Lexus. The Rough Guide to Polish Dictionary Phrasebook
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Abbreviations
acc
accusativ
e
m
p
er
s
m
ascu
l
ine
a
dj
a
dj
ectiv
e
p
ersona
l
da
t
dat
i
ve
n
n
euter
f
fe
minin
e
nom
no
min
at
i
ve
fam f
a
mili
ar
pl
plura
l
g
e
n
gen
i
t
i
ve
p
o
l
polite
i
nstr
i
nstrumenta
l
s
i
n
g
sin
g
ular
l
oc
l
ocative
v
oc vocat
i
v
e
m
m
ascu
l
ine
The Polish Alphabet
Th
e Po
l
is
h
-En
gl
is
h
section an
d
Menu Rea
d
er are in Po
l
is
h
al
p
h
a
b
etica
l
or
d
er w
h
ic
h
is as fo
ll
ows:
a,
ą
, b
,
c,
ć,
d,
e
,
ę
, f
,
g
,
h
, i,
j
, k, l,
ł,
m,
n,
ń,
o,
ó,
p,
q
,
r
,
s
, ś
,
t
,
u,
w
,
x, y
,
z
,
ź
,
ż
Notes
I
n t
h
e Eng
l
is
h
-Po
l
is
h
section, w
h
en two forms of t
h
e
v
er
b
are given in p
h
rases suc
h
as ‘I’
d
l
i
k
e to
...
/
c
hciałbym
/
c
hciałabym
.
..’, the first form is used b
y
male s
p
eakers and the
s
econd b
y
female.
Wh
en two a
l
ternatives are s
h
own in a p
h
rase suc
h
as ‘
d
o you
h
ave any
.
..
?
c
zy
ma
p
an
/p
ani ...
?
’,
p
an
a
n
d
p
an
i
are t
h
e
p
o
l
ite
f
orms of address; the first is used when s
p
eakin
g
to a man and
t
he second when s
p
eakin
g
to a woman
(
see
p
a
g
e 268
)
.
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Nouns, Articles and Cases
T
here are no articles
(
a, an, the
)
in Polish:
o
k
n
o
r
ęczn
ik
window/a window/
r
enc
h
nee
k
the window towel/a towel/the towel
C
ontext c
l
arifies t
h
e equiva
l
ent Eng
l
is
h
artic
l
e:
cz
y
m
og
ę
otworz
yć
o
kno? cz
y
mog
ę
p
rosi
ć
o
r
ę
cznik
?
chi moge
h
otf
o
J
ich
o
kno
c
h
i
m
oge
h
prosheec
h
o
r
enchneek
may I open the window? can I have a towel?
P
olish nouns have one of three
g
enders — masculine, feminine
a
n
d
neuter. Most mascu
l
ine nouns en
d
in a consonant:
wa
g
on o
j
ciec prz
yj
acie
l
v
agon
o
y
chets
p
shi-
y
ache
l
carriage father friend (
ma
l
e
)
b
ut there are some exce
p
tions, often relatin
g
to an occu
pa
-
t
i
o
n
:
mężczyzn
a
ki
erowc
a
m
ens
h
-c
hi
zn
a
k
-yerovtsa
man driver
M
ost feminine nouns en
d
in
-a
:
m
a
tk
a
cu
ki
e
rni
a
tł
u
m
ac
zk
a
matka tsook-
y
ern-
y
a twoomachk
a
mother cake shop translator (w
oman
)
b
ut some common exce
p
tions are
:
noc s
ó
l
p
an
i
n
ots
sool
p
anee
night salt lady; Mrs
N
euter nouns usua
ll
y en
d
in
-o
o
r
-
e an
d
occasiona
ll
y in
-
ę
:
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łóż
k
o wejście imi
ę
woos
hk
o va
y
s
h
-c
h
e
h
eem-
y
e
h
bed entrance first name
W
ords denotin
g
occu
p
ations usuall
y
have both a masculine
a
n
d
f
e
minin
e
f
o
rm
:
stu
d
ent stu
d
ent
k
a
s
too
d
en
t
s
too
d
ent
k
a
student (m
ale
) student (
fe
m
a
l
e
)
nauczyc
i
e
l
nauczyc
i
e
lka
na-ooc
hi
c
h
e
l
na-ooc
hi
c
h
e
lk
a
teacher (ma
n
) teacher (woman)
E
xceptions to t
h
e a
b
ove ru
l
es on gen
d
er are s
h
own in t
h
e
E
ng
l
is
h
-Po
l
is
h
an
d
Po
l
is
h
-Eng
l
is
h
sections.
