Lexus. The Rough Guide to Polish Dictionary Phrasebook
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259
pl
ura
l
da
t
j
a
j
kom słowom polom
y
īkom swovom
p
olom
in
s
t
r
j
a
j
kami słowami polami
y
īkamee swovamee
p
olamee
lo
c
j
a
jk
ac
h
s
ł
owac
h
po
l
ac
h
yīk
a
H
swova
H
pola
H
Prepositions
S
ome common
p
re
p
ositions and the cases the
y
take
(
see also
C
ases
p
a
g
es 250-256
)
:
b
e
z
[
b
es] (
+
g
e
n
) without
d
l
a
(
+
g
e
n
) for
d
o (
+
g
e
n
) to; into
koł
o
[
ko
w
o
] (
+
g
en) near; by
mi
ę
dzy [
m
-
y
endzi] (
+
in
s
t
r
) among; between
na
(
+
acc
) on; to; for
na
(+
loc
) on; at
nad
[
n
a
t
] (+
i
nst
r
) above
n
aprzec
i
w
k
o [napshecheefk
o
] (
+
ge
n
) opposite
o
(
+
l
oc) about; of
o
bo
k
k
(+
g
e
n
) beside, next to
o
d [
ot
] (
+
g
e
n
) from; off; of; for; since
po
(
+
loc
) after
pod [
p
o
t
] (
+
i
n
s
t
r
) below; under
po
z
a
(
+
in
s
t
r
) beyond
przec
i
w [
p
shechi
f
] (
+
dat
) against
prze
d
[
p
shet] (
+
inst
r
) before; in front of
przez [pshes] (
+
acc
) through
przy [
p
s
hi
] (
+
l
o
c
) by; at
w
/
w
e
[v
/
ve
h
] (+
l
o
c
) on
z/
ze [ze
h
] (
+
g
e
n
) out of; from
z/
ze (
+
i
n
s
tr) with
za
(
+
i
n
s
tr) behind
HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS
N
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Adjectives and Adverbs
A
A
d
j
ectives
Th
ere are two categories of a
d
jectives in Po
l
is
h
– t
h
ose t
h
at
e
xpress
b
asic qua
l
ities:
dobr
y
n
ow
y
cz
y
st
y
c
z
er
w
ony
dob
ri n
o
vi
c
hi
s
ti
c
h
e
rv
o
n
i
good new clean red
a
n
d
t
h
ose
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
de
ri
ved
fr
o
m n
ou
n
s
o
r
ve
r
bs:
wełna wełnian
y
widzi
e
ć widzialn
y
v
e
h
w
u
h
n
a
v
eh
w
u
h
n
-yani veedjech veedjaln
i
wool woollen to see visible
A
d
j
ectives a
g
ree in case,
g
ender and number with the nouns
t
o which the
y
refer.
d
o
b
r
y
good
s
ingular
masculine
f
eminine neuter
nom
d
o
b
r
y
dob
r
a
dob
r
e
dob
r
i
dob
r
a
dob
r
eh
acc dobrego
/
dobry* dobrą dobr
e
dobre
g
o/dobri dobr
O
N
dob
r
eh
g
e
n
d
o
b
rego
d
o
b
re
j
d
o
b
rego
dobreg
o
d
obra
y
d
obrego
d
at dobremu dobrej dobrem
u
dobremoo dobra
y
dob
r
e
m
oo
i
n
s
tr dobrym dobrą dobrym
dobri
m
d
obr
O
N
d
obrim
loc
dobr
y
m dobre
j
dobr
y
m
dobri
m
d
obray
d
obrim
*
The accusative case of masculine ad
j
ectives has two forms:
t
he first form is used with animate nouns
(p
eo
p
le, animals
)
a
nd the second form is used with inanimate nouns
(
ob
j
ects,
ab
stract nouns
)
.
