 859.
8. BHStA, StK 6288, Wagner edict, 27 March 1933; see Klenner, Verha
¨
ltnis, 82 f.;
Faatz, Staatsschutz, 417 ff.
9. BHStA, StK 6288, Wagner edict, 27 March 1933; see Klenner, Verha
¨
ltnis, 82 f.;
Faatz, Staatsschutz, 417 ff. 9 Wagner order, 1 April 1933,inBayerische Staats-
zeitung und Bayerischer Staatsanzeiger, 21 (1933), 4 April 1933; also published in
Aronson, Heydrich, 323; see Klenner, Verha
¨
ltnis, 59.
10. Aronson, Heydrich, 99 f.
11.
BHStA, StK 6288,
Wagner edict, 10 April 1933.
12. Domro
¨
se, NS-Staat, 185 ff., on the special commissars.
13. BAB, R 2/28350, chronicle of the whole SS camp complex in Dachau quoted
from Tuchel, Konzentrationslager, 124. On the establishment and early history
of the Dachau camp see Barbara Distel and Ruth Jakusch, Konzentrationslager
Dachau 1933–1945 (Brussels, [1978]); Stanislav Za
´
mecnı
´
k, Das war Dachau
(Luxembourg, 2002); also id., ‘Dachau-Stammlager’, in Wolfgang Benz and
Barbara Distel (eds), Der Ort des Terrors. Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen
Konzentrationslager, vol. 2: Fru
¨
he Lager,Dachau, Emslandlager (Munich, 2005),
233–74; id., ‘Das fru
¨
he Konzentrationslager Dachau’, in Wolfgang Benz and
Barbara Distel (eds), Terror ohne System. Die ersten Konzentrationslager im Natio-
nalsozialismus 1933–1935 (Berlin, 2001), 13–39;Gu
¨
nther Kimmel, ‘Das Kon-
zentrationslager Dachau. Eine Studie zu den nationalsozialistischen
Gewaltverbrechen’, in Martin Broszat und Elke Fro
¨
hlich (eds), Bayern in der
NS-Zeit,vol.2: Herrschaft und Gesellschaft im Konflikt. Part A (Munich, 1979),
349–413; Lothar Gruchmann, ‘Die bayerische Justiz im politischen Macht-
kampf 1933/34. Ihr Scheitern bei der Strafverfolgung von Mordfa
¨
llen
in
Dach
au’, in Martin Broszat and Elke Fro
¨
hlich (eds), Bayern in der NS-Zeit,
vol. 2: Herrschaft und Gesellschaft im Konflikt. Part A (Munich, 1979), 415–28;
Hans-Gu
¨
nter Richardi, Schule der Gewalt. Die Anfa
¨
nge des Konzentrationslagers
Dachau 1933–1934. Ein dokumentarischer Bericht (Munich, 1983).
14. Vo
¨
lkischer Beobachter, 21 March 1933; See Tuchel, Konzentrationslager, 124.
15. Archiv Gedenksta
¨
tte Dachau, 16.103, quoted in Tuchel, Konzentrationslager,
125.
16. Tuchel, Konzentrationslager, 125 f.; Richardi, Schule, 55 ff. and 88 ff. The SS
finally took over the camp on 30 May 1933.
17. IfZ, Nuremberg documents, PS-1216; see Tuchel, Konzentrationslager, 126.
18. Sybille Steinbacher, Dachau—die Stadt und das Konzentrationslager in der
NS-Zeit. Die Untersuchung einer Nachbarschaft (Frankfurt a. M. etc., 1993).
19. On the investigations of the Munich public prosecutor see Gruchmann,
‘Justiz’, 416 ff. Prosecutor Wintersberger’s report of 2 June 1933 is
publish
ed
782 endnotes
as doc. D-926,inIMT, vol. 36, pp. 55 ff. On the meeting with Epp on 2 June
see Gruchmann, ‘Justiz’, 420 f.
