Lexus. The Rough Guide to Polish Dictionary Phrasebook
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269
Th
e a
b
ove forms are use
d
wit
h
t
h
e t
h
ir
d
person of t
h
e ver
b
(
singu
l
ar or p
l
ura
l
as appropriate
)
:
c
z
y
pa
n
m
a
b
il
e
t
?
chi
pan
ma
b
eelet
have you got a ticket? (
to
a
man
)
c
z
y
pan
i
p
ij
e
k
aw
ę
z
ml
e
ki
e
m?
c
hi
panee
p
ee-
y
e
h
k
a
v
e
h
z
mlek-
y
em
do you take milk in your coffee? (
to
a
w
oman
)
co
państwo zamówili
?
t
so
p
anst
fo
za
m
oo
v
ee
l
ee
what have you ordered? (
to
a
man
a
n
d
a
w
oman
,
or
t
o
a
gro
u
p
o
f
men
an
d
w
ome
n
)
T
he
y
decline like nouns
(
see
p
a
g
es 256-258
)
:
lubi
ę
pana
/
pani
ą
p
an-
y
ON
I like you
Verbs
A
A
spects
T
he basic form of the verb
g
iven in the En
g
lish-Polish
a
nd Polish-En
g
lish sections is the infinitive
(
to drive, to
g
o
e
tc
)
, w
h
ic
h
in Po
l
is
h
en
d
s in -
ć
(
an
d
sometimes in
-c
)
. Most
P
o
l
is
h
ver
b
s
h
ave two forms
k
nown as t
h
e imperfective
a
n
d
perfective aspects.
(
In t
h
e Eng
l
is
h
-Po
l
is
h
an
d
Po
l
is
h
-
E
ng
l
is
h
sections, ver
b
s are given in t
h
e or
d
er imperfective
/
per
-
f
ective.
)
T
h
e im
p
erfective as
p
ect is
g
enera
lly
use
d
to refer to
a
p
rocess or an action which is either unfinished, habitual or
c
ontinuous. The
p
erfective as
p
ect is used to describe a com
-
p
leted action in the
p
ast and also to form one of the future
t
enses
(
see
p
a
g
es 275-276
)
.
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0
c
zy przeczytałaś
j
u
ż
t
ą
książ
k
ę
?
(
p
erfectiv
e
)
chi
p
s
h
ec
hi
tawas
h
y
oos
h
t
ON
ksho
n
shkeh
have you finished reading this book?
wczora
j
w
iec
z
o
r
e
m czyta
ł
am
k
s
i
ąż
kę
(
i
mperfective)
fchorī v-yec
h
orem c
hi
tawa
m
k
s
h
ons
hk
e
h
last night I was reading a book
on
nie
z
j
a
dł
ś
ni
ada
ni
a
(
p
er
f
ective)
on
n-ye
h
z-ya
d
w
u
h
s
h-nyadan-ya
he hasn’t eaten his breakfast
ni
g
d
y
ni
e
j
ada
m
ry
b (
i
m
p
er
f
ectiv
e
)
neegdi
n
-
y
e
h
y
adam ri
p
I never eat fish
ku
p
owali
d
om (
i
mper
f
ective)
k
oo
p
ova
l
ee
dom
they were buying a house
k
u
pili
d
om (perfectiv
e
)
k
oopee
l
ee
d
o
m
they bought a house, they have bought a house
Te
n
ses
B
asica
ll
y, Po
l
is
h
ver
b
s
h
ave t
h
ree tenses — present, past an
d
futu
r
e.