C
ases
P
olish has seven cases: nominative, accusative,
g
enitive, dative,
i
nstrumenta
l
,
l
ocative an
d
vocative. Usua
ll
y, wor
d
s fo
ll
owing
p
repositions c
h
ange t
h
eir form accor
d
ing to w
h
ic
h
case t
h
ey
a
re
i
n.
N
oun endin
g
s chan
g
e de
p
endin
g
on the case. The endin
g
used
d
epen
d
s
b
asica
ll
y on two factors:
w
hether the noun is masculine
,
feminine or neuter
wh
et
h
er t
h
e noun is singu
l
ar or p
l
ura
l
B
ut in a
dd
ition to t
h
ese, t
h
ere are ot
h
er factors t
h
at affect t
h
e
c
ase en
d
ings
(
see t
h
e ta
bl
es on pages 257-259
)
.
Nominative
C
ase
T
he nominative is the case of the sub
j
ect of a sentence. In
th
e fo
ll
owing examp
l
es, s
kl
e
p
an
d
To
m
asz
are in t
h
e nomi
-
n
at
i
ve:
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2
s
kl
e
p
j
es
t
j
uż zam
k
n
i
ęty
T
omasz
w
raca
j
utr
o
s
kl
e
p
y
es
t
y
oos
h
z
am
k
-nyent
i
tomas
h
v
ra
t
s
a
y
oo
t
r
o
the shop is already closed Tomasz is coming back
tomorrow
A
A
ccusative Case
Th
e o
b
ject of most ver
b
s ta
k
es t
h
e accusative. In t
h
e fo
ll
owing
e
xamples the object is in the accusative:
chcieliby
ś
my zw
ied
z
i
ć
Za
m
ek
K
r
ó
l
e
w
s
ki
H
cheleebishm
i
z
-vyedjeec
h
z
ame
k
kroolefskee
we would like to visit the Royal Castle
idę
kupi
ć
gaze
tę
eedeh koopeech
g
azeteh
I’m going out to buy a newspaper
c
z
y
mogę
z
a
mkn
ąć
drzwi? sprzedałe
m
mi
es
zk
a
ni
e
c
hi moge
h
z
a
mk-n
o
n
ch
d
J
v
ee s
p
shedawem m-
y
eshkan-
y
e
h
may I close the door? I have sold my flat
S
ome
p
re
p
ositions indicatin
g
motion or direction towards
s
omethin
g
are followed b
y
the accusative:
jedziemy
na
w
akacje pójdę
pr
z
ez
p
ar
k
ye
dj
em
i
n
a
v
a
k
ats-
y
e
h
p
o
o
y
uh
deh
p
s
h
es
p
ar
k
we are going on holiday I’ll walk through the park
p
osz
ła
na
p
ocz
t
ę cze
k
a
m
na
n
i
ą
p
os
h
wa n
a
p
oc
h
te
h
ch
e
k
a
m
n
a
n
-
y
O
N
she has gone to the post office I’m waiting for her
G
enitive Cas
e
T
he
g
enitive has five functions in Polish.