20. On Eicke see Tuchel, Konzentrationslager, 128 ff., and Aronson, Heydrich, 105 ff.
21. BAB, BDC, SS-O Eicke, Eicke to Himmler, 29 March 1933.
22. Ibid. Eicke report of 20 March 1933 on the events in Ludwigshafen; Himmler
order of 3 April 1933.
23. Ibid. Eicke to Himmler, 29 March and 13 April 1933; Report of Heyde, 22
April 1933.
24. Ibid. letter to Eicke on Himmler’s behalf, 20 May 1933; Himmler to Heyde,
2 June 1933.
25. BAB, BDC, SS-O Koegel, Eicke to the head of the Bavarian auxiliary political
police [Hilfspolizei], 27 November 1933; see Bernd Weg ner, Hitlers Politische
Soldaten. Die Waffen-SS 1933–1945: Leitbild, Struktur und Funktion einer natio-
nalsozialistischen Elite, 5th edn. (Paderborn, 1997), 179.
26. On the Dach au model see Tuchel, Konzentrationslager, 141 ff.; Richardi, Schule,
119 ff.
27. Partly reproduced in doc. PS-778 ,inIMT,
vol. 26,
pp. 291 ff.
28. BAB, R 22/1167 , Service Regulations for Sentries and Prison Guards, see
Tuchel, Konzentrationslager, 144 f.
29. Details in Richardi, Schule, 183 ff.
30. Ibid. 189 ff. and 209 f. At the cabinet meeting on 26 July 1933 Interior Minister
Wagner announced that he had directed Himmler ‘to provide him with daily
reports on impor tant events and on significant measures that were being
planned’ (BHStA, MA 99 526).
31. Richardi, Schule, 179 ff.
32. Published in Distel und Jakusch, Dachau, 80; see also Tuchel, Konzentrationsla-
ger, 142 f.
33. The acting Minister of Justice had already advocated restricting the use of
protective custody at the cabinet meeting on 7 April 1933;on16 May the
ministers criticized the unauthorized measures taken by the Bavarian political
police chief against Jewish institutions in Munich. It was minuted that ‘actions
of the political police chief had repeate dly caused great concern’ (BHStA, MA
99 525). On 26 July the Reich Governor complained about the measures taken
by the political police against the N uremberg Jews; Prime Minister Siebert
suggested that Himmler should be assigned an ‘experienced administrative
lawyer’. In the cabinet meeting on 27 February 1934 the Justice Minister
declared that the practice of the political police in carrying out arrests was
‘intolerable’, and won support for his suggestion that decisions on the applica -
tion of protective custody should in future be made by the Interior Minister
(MA 99 526). But Himmler’s work was not seriously affected by these repeated
criticisms from the governmen t.
34. Dok. D-926,inIMT, vol. 36, pp. 47 f. In a letter to Justice Minister Frank of 29
November 1933 Wagner refers to Himmler’s commission of 18 November
endnotes 783
1933, according to which the investigations of deaths in Dachau were to be
abandoned ‘for political reasons of state’. See Gruchmann, ‘Justiz, 423 ff.
35. BHStA, MA 99 525, mee ting of 6 December 1933.
36. Doc. D-926,inIMT, vol. 36, pp. 54 f., minute of Stepp, 6 December 1933.
37. This is the accurate characterization in Tuchel’s Konzentrationslager, 149.
38. In Bavaria by 13 April 5,400 people had already been taken into protective
custody, more than half of them communists. See Hartmut Mehringer, ‘Die
KPD in Bayern 1919–1945. Vorgeschichte,Verfolgung und Widerstand’, in
Hartmut Mehringer, Anton Grossmann, and Klaus Schoenhoven (eds ), Bayern
in der NS-Zeit, vol. 5: Die Parteien KPD, SPD, BVP in Verf olgungund Widerstand
(Munich, 1983), 1–286, here 73 ff. In June 1933 over 1,000 Social Democrats
were incarcerated in a further wave of arrests, see Hartmut Mehringer, ‘Die
bayerische Sozialdemokratie bis zum Ende des NS-Regimes. Vorgeschichte,
Verfolgung und Wider stand’, ibid. 287–432, here 338 ff.