Pr
ese
nt T
e
n
se
Th
e present tense correspon
d
s to ‘I rea
d
’ an
d
‘I am rea
d
ing’
i
n Eng
l
is
h
. It is forme
d
from t
h
e imperfective aspect an
d
t
h
e
m
ain conjugation patterns are as fo
ll
ows:
j
eść [
y
esh-ch] to eat
j
em [
yem
] I eat, I am eating etc
j
esz [
y
esh] you eat (sin
g,
fam
)
j
e [
y
e
h
] he/she/it eats, you eat (
s
in
g
,
p
ol)
j
em
y
[
y
em
i
] we eat
j
eci
e
[
y
echeh] you eat (
p
l,
fa
m)
jedz
ą
[
y
eds
O
N] they eat, you eat (
p
l
,
p
o
l
)
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N
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271
p
i
ć
[peec
h
] to drink
pij
ę
[
p
ee-
y
e
h
] I drink, I am drinking etc
pi
j
esz [
p
ee-
y
es
h
] you drink (
si
n
g
,
fam
)
pi
je
[
p
ee-
y
e
h
] he/she/it drinks, you drink
(
s
ing
,
p
ol)
p
ij
em
y
[
p
ee-
y
emi] we drink
p
ij
ec
i
e [pee-yeche
h
] you drink (pl
,
f
am)
p
iją
[
pee
-
y
O
N] they drink, you drink (pl
,
pol)
płacić [
p
wacheech] to pay
p
ł
ac
ę
[
p
watse
h
] I pay, I am paying etc
p
ł
ac
i
s
z
[pwacheesh] you pay (
s
ing
,
f
a
m
)
p
ł
ac
i
[pwache
e
] he/she pays, you pay (sing
,
pol)
p
ł
ac
i
m
y
[pwac
h
eem
i
] we pay
p
łacicie [pwac
h
eec
h
e
h
] you pay (p
l,
f
am)
płacą [pwa
ts
ON
] they pay, you pay (p
l,
po
l
)
c
zyta
ć
[chitac
h
] to read
c
zy
t
am [c
hi
tam] I read, I am reading etc
c
zy
t
asz [c
hi
tas
h
] you read (s
i
n
g,
fam)
c
zyt
a
[
chi
t
a
] he/she reads, you read (s
i
n
g
,
p
o
l
)
c
z
y
tam
y
[
chi
t
a
m
i
] we read
c
z
y
tacie [
c
hit
ac
h
eh
] you read (
p
l,
fam
)
c
zytaj
ą
[
c
hitī
-
O
N
] they read, you read (
p
l
,
p
ol)
r
ozumie
ć
[rozoom-
y
ec
h
] to understand
r
ozumie
m
[rozoom-
y
e
m
] I understand
r
ozumies
z
[rozoom-
y
es
h
] you understand (
si
n
g
,
fam
)
ro
z
u
mi
e
[rozoom-
y
e
h
] he/she understands,
you understand (
s
ing,
p
o
l
)
r
ozum
i
em
y
[rozoom-yem
i
] we understand
ro
z
u
m
iecie
[rozoom-yecheh] you understand (
p
l
,
f
a
m
)
r
ozum
i
e
j
ą [rozoom-ya
y
O
N] they understand,
you understand (
pl,
p
o
l
)
S
ome more usefu
l
examp
l
es:
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272
b
yć [
bi
c
h
] to be
jestem [yes
t
e
m
] I am
jesteś [yestes
h
] you are (s
i
n
g
,
f
a
m
)
jes
t
[yes
t
] he/she/it is, you are (
si
n
g
,
p
o
l
)
jesteśmy [yestes
h
m
i
] we are
jesteści
e
[yestes
h
-c
h
e
h
] you are (
pl
,
f
am)
są
[
s
O
N] they are, you are (p
l,
p
o
l
)
mi
eć
[m-
y
ec
h
] to have
mam
[
mam
] I have
mas
z [m
ash
] you have (sing
,
fam
)
ma
[
ma
] he/she/it has, you have (sing
,
p
o
l
)
mamy
[m
a
mi] we have
m
ac
i
e
[m
ac
h
eh
] you have (
p
l,
fa
m)
maj
ą
[
m
ī-
O
N
] they have, you have (
p
l
,
p
o
l
)
iść
[eesh-c
h
] to go
idę
[eedeh] I go, I am going etc
id
z
iesz
[eedjes
h
] you go (sing
,
fa
m
)
id
z
ie
[eedje
h
] he/she/it goes, you go (
s
ing,
p
ol)
id
z
i
em
y
[eedjemi] we go
id
z
iecie
[eedjeche
h
] you go (
p
l,
f
a
m
)
idą
[ee
d
O
N] they go, you go (
p
l
,
pol)
Pas
t
Te
n
se
T
o form the
p
ast tense re
p
lace the infinitive endin
g
-
ć
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
f
o
ll
owing en
d
ings:
m
asculine feminine neute
r
(
ja
)
-łe
m
-łam
-
w
em
-w
am
(
ty
)
-
ł
eś
-
ł
aś
-
wesh -wash
(
on
/
ona
/
ono
)
-
ł
-ła
-
ło
-
w
u
h
-w
a
-w
o
(
my
)
-
li
ś
m
y
-
ły
ś
m
y
-
leeshmi -wishmi
(
wy
)
-li
ś
cie -ły
ś
cie
-
leesh-cheh -wish-cheh
(
oni
/
one
)
-li*
/
-ły** -ły** -ły*
*
-
lee
/
-wi -wi -wi
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*
T
h
e mascu
l
ine persona
l
en
d
ing
-li
is use
d
w
h
en referring to
m
en on
l
y.