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261
pl
ura
l
m
p
ers genera
l
n
o
m dobrz
y
dobr
e
d
ob
J
i dobreh
acc
dobr
y
ch dobr
e
d
o
b
r
i
H
d
o
b
re
h
gen
dobr
y
ch dobr
y
c
h
d
o
b
r
i
H
d
o
b
r
i
H
da
t
d
o
b
r
y
m
d
o
b
r
y
m
d
o
b
r
i
m
d
o
b
r
i
m
inst
r
d
o
b
rym
i
d
o
b
rym
i
dob
r
i
m
ee
dob
r
i
m
ee
lo
c
d
o
b
ryc
h
d
o
b
ryc
h
dob
r
i
H
dob
ri
H
T
he
p
lural forms of the ad
j
ective
g
iven in the lefthand column
a
bove
(
which we call masculine
p
ersonal
)
are used to describe
m
en onl
y
. The
g
eneral forms are used to describe women,
c
hildren, animals, ob
j
ects or abstract nouns. Similarl
y
, there
a
re also two cate
g
ories of
p
lural for both demonstratives and
p
ossessives, see pages
263
-
266
.
A
s in En
g
lish, ad
j
ectives usuall
y
p
recede the noun.
C
om
p
arative
s
T
o form t
h
e comparative, remove t
h
e fina
l
l
etter of t
h
e a
d
jec
-
t
ive and add one of the followin
g
endin
g
s:
singular
masculine feminine neute
r
-
s
zy -
s
z
a
-s
z
e
-s
hi
-
s
h
a -s
h
e
h
plura
l
masculine feminine neute
r
-si -sze
-s
z
e
-s
h
ee -s
h
e
h
-s
h
e
h
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2
Th
ere may
b
e some vowe
l
or consonant c
h
anges as we
ll
:
m
ł
o
dy
m
ł
o
d
sz
y
ciepł
y
ł
c
i
ep
l
e
j
sz
y
mw
od
i mw
o
t
s
hi che
p
wi che
p
la
y
shi
young younger warm warmer
sz
y
bk
i
sz
y
bsz
y
c
iemn
y
ciemnie
j
sz
y
shi
p
kee shi
p
shi
c
hemni chem-n
y
a
y
shi
fast faster dark darker
biał
y
bielsz
y
dł
ug
i
d
łuższ
y
b
-
y
aw
i
b
-
y
e
l
s
hi
d
woo
g
ee
d
woos
h
-s
hi
white whiter long longer
tan
i
t
ańszy
t
a
n
ee
t
a
n
shi
cheap cheaper
S
ome common irre
g
ular forms
:
d
uży w
i
ę
k
sz
y
m
a
ł
y mn
i
e
j
szy
doo
J
i
v-yenkshi
m
awi m-nyayshi
large larger small smaller
d
o
b
r
y
l
epsz
y
z
ły
g
orsz
y
dobri lepshi zwi gorshi
good better bad worse
l
e
kk
i
lże
j
sz
y
l
e
k-k
ee
l
J
a
y
sh
i
light lighter
S
uperlative
s
T
o form the su
p
erlative, add the
p
refix
n
a
j-
to the com
p
ar
a
-
ti
ve:
młodsz
y
n
a
j
młodsz
y
cieple
j
sz
y
na
j
cieple
j
sz
y
mw
o
t
shi
nīmw
o
t
shi
c
h
e
pl
a
y
s
hi
nīc
h
e
pl
a
y
s
hi
younger youngest warmer warmest
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263
bliższ
y
n
ajbliższ
y
twardszy
n
ajtwardsz
y
bleesh
-
shi
nī
bleesh
-
shi
tfa
rt
s
hi nīt
fa
rt
s
hi
nearer nearest harder hardest
S
ome a
d
jectives cannot
b
e c
h
ange
d
in t
h
e way
d
escri
b
e
d
a
bove; in such cases, the comparative and superlative are
f
ormed usin
g
the adverbs bardziej
(
more
)
and najbardzie
j
(
the most
)
:
zmęczony
b
ar
d
z
i
e
j
z
męczony na
jb
ar
d
z
i
e
j
z
męczon
y
zmenc
h
on
i
b
ar
dj
a
y
zmenc
h
on
i
nī
b
ar
dj
a
y
z
menc
h
on
i
tired more tired the most tired
A
Ad
v
e
r
bs
T
o form t
h
e a
d
ver
b
, remove t
h
e fina
l
l
etter of t
h
e a
d
jective
a
nd re
p
lace it with
-
o
o
r
-
ie
(
there ma
y
be some vowel or co
n
-
s
onant chan
g
es as well
)
:
z
i
mny z
i
mno p
i
ę
k
ny p
i
ę
k
n
ie
J
eemn
i
J
eemno p-yen
k
n
i
p-yen
k
-nye
h
cold coldly beautiful beautifully
dro
g
i dro
g
o śmieszn
y
śmieszni
e
d
ro
g
ee
d
ro
g
o s
h
-m
y
es
h
n
i
s
h
-m
y
es
h
-n
y
e
h
expensive expensively funny funnily
szybki szybko uprzejmy uprzejmi
e
s
hipk
ee s
hipk
o
o
o
p
s
h
a
y
m
i
oo
p
s
h
a
y
-m
y
e
h
quick quickly polite politely
Demonstratives
Th
e Po
l
is
h
d
emonstrative a
d
jectives an
d
pronouns are:
ten
/
ta
/
to
.