I
t is used to indicate
p
ossession
:
p
ie
s
A
dam
a
p
-
y
e
s
a
d
am
a
Adam’s dog
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Th
ere is no wor
d
for ‘of’ in Po
l
is
h
. T
h
e genitive is use
d
to
t
rans
l
ate ‘of’:
kielis
z
ek
w
i
na pu
d
e
łko
zapa
ł
e
k
k-yeleeshe
k
v
eena poode
h
w
u
h
ko
zapawek
a glass of wine a box of matches
I
t re
pl
aces t
h
e accusative as t
h
e
d
irect o
bj
ect w
h
enever t
h
e ver
b
i
s prece
d
e
d
b
y n
ie
(
not
)
:
mam
samochó
d
(
acc
) nie
mam
s
amochodu (
gen
)
mam
samo
H
oo
t
n
-
y
eh
mam
samo
H
odoo
I have a car I haven’t got a car
I
t follows certain verbs
,
such as szukać
(
to look for
)
and
słucha
ć
(
to listen to
)
:
szu
k
am
kl
ucz
a
sł
uc
h
am muzy
ki
s
h
oo
k
a
m
kl
ooc
ha
s
wo
o
H
a
m
m
ooz
ik
e
e
I’m looking for a key I’m listening to music
I
t is use
d
after expressions of quantity:
du
ż
o
lud
z
i
kilka
g
o
d
z
in
d
oo
J
o
loodjee
k
eelk
a
godjee
n
many people a few hours
I
t is use
d
after man
y
p
re
p
ositions suc
h
as od
(
from; since
)
;
d
o
(
to; into
)
; dla
(
for
)
; koł
o
(
near;
by)
;
z/
ze
(
out of; from
):
od
c
z
er
w
ca
z
L
ond
y
n
u
do
Warszaw
y
ot
c
h
e
r
f
t
sa
z
l
o
n
d
in
oo
do
va
r
s
h
a
v
i
since June from London to Warsaw
Dative
C
as
e
T
he dative is used for the indirect ob
j
ect of a sentence and
is
used
w
i
t
h
ve
r
bs
lik
e
poma
g
ać
(
to hel
p)
, dawa
ć
(
to
g
ive
)
,
pozwala
ć
(
to allow
)
and poż
y
cza
ć
(
to lend
)
. It often corre
-
p()g
sp
on
d
s to ‘to’
(
as in ‘to me’
)
in En
gl
is
h
:
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4
d
a
ł
e
m
to
M
arys
i
p
ozwo
lił
e
m
j
e
j
t
a
m
ójść
p
ójść
d
awe
m
to
m
ar
i
s
h
ee
p
ozvo
l
eewe
m
y
ay
t
am poo
y
u
h
sh
-c
h
I gave it to Mary I let her go there
Instrumental Cas
e
Th
e instrumenta
l
is use
d
to s
h
ow
b
y w
h
om or
b
y w
h
at means
a
n action is carrie
d
out. It is use
d
to trans
l
ate ‘
b
y’ w
h
en refe
r
-
r
ing to means of transport
:
podr
ó
żujemy samoc
h
o
d
em przy
j
ec
h
a
ł
em
p
oc
i
ąg
i
em
podro
o
J
oo-yemi sam
o
H
odem
p
shi-ye
H
a
we
m
p
ochong-yem
we are travelling by car I came by train
lis
t
wy
s
ł
an
y
pocz
tą
l
otn
i
cz
ą
lees
t
viswani
p
ocht
O
N
l
otneechO
N
a letter sent by airmail
T
he instrumental is used with some
p
re
p
ositions, such as
z
/ze
(
wit
h)
, an
d
a
l
so after a group of prepositions
d
eno
t
-
i
ng position
(
use
d
in rep
l
y to t
h
e question ‘w
h
ere?’,
b
ut not
‘
w
h
ere to?’