**
-
ł
y
is the
g
eneral endin
g
, used when referrin
g
to other
m
ascu
l
ine nouns, women, c
h
i
ld
ren, anima
l
s, o
b
jects or
ab
stract nouns of a
ll
t
h
ree gen
d
ers.
N
ote that there are different endin
g
s for male, female and
n
euter sub
j
ects:
mój
b
r
at
m
ies
z
kał
w
Po
zn
a
n
iu
m
o
o
y
u
h
b
ra
t
m-yes
hka
wu
h
f
p
oznan-yo
o
my brother lived in Poznań
m
o
ja
sios
tr
a
m
ies
z
kała
w
L
on
dy
n
i
e
mo
y
a
shostr
a
m
-yeshkawa
v
l
ondin-ye
h
my sister lived in London
m
o
je
n
a
j
starsze dziecko mieszkał
o
ze
mną
m
o
y
eh
nī
starsheh
īī
djetsk
o
m
-
y
eshkaw
o
z
eh
mn
O
N
my eldest child lived with me
S
ome useful con
j
u
g
ations in the
p
ast tense:
b
yć
[bic
h
] to be
m
asculine feminine neuter
byłem byłam I was
bi
wem
bi
wa
m
byłeś byłaś you were (
si
n
g,
fam)
bi
wes
h
bi
was
h
był był
a
he/she/it was,
bi
wu
h
bi
wa
you were (
si
n
g,
po
l
)
był
o
it was
bi
w
o
byliśmy byłyśmy we were
bil
ees
h
m
i
bi
w
i
s
h
m
i
byliście byłyści
e
you were (p
l,
fa
m
)
bil
ees
h
-c
h
e
h
bi
w
i
s
h
-c
h
e
h
byli*/były** był
y** były**
ł
ł
they were (m pers
/
bilee
/
biwi biwi
bi
w
i
g
enera
l
), you were
(
pl
,
p
o
l
)
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274
r
obić [ro
b
eec
h
] to do
mascu
lin
e
fe
minin
e
n
eu
t
e
r
robiłe
m r
obi
łam
I was doing
robeewem robeewa
m
rob
ił
eś
r
ob
ił
aś
you were doing
ro
b
eewes
h
ro
b
eewas
h
(
si
ng
,
fam)
robił
robiła
ł
he/she/it was doing,
ro
b
e
e
w
u
h
ro
b
eewa you were doing (s
i
n
g,
po
l
)
r
obiło it was doing
r
obee
w
o
r
obiliśm
y
robił
y
śm
y
we were doing
r
obee
l
ees
hmi r
obee
wi
s
hm
i
r
obili
ś
cie robiły
ś
cie you were doing
robeeleesh-cheh robeewish-cheh (pl
,
fa
m
)
r
obili*
/
robi
ł
y**
łł
r
o
bi
ł
y** robi
łł
ł
y**
ł
they were doing
robeelee
/
robeewi robeewi robeewi (
m
pers
/g
eneral), you
were doing (
pl,
po
l
)
*
T
h
e mascu
l
ine persona
l
en
d
ing
-li
is use
d
w
h
en referring to
m
en on
l
y.
**
-ły
is t
h
e genera
l
en
d
ing, use
d
w
h
en referring to ot
h
er
m
ascu
l
ine nouns, women, c
h
i
ld
ren, anima
l
s, o
b
jects or
ab
stract nouns of a
ll
t
h
ree gen
d
ers.