39. Tuchel, Konzentrationslager, 153 f.
40. Ibid. 53 ff.
41. On the takeover of the political police see the overview in Hans Buchheim,
‘Die SS—Das Herrschaftsinstrument’, in id. et al., Anatomie des SS-Staates, 7th
edn. (Munich, 1999), 13–212, 39 ff.
, and the detailed account in Browder,
Fou
ndations, 98 ff.
42.Wegner,Politische Soldaten, 81 ff.; James J. Weingartner, Hitler’s Guard: The Story
of the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, 1933–1945 (Carbondale, Ill., etc., 1974), 1 ff.
43. Even after Himmler had appointed Dietrich leader of the SS-Oberabschnitt
East, Dietrich continued to empha size the special position of the Leibstandarte.
In April 1934, however, he agreed to the subordination of the Leibst andarte to
the Oberabschnitt East; see Wegner, Politische Soldaten, 83, and Weingartner,
Guard, 8 f.
44. On the takeover of the political police in Hamburg see Browder, Foundations ,
100 ff.; Michael Wildt, ‘Der Hamburger Gestapochef Bruno Streckenbach.
Eine nationalsozialistische Karriere’, in Frank Bajohr and Joachim Szodrzynski
(eds), Hamburg in der NS-Zeit. Ergebnisse neuerer Forschungen (Hamburg, 1995),
93–123;Henning Timpke (ed.), Dokumente zur Gleichschaltung des Landes Ham-
burg 1933 (Frankfurt a. M. ,1964); Ludwig Eiber, ‘Unter Fu
¨
hrung des NSDAP
Gauleiters. Die Hamburger Staatspolizei (1933–1937)’, in Gerhard Paul and
Klaus-Michael Mallmann (eds), Die Gestapo. Mythos und Realita
¨
t (Darmstadt,
1995), 101–17; BAB, BDC , SS-O Kaufmann.
45. Dokumente zur Gleichschaltung, 169 ff.
46. Ibid. 31.
47. BAB, BDC, SS-O Hans Nieland, SS-OA Nord, 21 March 1934,toRFSS. This
appointment only occurred orally but was made formal on 30 April 1934 (Head
of
the
SS Office to OA Nord, 7 April 1934). Nieland had joined the SS
officially on 1 November 1933. See Dokumente zur Gleichschaltung, 177.
48. Dokumente zur Gleichschaltung, 177 f.
784 endnotes
49. BAB, BDC, SS-O Streckenbach; Wildt, ‘Streckenbach’, 101; Dokumente zur
Gleichschaltung, 176.
50. BAB, BDC, SS-O Kaufmann, Himmler to Kaufmann, 15 November 1933.
51. BAB, BDC, SS-O Georg Friedrich Ahrens, cv of 25 June 1942 and letter from
Himmler dated 14 August 1934.
52. BAB, BDC, SS-O Streckenbach.
53. Dokumente zur Gleichsc haltung, 176.
54. Ibid. 231 ff.
55. BAB, BDC, SS-O Hildebrandt and SS-O Ludwig Oldach (SS date of entry: 26
September 1933); Browder, Foundations, 104 f.; Vo
¨
lkischer Beobachter, 13 Decem-
ber 1933: ‘Himmler becomes leader of the political police in Mecklenburg.’
56. On Himmler’s appointment in Wu
¨
rttemberg see Browder, Foundations, 106
ff.; Paul Sauer, Wu
¨
rttemberg in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus (Ulm, 1975), 58 ff.
On Stahlecker see Ju
¨
rgen Schuhladen-Kra
¨
mer, ‘Die Exekutoren des Terrors.