)
, for examp
l
e, prze
d
(
in front of;
b
efore
)
,
nad
(
a
b
ove
)
,
p
o
d
(
un
d
er;
b
e
l
ow
)
an
d
z
a
(b
e
h
in
d):
he
r
ba
t
a
z
m
l
e
ki
em prze
d
obiade
m
herbata
z
m
lek-ye
m
p
she
d
ob-yade
m
tea with milk before lunch
pod stołem przed
h
otele
m
p
o
t
s
t
o
w
e
m
p
she
t
h
o
t
e
l
em
under the table in front of the hotel
Locative
C
ase
T
he locative is used with
p
re
p
ositions denotin
g
location, such
as
na
(
on; at
)
, w/we
*
(
in
)
,
pr
z
y
(
b
y
; at
)
; it is also used with
po
(
after
)
an
d
o
(
a
b
out; of
):
n
a
u
lic
y
w
samolocie
na
oo
l
eets
i
f
s
amo
l
oc
h
e
h
on the street on the plane
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w
p
o
k
o
ju
po
o
bi
e
d
z
ie
f
p
o
k
oyoo
p
o
ob
-ye
dj
e
h
in the room after lunch
ro
zm
a
w
iali
o
d
z
ieciach
rozmav-ya
l
e
e
o
dj
ec
h
a
H
they were talking about the children
*
We
is use
d
b
efore wor
d
s
b
eginning wit
h
a consonant c
l
uster,
t
o ma
k
e t
h
e pronunciation easier:
w
e
Franc
j
i w
e
wt
o
r
ek
v
eh
frants-
y
e
e
ve
h
f
t
o
r
e
k
in France on Tuesday
w
e
łz
ach
v
eh
wz
a
H
in tears
V
V
ocative
C
as
e
T
he vocative is used when addressin
g
p
eo
p
le directl
y
:
p
an
ie
i
p
anow
i
e Ewo!
/
Aniu
!
pan-ye
h
e
e
p
anov-ye
h
e
vo
/
an-yoo
ladies and gentlemen Eva!/Anna!
Janku!
/
Adamie!
yankoo
/
adam-ye
h
Janek!/Adam!
Numbers and
C
ase
s
N
um
b
ers in Po
l
is
h
a
l
so
d
etermine t
h
e case of t
h
e noun.
1
ta
k
es t
h
e nominative singu
l
ar; 2, 3, 4 an
d
a
ll
num
b
ers en
d
ing
i
n 2, 3 or 4
(
exce
p
t 12, 13 and 14
)
take the nominative
p
lural
a
nd all other numbers take the
g
enitive
p
lural:
j
e
d
e
n
dom
t
rzy
d
n
i
y
e
d
e
n
do
m t
shi
d
n
i
1 house 3 days
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56
dśi
d
wana
ś
c
i
e
l diśi
t
a
l
erzy czter
d
z
i
e
ś
c
i
os
i
em
g
o
d
z
in
d
vanas
h
-c
h
e
h
t
a
le
J
i
c
h
ter
dj
es
h
-c
h
e
e
os
h
e
m
g
o
dj
ee
n
12 plates 48 hours
J
e
d
e
n
(
one
)
h
as t
h
ree gen
d
ers
:
j
e
d
e
n
ty
dzie
ń
j
edn
a
k
s
ią
ż
ka
y
eden
t
idjen
y
u
h
yedn
a
k
shonshka
one week one book
j
edno
j
abłk
o
y
edno
y
a
p
ko
one apple
T
h
e
n
u
m
be
r ‘
two
’ in P
o
li
s
h h
as
f
ou
r
d
iff
e
r
e
n
t
f
o
rm
s:
d
wa i
s
t
he
g
eneral im
p
ersonal form used with masculine and neuter
n
o
un
s;
d
wa
j
is t
h
e mascu
l
ine persona
l
form, use
d
to refer to
m
a
l
e peop
l
e;
d
w
ie
is use
d
for feminine nouns; an
d
d
wo
j
e
i
s
th
e neuter form, w
h
ic
h
is on
l
y use
d
to refer to c
h
i
ld
ren an
d
y
oung anima
l
s:
d
w
a
k
ot
y
d
wa
j
chł
opc
y
d
va
k
ot
i
d
v
ī
H
wopts
i
two cats two boys
d
wi
e
kobiet
y
dwo
je
d
zi
eci
d-v
y
e
h
kob-
y
eti
d
vo
y
eh
d
jechee
two women two children
C
ases of Masculine Nouns
M