P
ast
T
ense:
U
se o
f
t
h
e
I
mper
f
ect
i
ve an
d
P
er
f
ect
i
ve
Th
e imperfective aspect is genera
ll
y use
d
to refer to a pro
c
-
e
ss or an action w
h
ic
h
is eit
h
er unfinis
h
e
d
,
h
a
b
itua
l
or
c
ontinuous. T
h
e perfective aspect is use
d
to
d
escri
b
e a co
m
-
pl
ete
d
action in t
h
e past an
d
a
l
so to form one of t
h
e future
t
enses
(
see pages 275-276
)
. T
h
e perfective form of a ver
b
is
o
ften formed b
y
addin
g
a
p
refix, such as
z
-
,
pr
z
e-
,
na-
,
u-
,
w
y
-
,
po-
,
z
a-
:
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ifi
i
m
p
er
f
ect
i
v
e
fi
p
er
f
ect
i
v
e
j
j
adła
m
I was eating
zj
adła
m
I ate, I have
y
adwam z-
y
adwam eaten
c
z
y
ta
ł
e
m
I was reading
p
rzecz
y
ta
ł
e
m
I read, I have
c
hitawem
p
shechitawem read
p
i
sa
ł
he was writing nap
i
sa
ł
he wrote, he has
pees
a
wu
h
napeesa
wu
h
written
m
yli
ś
m
y
we were umyli
ś
m
y
they washed, they
mil
ees
h
m
i
washing oom
il
ees
h
m
i
have washed
szl
i
they were
p
oszl
i
they went, they
s
hl
ee
going
p
oshlee have gone
licz
y
łeś you were
p
olicz
y
łeś you counted, you
l
eec
hiw
es
h counting
p
oleechiwesh have counted
c
z
ekała
she was waiting
zac
z
ekała
she waited, she
c
hekawa zachekawa has waited
P
erfective forms can sometimes be identified because the
y
l
oo
k
l
i
k
e a simp
l
er form of t
h
e imperfective spe
ll
ing:
zdejmować/zdj
ą
ć kupował
a
zda
y
movach/z-d
y
onch
k
oo
p
ovawa
to take off, to remove she was buying
k
u
p
iła
k
oo
p
eewa
she bought, she has bought
T
he Future Tens
e
Th
ere are two ways of trans
l
ating t
h
e future in Po
l
is
h
, using
e
ither the im
p
erfective or
p
erfective as
p
ect of the verb.
T
he im
p
erfective as
p
ect denotes a continuous action in the
futu
r
e:
będę
na
c
iebie czeka
ć
p
rze
d
k
ine
m
b
en
d
e
h
na c
h
e
b
-
y
e
h
ch
e
k
ac
h
p
s
h
e
t
k
eenem
I’ll be waiting for you outside the cinema
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6
Th
e perfective
d
enotes a firm intention or promise
:
zro
bię
to
zrob-yeh
t
o
I’ll do it
T
o form the future tense usin
g
the im
p
erfective as
p
ect, use
th
e future tense o
f
b
yć
f
‘to
b
e’, fo
ll
owe
d
b
y t
h
e infinitive o
f
th
e main ver
b
:
b
yć
[
bich
] to be
b
ę
d
ę
[
be
n
de
h] I will be
będ
z
i
es
z
[bendjes
h
] you will be (sing
,
f
am
)
będ
z
ie
[bendje
h
] he/she/it will be, you will be (sing
,
p
o
l
)
b
ę
d
z
i
em
y
[bendjemi] we will be
b
ę
d
z
i
ec
i
e [
b
en
dj
ec
h
e
h
] you will be (p
l
,
f
a
m
)
b
ę
d
ą [
b
en
d
O
N] they will be, you will be (
pl
, po
l)
cz
y
tu
będ
z
i
esz mi
es
zk
ać?
chi
t
oo
b
endjes
h
m
-yeshkac
h
will you be staying here?