T
h
ese
b
ot
h
mean ‘t
h
is
(
one
)
’ an
d
‘t
h
at
(
one
)
’.
Th
e forms c
h
ange accor
d
ing to gen
d
er an
d
case:
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4
masculine feminine neuter
nom
t
en ta t
o
t
e
n
ta
t
o
acc
t
ego
/
to* tą t
o
t
e
g
o
/
to
t
O
N
to
g
e
n
t
ego tej tego
t
e
g
o
t
ay
t
e
go
d
at
t
emu te
j
temu
t
emoo
t
ay
t
emo
o
i
nstr
t
ym
t
ą
t
y
m
ti
m
t
O
N t
i
m
l
oc
t
ym te
j
ty
m
ti
m
t
a
y
t
im
*
T
h
e accusative case of mascu
l
ine
d
emonstratives
h
as two
f
orms: t
h
e first form is use
d
wit
h
animate nouns
(
peop
l
e,
a
nima
l
s
)
an
d
t
h
e secon
d
form is use
d
wit
h
inanimate nouns
(
o
b
jects, a
b
stract nouns
)
.
T
he
p
lural demonstratives ‘these’ and ‘those’ are:
c
i
/
t
e
m
p
ers general
m
p
ers genera
l
nom
c
i t
e
dat
t
y
m t
y
m
c
h
ee
t
e
h
t
im
t
i
m
acc
ty
ch te
i
n
s
t
r
t
y
mi t
y
m
i
t
i
H
t
e
h tim
ee
tim
ee
gen
ty
ch t
y
ch
loc
t
y
ch t
y
c
h
t
i
H
ti
H
ti
H
t
i
H
T
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
n
ot
h
e
r
de
m
o
n
st
r
at
i
ve:
tamten
/
tamta
/
tamt
o
‘
t
h
at
(
one
)
’ and tamci
/
tamte ‘those’, used when referrin
g
to som
e
-
t
hin
g
further awa
y
. These decline like ten/ta/to/ci/t
e
above.
c
zy t
o
w
t
ym kierunku
?
nie
w
iedziałem
o
t
ym
c
hi
to
f
tim
k
-
y
eroon
k
o
o
v
-ye
dj
awe
m
o
ti
m
is it in this/that direction? I didn’t know that
ta
m
ten
p
ero
n
that platform (over there)
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Demonstratives
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Possessives
P
ossessive
p
ronouns
(
mine,
y
ours, hers etc
)
and
p
ossessive
a
d
j
ectives
(
m
y
,
y
our, her etc
)
have the same form in Polish:
to
j
est
mój
p
araso
l
t
e
n
paraso
l
y
es
t
m
o
o
y
u
h
t
o
y
es
t
m
o
o
y
u
h
p
araso
l
this umbrella is mine
this is my umbrella
t
e
n
p
araso
l
jes
t
mój
A
part from t
h
e possessives
j
eg
o
(h
is
)
,
j
e
j
(h
er
/h
ers
)
,
ich
/
(
t
h
eir
/
th
eirs
)
, w
h
ic
h
a
l
ways
h
ave t
h
e same form, possessives c
h
ange
a
ccor
d
ing to gen
d
er, case an
d
num
b
er:
mó
j/moje/moja/moi/moj
e
my/mine
si
n
g
u
l
ar
pl
ura
l
m
/
n f
m
p
ers genera
l
nom
m
ój
/mo
j
e mo
j
a moi mo
j
e
moo
yu
h
/moyeh moya mo-ee moyeh
acc
mo
j
e mo
j
ą mo
i
c
h
mo
j
e
moye
h
mo
y
O
N mo-ee
H
moye
h
g
e
n
mojego moje moich moic
h
moye
g
o moyay
mo
-
ee
H
m
o
-
ee
H
da
t mo
j
emu mo
j
e
j
moim moim
moyemoo
moyay
mo
-
eem
mo
-
eem
in
s
t
r
moim moj
ą
moimi moim
i
mo
-
eem
moy
O
N
mo
-
eemee
mo
-
eemee
lo
c
mo
i
m mo
j
e
j
mo
i
c
h
mo
i
c
h
mo-eem moyay
m
o-e
e
H
mo-e
e
H
twó
j
/two
j
a/two
j
e/twoi/two
j
e your/yours (
s
in
g
,
fa
m) follow the
s
ame pattern as m
ój
/mo
j
e/mo
j
a/moi/mo
j
e
above
.