Herrmann Mattheiss, Walther Stahlecker, Friedrich Mussgay, Leiter der Ge-
heimen Staatspolizeistelle Stuttgart’, in Michael Kissener and Joachim Schol-
tyseck (eds), Die Fu
¨
hrer der Provinz. NS-Biographien aus Baden und Wu
¨
rttemberg
(Konstanz, 1997), 405–43 , esp. 416 ff.
57. BAB, R 18/5642,
minute by Pfundtner on a conversation with Murr, 31 May
1934.
Murr told Pfundtner: the ‘Fu
¨
hrer is particularly keen on these units,
which are similar to the Wecke unit, and, according to Herr Himmler, wants
them to be introduced in all the states’ .
58. BAB, NS 19/1724, Himmler to Murr, 4 December 1933: ‘I would like to
inform you that if you officially appoint me police chief in Wu
¨
rttemberg I will
be very happy to accept.’ In a letter to Murr of 15 December 1933 Himmler
referred to ‘Wu
¨
rrtemberg as the first state with which I have been cooperating
in the very important sphere of the political police for months’.
59. Herbert, Best, 138.
60. BAB, BDC, SS-O Murr.
61. Browder, Foundations, 108; see also Herbert, Best, 137 f.
62. Michael Stolle, Die Geheime Staatspolizei in Baden. Personal, Organisation, Wir-
kung und Nachwirken einer regionalen Verfolgungsbeho
¨
rde im Dritten Reich (Kon-
stanz, 2001), 85 ff.
63.Browder,Foundations, 106 f.; Inge Marssolek and Rene
´
Ott, Bremen im Dritten
Reich. Anpassung—Widerstand—Verfolgung (Bremen, 1986), 121 ff. and 176 ff.;
BAB, BDC, SS-O Laue and Schulz. According to his cv of 7 June 1935,from
1930 onwards the latter was in the Intelligence department, which de facto was
the political police. From November 1933 he was acting head of the Secret State
Police in Bremen. On Schulz see in particular Wildt, Generation der Unbedingten
(Hamburg, 2003), 561 ff. See also BAB, NS 19/17
18,
telegram from Himmler’s
Adjutant’s office to the Bu
¨
rgermeister of Bremen, 18 December 1933,according
to which Himmler was happy to become political police chief in Bremen.
64. Browder, Foundations, 106.
endnotes 785
65. Buchheim, ‘SS’, 39; Browder, Foundations, 110. Prime Minister Alfred Frey-
berg joined the SS in November 1933 and from spring 1934 was registered as a
leader in the SD Office. Reich Governor Loeper (who was also responsible for
Brunswick) was given the rank of SS-Gruppenfu
¨
hrer shortly after Himmler’s
appointment: BAB, BDC, SS-O Friedrich Wilhelm Loeper, Himmler’s tele-
gram of congratulation on his appointment dated 12 February 1934; SS-O
Alfred Freyberg.
66. Browder, Foundations, 111.
67. Buchheim, ‘SS’, 42; Browder, Foundations, 111.
68. On Saxony see Aronson, Heydrich, 160 f. In Dresden the SD had a valuable
contact in the shape of Herbert Mehlhorn, from 1 Septe mber 1933 deputy
president of the Saxon Secret State Police. Mehlhorn was a memb er of the
SD. On Himmler’s appointment in Saxony see also Browder, Foundations, 111 f.
69. BAB, NS 19/1724, 17 December 1933; BAB, BDC, SS-O Loeper, Himmler’s
letter of congratulation dated 12 February 1934. On the context see Gerhard
Wysocki, Die Geheime Staatspolizei im Land Braunschweig. Polizeirecht und Polizei-
praxis im Nationalsozialismus (Frankfurt a. M. and New York, 1997), esp. 58 f.