asculine nouns usuall
y
end in a consonant, a
p
art from a
g
rou
p
of nouns
(
mostl
y
occu
p
ations
)
which end in -
a
,
for
e
xamp
l
e,
kie
r
o
w
ca
(d
river
)
an
d
d
ent
y
st
a
(d
entist
)
. T
h
ere are
t
wo ways of
d
ec
l
ining mascu
l
ine nouns
d
epen
d
ing on w
h
et
h
er
th
ey are animate
(
peop
l
e, anima
l
s
)
or inanimate
(
o
b
jects,
ab
stract nouns
)
:
HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS
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257
o
j
c
i
ec father poc
i
ąg train
si
n
g
u
l
ar
pl
ura
l
a
n
i
m
a
t
e
i
n
a
n
i
m
a
t
e
a
n
i
m
a
t
e
i
n
a
n
i
m
a
t
e
nom
ojciec poci
ą
g ojcowie poci
ą
g
i
oy
c
h
ets
p
oc
h
on
k
oytsov-ye
h
poc
h
on
g
e
e
acc
ojca poci
ą
g
ojców poci
ą
gów
oy
tsa
p
oc
h
on
k
oytsoo
f
pochon
g
oo
f
gen
ojca poci
ą
gu ojców poci
ą
gó
w
o
ytsa pochon
g
oo oytsoo
f
pochon
g
oo
f
da
t ojcu poci
ą
g
owi ojcom poci
ą
go
m
o
ytsoo pochon
g
ovee oytsom pochon
g
o
m
in
s
t
r
ojcem poci
ą
giem ojcami poci
ą
gami
o
ytsem pochon
g
-yem oytsamee pochon
g
ame
e
l
oc
ojcu poci
ą
g
u ojcach poci
ą
gac
h
o
ytsoo pochon
g
oo oytsa
H
pochon
ga
H
v
oc
o
j
cze
!
oy
che
h
C
ases of Feminine Noun
s
M
ost feminine nouns en
d
in -
a
,
b
ut t
h
ere are a num
b
er t
h
at
e
nd in a consonant
,
and a few that end in -
i
.
pani torebka no
c
lady; Mrs handbag night
singular
nom
p
an
i
tore
bk
a noc
panee torepka nots
acc
p
an
i
ą tore
bk
ę noc
pan
-yO
N
torepkeh nots
gen
p
an
i
tore
bki
nocy
panee torepkee nots
i
d
at
p
an
i
tore
b
ce noc
panee toreptseh nots
inst
r
p
an
i
ą tore
bk
ą noc
ą
pan
-yO
N
torep
k
O
N
not
s
O
N
lo
c
p
an
i
tore
b
ce nocy
panee toreptseh nots
i
v
oc
p
an
i!
panee
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58
plura
l
nom
p
an
i
e tore
bki
noc
e
pan-yeh torepkee notseh
acc
p
an
i
e tore
bki
noc
e
pan-yeh torepkee notseh
gen
p
a
ń
torebek nocy
pa
n
y
u
h
torebek notsi
d
at
p
an
i
om tore
bk
om nocom
pan-yom torepkom notso
m
instr
p
an
i
am
i
tore
bk
am
i
nocam
i
pan-yamee torepkamee notsamee
loc
p
an
i
ac
h
tore
bk
ac
h
nocac
h
pan-y
a
H
torepka
H
no
t
sa
H
C
ases of Neuter Noun
s
N
euter nouns en
d
in
-o
o
r
-e
an
d
occasiona
ll
y in
-ę
:
j
a
jk
o s
ł
owo po
l
e
egg word field
si
n
g
u
l
ar
nom
j
ajko słowo pol
e
y
ī
k
o swovo po
l
e
h
acc
j
ajko słowo pol
e
y
ī
k
o swovo po
l
e
h
g
e
n
j
ajka słowa pol
a
y
ī
k
a swova po
la
d
at
j
ajku słowu pol
u
y
ī
k
oo swovoo po
l
oo
i
nstr
j
ajkiem słowem pole
m
y
ī-
k
yem swovem po
l
em
l
oc
j
ajku słowie pol
u
y
ī
k
oo swov-ye
h
po
l
oo
pl
ura
l
nom
j
a
j
ka słowa pol
a
y
ī
k
a swova
p
o
la
acc
j
a
j
ka słowa pol
a
y
ī
k
a swova
p
o
la
gen
j
a
j
ek słów pó
l
y
ī-ek swoov
p
oo
l
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