j
j
ego [y
ego
] his – does not change
.
j
j
e
j
[
y
ay] her/hers – does not change.
HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS
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///i/
n
asz
/
nasze
/
nasza
/
nas
i/
nasze our/ours
s
ingular plural
m
/n
f
m
p
ers genera
l
nom nasz
/
nasze nasza nasi nasz
e
nash
/
nasheh nasha nas
h
ee nas
h
e
h
acc nasze naszą naszych nasz
e
n
asheh
n
ash
ON
nashi
H
n
asheh
gen
nasze
g
o nasze
j
nasz
y
ch nasz
y
ch
nashe
g
o nashay n
as
hi
H
n
as
h
i
H
da
t naszemu nasze
j
nasz
y
m nasz
y
m
nashemoo nasha
y
n
as
him n
as
hi
m
instr naszym naszą naszym
i
naszym
i
nas
hi
m nas
h
ON
n
as
hi
mee nas
hi
me
e
l
oc naszym nasze
j
naszyc
h
naszyc
h
nas
hi
m nas
h
ay nas
hi
H
nas
hi
H
wasz
/
wasze
/
wasza
/
wasi
/
wasze your/yours (pl
,
fa
m
)
follow the
s
ame pattern as
n
asz
/
nasze
/
nasza
/
nasi
/
nasz
e
above.
i
c
h
[ee
H
] their/theirs –
d
oes not c
h
an
g
e.
Th
ere is a
l
so a possessive pronoun an
d
a
d
jective sw
ój
w
h
ic
h
f
o
ll
ows t
h
e patterns o
f
m
ó
j an
d
tw
ój
.
It is use
d
w
h
en it refers to
s
omet
h
ing possesse
d
b
y t
h
e su
b
ject of t
h
e sentence an
d
w
h
en
th
e i
d
entity of t
h
e possessor is c
l
ear
:
bi
or
ę
s
wo
j
e
kluc
z
e
c
z
y
bie
rz
es
z
s
wo
j
e
k
l
uc
z
e
?
b-yore
h
s
foyeh
k
loocheh
c
h
i
b-ye
J
e
s
h
s
foyeh
k
loocheh
I’m taking my keys are you taking your keys?
A
nn
a
bie
rz
e
s
wo
j
e
kluc
z
e
an
-
na
b-
y
e
J
e
h sfo
y
e
h
kl
ooc
h
eh
Anna is taking her keys
HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS
N
Possessives
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267
Personal Pronouns
S
ub
j
ect
p
ronouns are as follows:
ja
[y
a
] I
ty
[
t
i] you (
s
ing,
f
a
m
)
o
n
/
ona
/
ono [on
/
ona
/
on
o
] he/she/it
m
y [m
i
] we
wy
[v
i
] you (
p
l
,
fam)
o
ni*
/
one [onee
/
one
h
] they (
m
p
ers
/
genera
l
)
*
The masculine
p
ersonal on
i
is used when referrin
g
to men;
one
is the
g
eneral
p
ronoun used to refer to women, children,
a
nima
l
s, o
bj
ects or a
b
stract nouns of a
ll
t
h
ree
g
en
d
ers.