70. BAB, BDC, SS-O Klagges.
71. Aronson, Heydrich, 166; on this conflict see also Browder, Foundations, 94 ff.
72. In June 1933 Klagges brought Jeckeln back to Brunswick from SS headquarters
in Munich, where he had been sent in 1932 because of his involvement in
bomb attacks. Jeckeln had cooperated with Klagges in the conflict with the SD:
see Wysocki, Geheime Staatspolizei, 63; BAB, BDC, SS-O Jeckeln, letters of
appo
intment
dated 6 February 1933 and 9 August 1933.
73. Browder, Foundations, 109 f.
74. Ibid. 115.
75. For a summary of the reasons for Himmler’s success see ibid. 114 f.
76. On Braunschweig, Hessen, and Saxony see ibid. 111 ff.; on Baden see Stolle,
Geheime Staatspolizei, 87; Eiber, ‘Fu
¨
hrung’, 109 ff., points out that Gauleiter
Kaufmann’s control of the political police in Hamburg was such that he was
able to delay the systematic persecution of the Social Democrats—in view of
the strong position of SPD supporters within the administration—until au-
tumn 1934.
77. This arrangemen t lasted until the Bavarian political police was finally
incorporated into the Gestapo in 1937 . See Ludwig Eiber, ‘Polizei, Justiz
und Verfolgung in Mu
¨
nchen 1933 bis 1945’, in Richard Bauer et al. (eds),
Mu
¨
nchen—‘Hauptstadt der Bewegung’. Bayerns Metropole und der Nationalsozialis-
mus (Munich, 2002; 1st edn. 1993), 235–43.
78. The assertion that Himmler was seeking to create a unified German police
force right from the start (Aronson, Heydrich, 134; Herbert, Best, 137 f.; put in a
rather more general way by Browder, Foundations, 98 f.) is supported only by
the retrospective statements by Best and Eberstein. Significantly, there is no
contemporary evidence for it.
786 endnotes
79. On the police in Prussia in 1933 see Browder, Foundations, 50 ff.; Tuchel,
Konzentrationslager, 47 ff. On Daluege’s role see Aronson, Heydrich, 75 ff. , and
Cradle, ‘Honor’, 92 ff.
80. For details on Daluege’s alienation from Himmler see Aronson , Heydrich, 80.
81. On the formation of the Prussian Gestapo see ibid. 82 ff.; Browder, F ounda-
tions, 55 ff.; Christoph Graf, Politische Polizei zwischen Demokratie und Diktatu r.
Die Entwicklung der preußischen Politischen Polizei vom Staatsschutzorgan der Wei-
marer Republik zum Geheimen Staatspolizeiamt des Dritten Reiches (Berlin, 1983),
108 ff.; Tuchel, Konzentrationslager, 53 ff. The Law Concerning the Creation of
a Secret State Police Office of 26 April 1933 is crucially important, see PrGS
1933, 122 f.
82. Browder, Foundations, 58 f., provides a number of examples: the head of the
Gestapo office in Breslau, Eman uel Schaefer, was an SD member as was his
subordinate, Gu
¨
nther Patschowski, whom Scha
¨
fer had recruited (see also ibid.
115; BAB, BDC, SS-O Emanuel Scha
¨
fer, Assessment by SD-Fu
¨
hrer Ober-
abschnitt South-East dated 12 July 1937); the heads of the Gestapo offices in
Frankfurt an der Oder and Aachen, Hans Moebus and Hans Nockermann,
joined the SS in summer 1933 (BAB, BDC, SS-O Hans Nockermann, Entry
into the SS in summer 1933), the file reveals that he was assigned to the SD
from 1 August 1935).
83. Aronson, Heydrich, 68, refers to file no. 464 of the former Sammlung Schu-
macher in the Bundesarchiv (BAB), which has been dissolved and can no
longer
be
reconstructed.
84. This refers to the figures in the original plan (Tuchel, Konzentrationslager, 46).
85. Edict of 21 April 33, quoted in Aronson, Heydrich, 79, BAB, formerly Slg.
Schumacher 464.