będę
tak
dł
u
g
o
do
n
i
e
j
d
zw
o
ni
ć
aż
s
ię
d
o
d
zwon
ię
bendeh
t
a
k
dwoogo do
n
-y
a
y
d
svoneech
a
s
h
she
h
d
ods-von-yeh
I’ll keep ringing her until I get through
T
o form the future tense usin
g
the
p
erfective as
p
ect, take
th
e infinitive an
d
fo
ll
ow t
h
e conjugation patterns as for t
h
e
p
resent tense on page
2
7
0
:
im
p
er
f
ective
p
er
f
ectiv
e
robić [ro
b
eec
h
] zrobić [
z
ro
b
eec
h
] to do, to make
robię [ro
b
-
y
e
h
] zrobi
ę
[
z
ro
b
-
y
e
h
]
I do, I am doing I will do
I make, I am making I will make
HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS
N
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N
e
g
at
i
ves
T
o form a negative sentence, p
l
ace t
h
e negative partic
l
e n
ie
i
n front of t
h
e ver
b
(
even if t
h
ere are ot
h
er negatives in t
h
e
s
entence
)
:
t
am
n
igdy
nik
o
g
o
nie
ma
on
mi
nic
nie
pow
i
e
d
z
i
a
ł
t
a
m neegdi
n
eekog
o
n-
y
eh
ma
on
mee
nee
t
s
n-
y
eh pov-yedj
a
wu
h
there is never anybody there he has told me nothing,
he hasn’t told me anything
j
eszcze
t
e
g
o
nie
wid
z
iała
m
o
n
a
n
igdy
n
ie
ma
pi
en
ięd
z
y
y
esh-che
h
teg
o
n-
y
e
h
veedjawam ona neegdi
n
-
y
e
h
ma
p
-
y
en-
y
ends
i
I haven’t seen it yet she never has any money
ni
e
mam
c
z
asu
n-
y
e
h
mam
c
h
asoo
I have no time
I
mperat
i
ve
T
he im
p
erative is used to ex
p
ress a command or su
gg
estion
a
s in ‘come here!’ or ‘let’s
g
o for a walk’. Re
g
ular im
p
eratives
a
re forme
d
b
y a
dd
ing t
h
e appropriate en
d
ing to a stem ta
k
en
f
rom t
h
e t
h
ir
d
person singu
l
ar of t
h
e imperfective ver
b
; t
h
e
p
o
l
ite imperative is a
l
so prece
d
e
d
b
y t
h
e wor
d
n
iech
an
d
t
h
e
a
ppropriate po
l
ite pronouns:
c
z
y
ta
ć
[
c
hit
ach
] to read
t
hi
r
d
p
erson
si
n
g
u
l
ar
:
c
z
y
ta
c
zyta
j
[
chi
tī] read (fa
m
)
c
zytajmy [
chi
tīm
i
] let’s read
c
zytajcie [
chit
īcheh
tt
] read (
pl
,
f
a
m
)
n
iech
p
an/
p
ani cz
y
ta [
n
-
ye
H
p
an/
p
anee
chi
t
a
] read (
p
o
l:
to
m
a
n
/
w
o
m
a
n)
n
i
ec
h
p
aństwo
c
zytaj
ą
[
n
-
ye
H
p
anst
fo
c
hitī-O
N
] read (
p
ol
:
to
men
an
d
women
)
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8
p
isa
ć
[peesac
h
] to write
thir
d
person
s
ingular
:
pi
sz
e
(stem = p
i
sz
-
)
pis
z
[
p
eesh] write (
fam
)
p
i
szm
y
[
p
eeshmi] let’s write
p
i
szc
i
e [
p
eesh-che
h
] write (
p
l
,
f
am)
niech
p
an
/
pani p
i
sze [
n
-y
e
H
pan
/
panee
p
eeshe
h
] write (
p
ol
:
t
o
man
/
woman)
ni
ec
h
p
aństwo
pi
sz
ą
[
n
-y
e
H
panstf
o
pees
h
O
N] write (
p
o
l:
t
o me
n
a
n
d
w
omen
)
W
it
h
some ver
b
s, t
h
e imperative is forme
d
from t
h
e perfective
o
f t
h
e ver
b
:
infinitiv
e
i
m
p
erative
ś
piesz
yć
s
i
ę
/po
ś
pieszy
ć
si
ę
po
ś
piesz s
ię!
sh-pyeshic
h
sheh
/
posh-pyeshic
h
s
heh posh-pyesh
s
heh
to hurry hurry!
in
f
initiv
e
i
m
p
erativ
e
czeka
ć
/poczeka
ć
pocze
k
a
j!
chekach
/
pochekac
h
p
ochek
ī
to wait wait!
Th
e fo
ll
owin
g
are some usefu
l
im
p
eratives
:
id
ź
st
ą
d! chod
ź
t
u
!
chodźm
y
!
eec
h
s
t
o
nt
H
oc
h
too
H
oc
hmi
go away! come here! let’s go!
f
I
n some commands
,
the infinitive is used instead o
f
t
he im
p
erative:
prosz
ę
wej
ś
ć!
pros
h
e
h
w
ays
h
-c
h
come in!
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