S
ub
j
ect
p
ronouns are
g
enerall
y
omitted in Polish when the
s
ub
j
ect of the sentence is obvious, but the
y
can be retained for
sp
ecial em
p
hasis or to avoid confusion:
kiedy przyjdziesz
?
nie
w
iem
k
-ye
di
ps
h
ee-
dj
es
h
n
-ye
h
v
-ye
m
when are you coming? I don’t know
o
n
to
zro
bił
o
n
t
o
l
u
bi
,
a
on
a
n
ie
o
n
t
o zro
b
e
e
w
u
h
o
n
to
l
oo
b
e
e
a
o
n
a
n
-ye
h
he did it he likes it, but she doesn’t
Th
e forms of persona
l
pronouns c
h
ange accor
d
ing to t
h
e case:
nom
j
a t
y
on ona on
o
y
a t
i
on ona on
o
acc
mnie ciebie
j
e
g
o/
g
o
j
ą
/ni
ą
j
e
mnyeh cheb-yeh ye
g
o/
g
o yO
N
/
n-
y
O
N
y
e
h
gen
mnie ciebie
j
e
g
o/nie
g
o
j
e
j
/nie
j
nie
g
o/
go
mnyeh cheb-yeh ye
g
o/n-ye
g
o yay/n-yay n-ye
g
o/
g
o
da
t mnie/mi tobie/ci
j
emu/mu
j
e
j
/nie
j
j
emu/m
u
mn
y
eh/mee tob-
y
eh/chee
y
emoo/moo
y
a
y
/n-
y
a
y
y
emoo/mo
o
i
n
s
t
r
mn
ą
tob
ą
nim ni
ą
ni
m
mn
O
N t
ob
O
N
neem
n
-
y
O
N
neem
loc
mnie tobie nim nie
j
ni
m
mn
y
e
h
to
b
-
y
e
h
neem n-
y
a
y
neem
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68
nom my wy oni* one*
*
m
i
v
i
o
n
ee
o
n
eh
acc
nas was ich/nich
j
e/ni
e
nas
v
as
ee
H
/
n
ee
H
y
eh/n-
y
e
h
gen
nas was ich/nich ich/nic
h
nas
v
as
ee
H
/
n
ee
H
ee
H
/
n
ee
H
d
at nam wam im
/
nim im
/
ni
m
nam vam eem
/
neem eem
/
neem
i
nstr nam
i
wam
i
n
i
m
i
n
i
m
i
namee vamee neemee neeme
e
l
oc nas was nich nich
n
as
v
as
n
ee
H
n
ee
H
*
Mascu
l
ine persona
l
form use
d
w
h
en referring to men, for
e
xamp
l
e
b
rot
h
er, fat
h
er etc.
**
Genera
l
form use
d
to refer to women, c
h
i
ld
ren, anima
l
s an
d
i
nanimate o
b
jects of a
ll
t
h
ree gen
d
ers.
I
n the above table, the alternative forms be
g
innin
g
with
n
-
a
r
e
u
se
d
after prepositions
:
za
p
rosiłam
i
ch
na
j
utro
c
z
y
t
o dla nich?
za
p
rosheewa
m
ee
H
na
y
ootro
c
hi
to
d
l
a
nee
H
I have invited them for tomorrow is this is for them?
Y
Y
ou
T
he
p
ersonal
p
ronouns
ty
a
n
d
wy
(
‘
y
ou’ sin
g
ular and
p
lural
)
a
re onl
y
used when addressin
g
famil
y
, friends and children.
T
he
p
olite forms for ‘
y
ou’, used to address all other
p
eo
p
le,
ar
e:
pan
[
p
an]
to
a
ma
n
p
ani [
panee
] t
o
a
woman
p
anowi
e
[
p
anov-
y
e
h
] t
o
more
t
h
a
n
one
man
p
an
i
e [
p
an-
y
eh]
to
more
th
an
one
woman
p
a
ń
stwo [panstf
o
]
t
o
a
man
an
d
w
oman
or
a
gro
u
p
of
men
an
d
women
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Personal Pronouns
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