86. Edict of 7 June 1933, quoted in Aronson, Heydrich, 71, BAB, formerly Slg.
Schumacher 464.
87. Letter of 25 June 1933, quoted in Aronson, Heydrich, 87 f., BAB, formerly Slg.
Schumacher 462; for details see Graf, Politische Polizei, 179 ff.
88. GStA, Rep 90 P 1,H.1, Volk to Go
¨
ring, 24 March 1934, here also Go
¨
ring’s
minute of approval.
89. Browder, Foundations, 87; GStA, Rep 90 P 2,H.2, Gestapa organizational
chart, 22 January 1934: Department V, Sohst, liason officer to the SA, SS, to
the RFSS, and to the Schutzpolizei.
90. For example Guenther Patschowski, hitherto Himmler’s contact in the Silesian
Gestapo, whom he appointed head of the new Department IV, Treason and
Counter-espionage, in the Gestapa, an office that worked closely with the
Reichswehr. Patschowski brought his own staff with him (Browder, Founda-
tions, 115 f.; Aronson , Hey
drich, 156 ff.
; for the source see the account by an
insider publishing in 1945 under a pseudonym, ‘Heinrich Orb’, Nationalsozia-
lismus: 13 Jahre Machtrausch, 2nd edn. (Olten, 1945), 127 f. and 146).
endnotes 787
91. Browder, Foundations, 86 f. and 119; Aronson, Heydrich, 175; Graf, Politische
Polizei, 187.
92. BAB, BDC, SS-O Daluege, Reichsfu
¨
hrung-SS, Fu
¨
hrungsstab, to Daluege,
2 October 1933, and Daluege’s reply of 3 October 1933 (also in Aronson,
Heydrich, Dokument 12, 320), in which he clearly expressed his disappoint-
ment about this.
93. See above pp. 156 f. and Browder, Foundations, 98 f.
94. Browder, Foundations, 91 ff. On the SD in 1933 see above all Aronson,
Heydrich, 139 ff.
95. BAB, BDC, SS-O Heydrich, order of 22 July 1933 with retrospective effect
to 19 July 1933; Browder, Foundations, 96.
96. Browder, Foundations, 96.
97. IfZ, Party Chancellery Order of 13 November 1933.
98. Browder, Foundations, 97; Aronson, Heydrich, 140; BAB, BDC, SS-O Hey-
drich.
99. George C. Browder, Hitler’s Enforcers: The Gestapo and the SS Security Service in
the Nazi Revolut
ion (N
ew York, etc., 1996), 116 f.
100. Aronson, Heydrich, 164.
101. IfZ, Partei-Kanzlei, Order of 9 June 1934; this arrangement came into effect
on 15 July 1934.
102. Tuchel, Konzentrationslager, 78 ff.
103. Browder, Foundations, 88. See also BAB, R 19/423, Complaint from Hinkler
who had now been appointed police president in Altona-Wandsbek, 22
December 1933. Daluege wrote to Ro
¨
hm in this connection (ibid., 23
February 1934) to say that Go
¨
ring had requested documents from Halle
concerning Hinkler’s prev ious career as a teacher and said ‘that in view of
the report on Hinkler provided by two professors from the University of
Halle and given that we are old Nazi fighters we must all be considered mad’.
104. Browder, Foundations, 87 ff.; Diels’s promotion occurred on 9 November
1933.
105. See ibid. 76 ff.; Graf, Politische Polizei, 139 ff.
106. BAB, R 18/ 5642; significantly a Reich Interior Mi nistry ‘Memorandum
Concerning the Creation of a Secret Reich Police Force and of a Secret
Reich Police Office’ was presented to Frick on 19 December 1933.
107. Law Concerning the Secret State Police of 30 November 1933,inPrGS 1933,
413;
Browder, Foundatio
ns, 89 f.
108. Decree Concerning the Implementation of the Law Concerning the Secret
State Police of 8 Ma rch 1934,inPrGS 1934 , 143; Browder, Foundations, 123 f.
109. Browder, Foundations, 121 ff. According to Orb, Nationalsozialismus, 85 ff.,
Behrends knew Heydrich from his period as a naval officer and was devoted
to him.
110. Browder, Foundations, 123;on9 January 1934 Frick had already requested the
states to reduce the use of protective custody, and in January Go
¨
ring had also
788 endnotes
issued similar instructions for Prussia (BAB R 58/264, letter of 9 January 1934;
see Aronson, Heydrich, 183). Go
¨
ring issued a further order about this in March
(BAB, R 58/264, 11 March 1934).
111. BHStA, Reichsstatthalter Epp 148, Meeting with the Reich Governors, 22
March 1934.
112. Browder, Foundations, 123; Gruchmann, ‘Justiz’, 550; BAB, R 43 II/398,
Reich Governor to Prime Minister, 20 March 1934, Wagner’s comment, 13
April 1934.
113.BAB,R 58/264, edict of 12 April 1934; see Aronson, Heydrich, 184.
114. GStA, Rep 90 P 2,H.1, 28. April 1934,Go
¨
ring to Himmler, and Himmler’s
reply, 1 May 1934. As part of this compromise Frick also had to accept that
Himmler became chief of the political police in the states of Lippe and
Schaumburg Lippe, the last two titles that were missing from Himmler’s
collection of political police-chief titles (Browder, Foundations, 125 f.;
NLA,
StA
Bu
¨
ckeburg, L4/10193/1– 2).
115. Graf, Politische Poli zei, 208 ff.
116.BAB,NS19/4006, Speech to Oberabschnitt North-West, 5 March 1939;
similarly in a speech to Oberabschnitt Rhine, 26 February 1939, and in a
speech to police officers in Wiesbaden on 27 February 1934 (ibid.). On the
SS’s expansion after the seizure of power see Koehl, Black Corps, 91 f.
117. Doc. PS-1992 (A), speech to a Wehrmacht course on national politics from 15
to 23 January 1937,inIMT, vol. 29, pp. 206 ff.
118. Schulte, Zwangsarbeit, 77.
119.BAB,NS19/4042, 6 February 1934.
120. Ibid. Himmler order of 9 February 1934 concer ning the reorganization of the
Reich leadership of the SS.
121. On Pohl and his switch to the SS see Schulte, Zwangsarbeit, 32 ff.
122. BAB, BDC, SS-O Pohl, letter to Himmler, 24 May 1933.
123. BAB, BDC, SS-O Pohl.
124. Reinhar
d Ru
¨
rup
(ed.), Topographie des Terrors. Gestapo, SS und R eichssicherheit-
shauptamt auf dem ‘Prinz-Albrecht-Gela
¨
nde’. Eine Dokumentation (Berlin, 1987),
11 ff.
125. Longerich, Geschichte der SA, 206 f.; Wolfgang Sauer, ‘Die Mobilmachung der
Gewalt’, in Karl Dietrich Bracher et al., Die nationalsozialistische Machtergrei-
fung. Studien zur Geschichte des totalita
¨
ren Herrschaftssyst ems in Deutschland 193 3/
34 (Cologne and Opladen, 1960), 685–972, 897 ff.; Heinz Ho
¨
hne, Mordsache
Ro
¨
hm. Hitlers Durchbruch zur Alleinherrschaft 1933–1934 (Reinbek b. Hamburg,
1984).
126. On the history of the SA after the seizure of power see Longerich, Geschichte
der SA, 179 ff.
127. Ibid. 204.
128. Sauer, ‘Mobilmachung’, 948 on Diels (based on his memoirs Lucifer ante
Portas, 378 ff.) and 948 for Fritsch.
endnotes 789